Introduction
Reference | Study design | N | Age (years) Gender | Type of WBV | Intervention details | Major bone outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy children and adolescents | ||||||
Binkley et al. [15] (2014) | Randomized controlled trial | 20 | 6–10 M + F | WBV on upper limbs HMMS 14 Hz, 0.75 g; LMMS 29 Hz, 0.30 g | HMMS 2 min and LMMS 5 min 3 days/week for 12 weeks | Increased trabecular BMD in the radius |
Harrison et al. [16] (2015) | Randomized controlled trial | 36 | 9–12 M | Two WBV standing platforms, high or low magnitude, high > 2 g or low < 1 g | On either 1, 3 or 5 successive days | Bone turnover markers PINP and CTX increased after 8 days |
Gomez-Bruton et al. [17] (2018) | Randomized controlled trial | 51 | 14 ± 2 M + F | WBV standing platform 38 Hz, 4 mm, 12 g | 15 min, 3 days/week for 6 months | No effect on bone strength or bone structure |
Muscle degenerative disorders | ||||||
Bianchi et al. [18] (2013) | Randomized controlled trial | 21 | 9 ± 4 M | Low-magnitude high-frequency | 10 min/day for 1 year | Increased BMD |
Söderpalm et al. [19] (2013) | Observational prospective trial | 6 | 6–12 M | WBV standing platform 16–24 Hz, 4 mm, 2.1–4.6 g | 2–3 times/week for 3 months | No effect on bone mass |
Petryk et al. [20] (2017) | Observational prospective trial | 5 | 6–22 M | WBV standing platform Low-magnitude high-frequency, 30–90 Hz | 10 min/day for 6 months | Uncertain effects on cortical and trabecular parameters |
Severe motor disabilities | ||||||
Ruck et al. [21] (2010) | Randomized controlled trial | 20 | 6–12 M + F | WBV standing platform 12–18 Hz, 4 mm, 2.6 g | 9 min/school day for 6 months | No effect on bone mass |
Afzal et al. [22] (2014) | Crossover pilot study | 14 | 3–20 M + F | WBV standing platform Low-magnitude, 30 Hz, 0.3 g | 20 min/day, 5 days/week for 12 months | Positive effects on bone mass, especially in spine BMD Z-score |
Gusso et al. [23] (2016) | Clinical trial without control group | 40 | 11–21 M + F | WBV standing platform 12–20 Hz | 9 min, 4 days/week for 20 weeks | Positive effects on bone mass (total body, lumbar spine and lower limbs) |
Kilebrant et al. [24] (2015) | Observational, prospective | 19 | 5–16 M + F | WBV standing platform 40–42 Hz, 0.2 mm | 5–15 min twice/week for 6 months | Positive effects on bone mass for total body BMD |
Reyes et al. [25] (2011) | Randomized controlled trial | 65 | 6–9 M + F | WBV device on elbows and knees Low-magnitude high-frequency, 60–90 Hz, 0.1 mm, 0.3 g | 5 min/day, 7 days/week for 6 months | Positive effects on regional bone mass, ultradistal radius |
Stark et al. [26] (2010) | Retrospective, home-based WBV and other training | 78 | Mean 10 M + F | WBV standing platform 5–25 Hz, 0–3.9 mm | 6-month home-based training | Positive effects on bone mass |
Wren et al. [27] (2010) | Randomized controlled trial | 31 | 6–12 M + F | WBV standing platform 30 Hz, 0.3 g | 10 min/day for 6 months | Positive effects on bone mass, especially in cortical bone |
Osteogenesis imperfecta | ||||||
Hoyer-Kuhn et al. [28] (2014) | Retrospective, home-based WBV, and other training | 53 | 2–25 M + F | WBV standing platform 15–20 Hz, 0–7.8 mm, 3.5–6.3 g | Twice daily (3 × 3 min) for 6 months | Positive effects on bone mass. Total body without head BMD increased. |
Högler et al. [29] (2017) | Randomized controlled trial | 24 | 5–16 M + F | WBV standing platform 20–25 Hz, 2–6 mm | Twice daily (3 × 3 min) for 5 months | No effect on bone mass |
Other groups | ||||||
Down syndrome Matute-Llorente et al. [30] (2016) | Randomized controlled trial | 25 | 12–18 M + F | WBV standing platform 25–30 Hz, 2 mm, 2.5–3.6 g | 3 times per week with 10 repetitions of 10–20 s, for 20 weeks | Positive effects on bone mass |
Obesity Tubic et al. [12••] (2019) | Randomized controlled trial | 30 | 7–17 M + F | WBV standing platform 16–24 Hz, 4 mm, 2.1–4.6 g | 7–10 min, 3 days/week for 3 months | No effect on bone mass, but effects for serum sclerostin |
Overweight Erceg et al. [31] (2015) | Randomized controlled trial | 20 | 8–10 M | WBV standing platform 30–40 Hz, low-high, 1.9–6.2 g | 3 times per week with 10 repetitions of 30–60 s, for 10 weeks | No effect on bone mass |
Anorexia nervosa DiVasta et al. [32] (2017) | Randomized double-blind trial | 41 | 13–21 F | WBV standing platform LMMS 32–37 Hz, 0.3 g | 10 min/day during hospitalization of 5 days | Prevents a decline in bone turnover during bed rest |
Idiopathic scoliosis Lam et al. [33] (2013) | Randomized controlled trial | 149 | 15–25 F | WBV standing platform LMMS 32–37 Hz, 0.3 g | 20 min/day, 5 days/week for 12 months | Positive effects on bone mass |
Thalassemia Fung et al. [34] (2012) | Longitudinal crossover pilot trial | 18 | 10–18 M + F | WBV standing platform LMMS 30 Hz, 0.3 g | 20 min/day for 6 months | Positive effects on bone mass |
Hemophilia El-Shamy [35] (2017) | Randomized controlled trial | 30 | 9–13 M | WBV standing platform 30–40 Hz, 2–4 mm | 15 min/day, 3 days/week for 12 weeks | Positive effects on bone mass |
Thermally injured Edionwe et al. [36] (2016) | Randomized controlled trial | 19 | 11–13 M + F | WBV standing platform 30–40 Hz, 2–4 mm | 12–15 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks | Stabilizing the decline in bone mass |
Crohn’s disease Leonard et al. [37] (2016) | Randomized controlled trial | 138 | 8–21 M + F | WBV standing platform LMMS 30 Hz, 0.3 g | 10 min/day for 12 months | Increased vertebral trabecular BMD, but inconsistent effects on axial and appendicular trabecular volumetric BMD |