nach oben

Current Hypertension Reports

Erschienen in:

01.08.2016 | Pediatric Hypertension (B Falkner, Section Editor)

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children with Hypertension: in Search of a Definition

verfasst von: Christine B. Sethna, Daniel E. Leisman

Erschienen in: Current Hypertension Reports | Ausgabe 8/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review is to provide background on the importance of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in children with hypertension, to highlight various diagnostic modalities and measures for defining LVH, and to demonstrate the need for standardization and a consensus definition for LVH in the pediatric population.

Recent Findings

There is no clear consensus among specialists performing echocardiograms and treating clinicians on the definition of LVH in children with hypertension. In fact, there is considerable variation in every step of the evaluation of pediatric LVH.

Summary

There is variation in every step of the assessment of LVH in the pediatric population. This variation exists in imaging modality, the type of measurement used, the method of calculating left ventricular mass (LVM), the method of indexing LVM to body size, the normalization method for the index used, the reference data used, the inclusion of confounders, the implementation in clinical practice, and the format for echocardiography reporting.

Armstrong AC, Jacobs DR, Gidding SS, Colangelo LA, Gjesdal O, Lewis CE, et al. Framingham score and LV mass predict events in young adults: CARDIA study. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172(2):350–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Frohlich ED, Apstein C, Chobanian AV, Devereux RB, Dustan HP, Dzau V, et al. The heart in hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(14):998–1008. doi:10.1056/NEJM199210013271406.CrossRefPubMed

Lorell BH, Carabello BA. Left ventricular hypertrophy: pathogenesis, detection, and prognosis. Circulation. 2000;102(4):470–9.CrossRefPubMed

de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Koren MJ, Meyer RA, Laragh JH. Effect of growth on variability of left ventricular mass: assessment of allometric signals in adults and children and their capacity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(5):1056–62.CrossRefPubMed

Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8(7):657–65. doi:10.1016/0895-7061(95)00116-7.CrossRefPubMed

Adolescents NHBPEPWGoHBPiCa. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555–76.

Kimball TR, Daniels SR, Loggie JM, Khoury P, Meyer RA. Relation of left ventricular mass, preload, afterload and contractility in pediatric patients with essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21(4):997–1001.CrossRefPubMed

Daniels SR, Loggie JM, Khoury P, Kimball TR. Left ventricular geometry and severe left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998;97(19):1907–11.CrossRefPubMed

Belsha CW, Wells TG, McNiece KL, Seib PM, Plummer JK, Berry PL. Influence of diurnal blood pressure variations on target organ abnormalities in adolescents with mild essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11(4 Pt 1):410–7.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):61–6.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Hanevold C, Waller J, Daniels S, Portman R, Sorof J, Association IPH. The effects of obesity, gender, and ethnic group on left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in hypertensive children: a collaborative study of the International Pediatric Hypertension Association. Pediatrics. 2004;113(2):328–33.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Brady TM, Fivush B, Flynn JT, Parekh R. Ability of blood pressure to predict left ventricular hypertrophy in children with primary hypertension. J Pediatr. 2008;152(1):73–8.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.05.053.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Seeman T, Dostálek L, Gilík J. Control of hypertension in treated children and its association with target organ damage. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(3):389–95. doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.218.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Pruette CS, Fivush BA, Flynn JT, Brady TM. Effects of obesity and race on left ventricular geometry in hypertensive children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(10):2015–22. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2507-7.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Pieruzzi F, Antolini L, Salerno FR, Giussani M, Brambilla P, Galbiati S, et al. The role of blood pressure, body weight and fat distribution on left ventricular mass, diastolic function and cardiac geometry in children. J Hypertens. 2015;33(6):1182–92. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000552.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Lee H, Kong YH, Kim KH, Huh J, Kang IS, Song J. Left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2015;21:21. doi:10.1186/s40885-015-0031-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Gupta-Malhotra M, Hashmi SS, Poffenbarger T, McNiece-Redwine K. Left ventricular hypertrophy phenotype in childhood-onset essential hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;18(5):449–55. doi:10.1111/jch.12708.CrossRef

18.

Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(4):879–84. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)00473-4.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Richey PA, Disessa TG, Somes GW, Alpert BS, Jones DP. Left ventricular geometry in children and adolescents with primary hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(1):24–9. doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.164.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Dhuper S, Abdullah RA, Weichbrod L, Mahdi E, Cohen HW. Association of obesity and hypertension with left ventricular geometry and function in children and adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(1):128–33. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.134.CrossRef

21.

Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med. 2003;115(1):41–6.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Kupferman JC, Paterno K, Mahgerefteh J, Pagala M, Golden M, Lytrivi ID, et al. Improvement of left ventricular mass with antihypertensive therapy in children with hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(8):1513–8. doi:10.1007/s00467-010-1511-4.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Litwin M, Niemirska A, Sladowska-Kozlowska J, Wierzbicka A, Janas R, Wawer ZT, et al. Regression of target organ damage in children and adolescents with primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(12):2489–99. doi:10.1007/s00467-010-1626-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Sladowska-Kozłowska J, Litwin M, Niemirska A, Wierzbicka A, Wawer ZT, Janas R. Change in left ventricular geometry during antihypertensive treatment in children with primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(12):2201–9. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1916-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F. Risk reduction after regression of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(8):876–81. doi:10.1038/ajh.2010.80.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Khoury PR, Mitsnefes M, Daniels SR, Kimball TR. Age-specific reference intervals for indexed left ventricular mass in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(6):709–14. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2009.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Mirchandani D, Bhatia J, Leisman D, Kwon EN, Cooper R, Chorny N, et al. Concordance of measures of left-ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric hypertension. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35(4):622–6. doi:10.1007/s00246-013-0829-7.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Bratincsák A, Williams M, Kimata C, Perry JC. The electrocardiogram is a poor diagnostic tool to detect left ventricular hypertrophy in children: a comparison with echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular mass. Congenit Heart Dis. 2015;10(4):E164–71. doi:10.1111/chd.12249.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Riehle TJ, Mahle WT, Parks WJ, Sallee D, Fyfe DA. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic acquisition and quantification of left ventricular indices in children and young adults with congenital heart disease: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(1):78–83. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2007.05.021.CrossRefPubMed

30.•

Pacileo G, Castaldi B, Di Salvo G, Limongelli G, Rea A, D’Andrea A, et al. Assessment of left-ventricular mass and remodeling in obese adolescents: m-mode, 2D or 3D echocardiography? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2013;14(2):144–9. doi:10.2459/JCM.0b013e3283515b80. This study demonstrated that left ventricular mass measured by 3D echocardiography correlated best with cardiac MRI as compared to 2D and m-mode echocardiography in adolescents.CrossRef

31.

Lopez L, Colan SD, Frommelt PC, Ensing GJ, Kendall K, Younoszai AK, et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(5):465–95. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.019. quiz 576–7.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Armstrong AC, Gidding S, Gjesdal O, Wu C, Bluemke DA, Lima JA. LV mass assessed by echocardiography and CMR, cardiovascular outcomes, and medical practice. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(8):837–48. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.06.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Devereux RB, Reichek N. Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation. 1977;55(4):613–8.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Morrison JA, Khoury P, Meyer RA. Indexing left ventricular mass to account for differences in body size in children and adolescents without cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76(10):699–701.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Foster BJ, Gao T, Mackie AS, Zemel BS, Ali H, Platt RW, et al. Limitations of expressing left ventricular mass relative to height and to body surface area in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(4):410–8. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2012.11.018.CrossRefPubMed

36.•

Foster BJ, Khoury PR, Kimball TR, Mackie AS, Mitsnefes M. New reference centiles for left ventricular mass relative to lean body mass in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(5):441–7.e2. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2015.12.011. The authors provide left ventricular mass reference centiles relative to lean body mass in children.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Pettersen MD, Du W, Skeens ME, Humes RA. Regression equations for calculation of z scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(8):922–34. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2008.02.006.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Colan S. Boston Children’s hospital z-score calculator. Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA. 2015. http://zscore.chboston.org/. Accessed 1 June 2016. 2016.

39.

Chirinos JA, Segers P, De Buyzere ML, Kronmal RA, Raja MW, De Bacquer D, et al. Left ventricular mass: allometric scaling, normative values, effect of obesity, and prognostic performance. Hypertension. 2010;56(1):91–8. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150250.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Kuznetsova T, Haddad F, Tikhonoff V, Kloch-Badelek M, Ryabikov A, Knez J, et al. Impact and pitfalls of scaling of left ventricular and atrial structure in population-based studies. J Hypertens. 2016;34(6):1186–94. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000922.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Daniels SR, Meyer RA, Liang YC, Bove KE. Echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass index in normal children, adolescents and young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12(3):703–8.CrossRefPubMed

42.

de Simone G, Daniels SR, Devereux RB, Meyer RA, Roman MJ, de Divitiis O, et al. Left ventricular mass and body size in normotensive children and adults: assessment of allometric relations and impact of overweight. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20(5):1251–60.CrossRefPubMed

43.

de Simone G, Kizer JR, Chinali M, Roman MJ, Bella JN, Best LG, et al. Normalization for body size and population-attributable risk of left ventricular hypertrophy: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(2 Pt 1):191–6. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.08.032.PubMed

44.

Foster BJ, Mackie AS, Mitsnefes M, Ali H, Mamber S, Colan SD. A novel method of expressing left ventricular mass relative to body size in children. Circulation. 2008;117(21):2769–75. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.741157.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Chinali M, Emma F, Esposito C, Rinelli G, Franceschini A, Doyon A, et al. Left ventricular mass indexing in infants, children, and adolescents: a simplified approach for the identification of left ventricular hypertrophy in clinical practice. J Pediatr. 2016;170:193–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.085.CrossRefPubMed

46.•

Mahgerefteh J, Linder J, Silver EJ, Hazin P, Ceresnak S, Hsu D, et al. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in obese children varies depending on the method utilized to determine left ventricular mass. Pediatr Cardiol. 2016. doi:10.1007/s00246-016-1380-0. The authors demonstrated that the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in obese children varies according to the method used to measure left ventricular hypertrophy.

47.

Meyers KJ, Mosley TH, Fox E, Boerwinkle E, Arnett DK, Devereux RB, et al. Genetic variations associated with echocardiographic left ventricular traits in hypertensive blacks. Hypertension. 2007;49(5):992–9. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.081265.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Talmud PJ, Flavell DM, Alfakih K, Cooper JA, Balmforth AJ, Sivananthan M, et al. The lipoprotein lipase gene serine 447 stop variant influences hypertension-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of coronary heart disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 2007;112(12):617–24. doi:10.1042/CS20060344.CrossRef

49.

Cuspidi C, Negri F, Giudici V, Capra A, Muiesan ML, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Echocardiography in clinical practice: the burden of arterial hypertension. A multicenter Italian survey. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24(6):395–402. doi:10.1038/jhh.2009.78.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Leibowitz D, Planer D, Ben-Ibgi F, Rott D, Weiss AT, Bursztyn M. Measurement of wall thickness alone does not accurately assess the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2007;29(2):119–25. doi:10.1080/10641960701195496.CrossRef

Titel: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children with Hypertension: in Search of a Definition
verfasst von: Christine B. Sethna
Daniel E. Leisman
Publikationsdatum: 01.08.2016
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Current Hypertension Reports / Ausgabe 8/2016
Print ISSN: 1522-6417
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-3111
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-016-0672-3

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Erhöhte Mortalität bei postpartalem Brustkrebs

07.05.2024 Mammakarzinom Nachrichten

Auch für Trägerinnen von BRCA-Varianten gilt: Erkranken sie fünf bis zehn Jahre nach der letzten Schwangerschaft an Brustkrebs, ist das Sterberisiko besonders hoch.

Hypertherme Chemotherapie bietet Chance auf Blasenerhalt

07.05.2024 Harnblasenkarzinom Nachrichten

Eine hypertherme intravesikale Chemotherapie mit Mitomycin kann für Patienten mit hochriskantem nicht muskelinvasivem Blasenkrebs eine Alternative zur radikalen Zystektomie darstellen. Kölner Urologen berichten über ihre Erfahrungen.

Vorhofflimmern bei Jüngeren gefährlicher als gedacht

06.05.2024 Vorhofflimmern Nachrichten

Immer mehr jüngere Menschen leiden unter Vorhofflimmern. Betroffene unter 65 Jahren haben viele Risikofaktoren und ein signifikant erhöhtes Sterberisiko verglichen mit Gleichaltrigen ohne die Erkrankung.

Chronisches Koronarsyndrom: Gefahr von Hospitalisierung wegen Herzinsuffizienz

06.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Obwohl ein rezidivierender Herzinfarkt bei chronischem Koronarsyndrom wahrscheinlich die Hauptsorge sowohl der Patienten als auch der Ärzte ist, sind andere Ereignisse womöglich gefährlicher. Laut einer französischen Studie stellt eine Hospitalisation wegen Herzinsuffizienz eine größere Gefahr dar.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Chronische Unterbauch- und Viszeralschmerzen in der Praxis managen"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2016

Baroreflex Activation Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure: Novel Findings and Future Insights

Device-based Therapy for Hypertension

Recent Updates on the Proximal Tubule Renin-Angiotensin System in Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension

Relationship Between Antihypertensive Medications and Cognitive Impairment: Part I. Review of Human Studies and Clinical Trials

Changes in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control in High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries: An Update