nach oben

Endocrine

Erschienen in:

01.08.2012 | Original Article

New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications

verfasst von: James F. Griffith, Harry K. Genant

Erschienen in: Endocrine | Ausgabe 1/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Tremendous advances have been made over the past several decades in assessing osteoporosis and its complications. High resolution imaging combined with sophisticated computational techniques now provide a detailed analysis of bone structure and a much more accurate prediction of bone strength. These techniques have shown how different mechanisms of age-related bone weakening exist in males and females. Limitations peculiar to these more advanced imaging techniques currently hinder their adoption into mainstream clinical practice. As such, the ultimate quest remains a readily available, safe, high resolution technique capable of fully predicting bone strength, capable of showing how bone strength is faltering and precisely monitoring treatment effect. Whether this technique will be based on acquisition of spine/hip data or data obtained at peripheral sites reflective of changes happening in the spine and hip regions is still not clear. In the meantime, mainstream imaging will continue to improve the detection of osteoporosis related insufficiency fracture in the clinical setting. We, as clinicians, should aim to increase awareness of this fracture type both as a frequent and varied source of pain in patients with osteoporosis and as the ultimate marker of severely impaired bone strength.

G. Mazziotti, J. Bilezikian, E. Canalis, D. Cocchi, A. Giustina, New understanding and treatments for osteoporosis. Endocrine 41, 58–69 (2012)PubMedCrossRef

J. Compston, The use of combination therapy in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocrine 41, 11–18 (2012)PubMedCrossRef

World Health Organisation, Assessment of fracture risk and its implication to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser. 843, 1–129 (1994)

H.S. Lynn, E.M. Lau, B. Au, P.C. Leung, Bone mineral density reference norms for Hong Kong Chinese. Osteoporos. Int. 16, 1663–1668 (2005)PubMedCrossRef

E.W. Yu, B.J. Thomas, J.K. Brown, J.S. Finkelstein, Simulated increases in body fat and errors in bone mineral density measurements by DXA and QCT. J. Bone Miner. Res. (2011). doi:10.1002/jbmr.506

G.M. Blake, J.F. Griffith, D.K. Yeung, P.C. Leung, I. Fogelman, Effect of increasing vertebral marrow fat content on BMD measurement, T-score status and fracture risk prediction by DXA. Bone 44, 495–501 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

D. Marshall, O. Johnell, H. Wedel, Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 312, 1254–1259 (1996)PubMedCrossRef

J.A. Kanis, An update on the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 2, 62–66 (2000)PubMedCrossRef

NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy, Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 285, 785–795 (2001)

10.

E. Sornay-Rendu, F. Munoz, P. Garnero, F. Duboeuf, P.D. Delmas, Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20, 1813–1819 (2005)PubMedCrossRef

11.

S.C. Schuit, M. van der Klift, A.E. Weel, C.E. de Laet, H. Burger, E. Seeman, A. Hofman, A.G. Uitterlinden, J.P. van Leeuwen, H.A. Pols, Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study. Bone 38, 603 (2006)CrossRef

12.

S.R. Cummings, D.B. Karpf, F. Harris, H.K. Genant, K. Ensrud, A.Z. LaCroix, D.M. Black, Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs. Am. J. Med. 112, 281–289 (2002)PubMedCrossRef

13.

P.D. Delmas, Z. Li, C. Cooper, Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction with antiresorptive drugs: some issues with meta-analyses. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19, 330–337 (2004)PubMedCrossRef

14.

J.T. Schousboe, T. Vokes, S.B. Broy, L. Ferrar, F. McKiernan, C. Roux, N. Binkley, Vertebral fracture assessment: the 2007 ISCD official positions. J. Clin. Densitom. 11, 92–108 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

15.

J.A. Kanis, O. Johnell, A. Oden, H. Johansson, E. McCloskey, FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos. Int. 19, 385–397 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

16.

A.S. Karlamangla, E. Barrett-Connor, J. Young, G.A. Greendale, Hip fracture risk assessment using composite indices of femoral neck strength: the Rancho Bernardo study. Osteoporos. Int. 15, 62–70 (2004)PubMedCrossRef

17.

N. Yu, Y.J. Liu, Y. Pei, L. Zhang, S. Lei, N.R. Kothari, D.Y. Li, C.J. Papasian, J. Hamilton, J.Q. Cai, H.W. Deng, Evaluation of compressive strength index of the femoral neck in Caucasians and Chinese. Calcif. Tissue Int. 87, 324–332 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

18.

K.G. Faulkner, W.K. Wacker, H.S. Barden, C. Simonelli, P.K. Burke, S. Ragi, L. Del Rio, Femur strength index predicts hip fracture independent of bone density and hip axis length. Osteoporos. Int. 17, 593–599 (2006)PubMedCrossRef

19.

S. Ishii, J.A. Cauley, C.J. Crandall, P. Srikanthan, G.A. Greendale, M.H. Huang, M.E. Danielson, A.S. Karlamangla, Diabetes and femoral neck strength: findings from the hip strength across the menopausal transition study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 190–197 (2012)PubMedCrossRef

20.

S. Kolta, A. Le Bras, D. Mitton, V. Bousson, J.A. de Guise, J. Fechtenbaum, J.D. Laredo, C. Roux, W. Skalli, Three-dimensional X-ray absorptiometry (3D-XA): a method for reconstruction of human bones using a dual X-ray absorptiometry device. Osteoporos. Int. 16, 969–976 (2005)PubMedCrossRef

21.

A. Le Bras, S. Kolta, P. Soubrane, W. Skalli, C. Roux, D. Mitton, Assessment of femoral neck strength by 3-dimensional X-ray absorptiometry. J. Clin. Densitom. 9, 425–430 (2006)PubMedCrossRef

22.

O. Ahmad, K. Ramamurthi, K.E. Wilson, K. Engelke, R.L. Prince, R.H. Taylor, Volumetric DXA (VXA): a new method to extract 3D information from multiple in vivo DXA images. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25, 2744–2751 (2011). Erratum in: J. Bone Miner. Res. 26, 439 (2011)CrossRef

23.

A. Andreoli, A. De Lorenzo, F. Cadeddu, L. Iacopino, M. Grande, New trends in nutritional status assessment of cancer patients. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 15, 469–480 (2011)PubMed

24.

Bazzocchi A, Ciccarese F, Diano D, Spinnato P, Albisinni U, Rossi C, Guglielmi G. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Calcifications J. Clin. Densitom. 15, 198–204 (2012)

25.

J.F. Griffith, S.M. Kumta, Y. Huang, Hard arteries, weak bones. Skeletal Radiol. 40, 517–521 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

26.

H.K. Genant, K. Engelke, S. Prevrhal, Advanced CT bone imaging in osteoporosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47, iv9–16 (2008)

27.

E. Seeman, The structural basis of bone fragility in men. Bone 25, 143–147 (1999)PubMedCrossRef

28.

Y. Duan, X.F. Wang, A. Evans, E. Seeman, Structural and biomechanical basis of racial and sex differences in vertebral fragility in Chinese and Caucasians. Bone 36, 987–998 (2005)PubMedCrossRef

29.

M.L. Bouxsein, E. Seeman, Quantifying the material and structural determinants of bone strength. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 23, 741–753 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

30.

B.L. Riggs, L.J. Melton 3rd, R.A. Robb, J.J. Camp, E.J. Atkinson, J.M. Peterson, P.A. Rouleau, C.H. McCollough, M.L. Bouxsein, S. Khosla, Population-based study of age and sex differences in bone volumetric density, size, geometry, and structure at different skeletal sites. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19, 1945–1954 (2004)PubMedCrossRef

31.

H.K. Genant, M. Jergas, L. Palermo, M. Nevitt, R.S. Valentin, D. Black, S.R. Cummings, Comparison of semiquantitative visual and quantitative morphornetric assessment of prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in osteoporosis The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11, 984–996 (1996)PubMedCrossRef

32.

X. Banse, J.P. Devogelaer, M. Grynpas, Patient-specific microarchitecture of vertebral cancellous bone: a peripheral quantitative computed tomographic and histological study. Bone 30, 829–835 (2002)PubMedCrossRef

33.

B.A. Christiansen, M.L. Bouxsein, Biomechanics of vertebral fractures and the vertebral fracture cascade. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 8, 198–204 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

34.

A.J. Fields, G.L. Lee, X.S. Liu, M.G. Jekir, X.E. Guo, T.M. Keaveny, Influence of vertical trabeculae on the compressive strength of the human vertebra. J. Bone Miner. Res. 26, 263–269 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

35.

J.S. Thomsen, E.N. Ebbesen, L.I. Mosekilde, Age-related differences between thinning of horizontal and vertical trabeculae in human lumbar bone as assessed by a new computerized method. Bone 31, 136–142 (2002)PubMedCrossRef

36.

X. Shi, X.S. Liu, X. Wang, X.E. Guo, G.L. Niebur, Effects of trabecular type and orientation on microdamage susceptibility in trabecular bone. Bone 46, 1260–1266 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

37.

P. Mc Donnell, N. Harrison, M.A. Liebschner, P.E. Mc Hugh, Simulation of vertebral trabecular bone loss using voxel finite element analysis. J. Biomech. 42, 2789–2796 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

38.

T.M. Keaveny, Biomechanical computed tomography—noninvasive bone strength analysis using clinical computed tomography scans. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1192, 57–65 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

39.

B.A. Christiansen, D.L. Kopperdahl, D.P. Kiel, T.M. Keaveny, M.L. Bouxsein, Mechanical contributions of the cortical and trabecular compartments contribute to differences in age-related changes in vertebral body strength in men and women assessed by QCT-based finite element analysis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 26, 974–983 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

40.

K.M. Kim, J.K. Brown, K.J. Kim, H.S. Choi, H.N. Kim, Y. Rhee, S.K. Lim, Differences in femoral neck geometry associated with age and ethnicity. Osteoporos. Int. 22, 2165–2174 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

41.

R.D. Carpenter, S. Sigurdsson, S. Zhao, Y. Lu, G. Eiriksdottir, G. Sigurdsson, B.Y. Jonsson, S. Prevrhal, T.B. Harris, K. Siggeirsdottir, V. Guðnason, T.F. Lang, Effects of age and sex on the strength and cortical thickness of the femoral neck. Bone 48, 741–747 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

42.

S. Amin, D.L. Kopperdhal, L.J. Melton 3rd, S.J. Achenbach, T.M. Therneau, B.L. Riggs, T.M. Keaveny, S. Khosla, Association of hip strength estimates by finite-element analysis with fractures in women and men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 26, 1593–1600 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

43.

T.M. Keaveny, D.L. Kopperdahl, L.J. Melton 3rd, P.F. Hoffmann, S. Amin, B.L. Riggs, S. Khosla, Age-dependence of femoral strength in white women and men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25, 994–1001 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

44.

C. Graeff, Y. Chevalier, M. Charlebois, P. Varga, D. Pahr, T.N. Nickelsen, M.M. Morlock, C.C. Glüer, P.K. Zysset, Improvements in vertebral body strength under teriparatide treatment assessed in vivo by finite element analysis: results from the EUROFORS study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 24, 1672–1680 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

45.

Y. Kang, K. Engelke, C. Fuchs, W.A. Kalender, An anatomic coordinate system of the femoral neck for highly reproducible BMD measurements using 3D QCT. Comput. Med. Imaging Graph 29, 533–541 (2005)PubMedCrossRef

46.

K. Engelke, A. Mastmeyer, V. Bousson, T. Fuerst, J.D. Laredo, W.A. Kalender, Reanalysis precision of 3D quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the spine. Bone 44, 566–572 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

47.

K. Engelke, T. Fuerst, G. Dasic, R.Y. Davies, H.K. Genant, Regional distribution of spine and hip QCT BMD responses after one year of once-monthly ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 46, 1626–1632 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

48.

X.S. Liu, A. Cohen, E. Shane, P.T. Yin, E.M. Stein, H. Rogers, S.L. Kokolus, D.J. McMahon, J.M. Lappe, R.R. Recker, T. Lang, X.E. Guo, Bone density, geometry, microstructure, and stiffness: Relationships between peripheral and central skeletal sites assessed by DXA, HR-pQCT, and cQCT in premenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25, 2229–2238 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

49.

S. Khosla, B.L. Riggs, E.J. Atkinson, A.L. Oberg, L.J. McDaniel, M. Holets, J.M. Peterson, L.J. Melton 3rd, Effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the ultradistal radius: a population-based noninvasive in vivo assessment. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 124–131 (2006)PubMedCrossRef

50.

B.L. Riggs, L.J. Melton, R.A. Robb, J.J. Camp, E.J. Atkinson, L. McDaniel, S. Amin, P.A. Rouleau, S. Khosla, A population-based assessment of rates of bone loss at multiple skeletal sites: evidence for substantial trabecular bone loss in young adult women and men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23, 205–214 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

51.

E. Seeman, P.D. Delmas, D.A. Hanley, D. Sellmeyer, A.M. Cheung, E. Shane, A. Kearns, T. Thomas, S.K. Boyd, S. Boutroy, C. Bogado, S. Majumdar, M. Fan, C. Libanati, J. Zanchetta, Microarchitectural deterioration of cortical and trabecular bone: differing effects of denosumab and alendronate. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25, 1886–1894 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

52.

R. Krug, J. Carballido-Gamio, A.J. Burghardt, G. Kazakia, B.H. Hyun, B. Jobke, S. Banerjee, M. Huber, T.M. Link, S. Majumdar, Assessment of trabecular bone structure comparing magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla with high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography ex vivo and in vivo. Osteoporos. Int. 19, 653–661 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

53.

F.W. Wehrli, M.B. Leonard, P.K. Saha, B.R. Gomberg, Quantitative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging reveals structural implications of renal osteodystrophy on trabecular and cortical bone. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 20, 83–89 (2004)PubMedCrossRef

54.

R. Krug, S. Banerjee, E.T. Han, D.C. Newitt, T.M. Link, S. Majumdar, Feasibility of in vivo structural analysis of high-resolution magnetic resonance images of the proximal femur. Osteoporos. Int. 16, 1307–1314 (2005). Erratum in: Osteoporos. Int. 17, 1705 (2006)PubMedCrossRef

55.

C.H. Chesnut 3rd, S. Majumdar, D.C. Newitt, A. Shields, J. Van Pelt, E. Laschansky, M. Azria, A. Kriegman, M. Olson, E.F. Eriksen, L. Mindeholm, Effects of salmon calcitonin on trabecular microarchitecture as determined by magnetic resonance imaging: results from the QUEST study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20, 1548–1561 (2005)PubMedCrossRef

56.

C.H. Chesnut 3rd, S. Silverman, K. Andriano, H. Genant, A. Gimona, S. Harris, D. Kiel, M. LeBoff, M. Maricic, P. Miller, C. Moniz, M. Peacock, P. Richardson, N. Watts, D. Baylink, A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am. J. Med. 109, 267–276 (2000)PubMedCrossRef

57.

R. Krug, A.J. Burghardt, S. Majumdar, T.M. Link, High-resolution imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 48, 601–621 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

58.

V. Bousson, C. Bergot, A. Meunier, F. Barbot, C. Parlier-Cuau, A.M. Laval-Jeantet, J.D. Laredo, CT of the middiaphyseal femur: cortical bone mineral density and relation to porosity. Radiology 217, 179–187 (2000)PubMed

59.

A. Techawiboonwong, H.K. Song, M.B. Leonard, F.W. Wehrli, Cortical bone water: in vivo quantification with ultrashort echo-time MR imaging. Radiology 248, 824–833 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

60.

P. Meunier, J. Aaron, C. Edouard, G. Vignon, Osteoporosis and the replacement of cell populations of the marrow by adipose tissue. A quantitative study of 84 iliac bone biopsies. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 80, 147–154 (1971)PubMedCrossRef

61.

J.M. Gimble, C.E. Robinson, X. Wu, K.A. Kelly, The function of adipocytes in the bone marrow stroma: an update. Bone 19, 421–428 (1996)PubMedCrossRef

62.

M.F. Pittenger, A.M. Mackay, S.C. Beck, R.K. Jaiswal, R. Douglas, J.D. Mosca, M.A. Moorman, D.W. Simonetti, S. Craig, D.R. Marshak, Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284, 143–147 (1999)PubMedCrossRef

63.

B. Lecka-Czernik, E.J. Moerman, D.F. Grant, J.M. Lehmann, S.C. Manolagas, R.L. Jilka, Divergent effects of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 ligands on adipocyte versus osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 143, 2376–2384 (2002)PubMedCrossRef

64.

J.M. Gimble, M.E. Nuttall, Bone and fat: old questions, new insights. Endocrine 23, 183–188 (2004)PubMedCrossRef

65.

G. Duque, Bone and fat connection in aging bone. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 20, 429–434 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

66.

C.J. Rosen, C. Ackert-Bicknell, J.P. Rodriguez, A.M. Pino, Marrow fat and the bone microenvironment: developmental, functional, and pathological implications. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 19, 109–124 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

67.

M.J. Toth, A. Tchernof, C.K. Sites, E.T. Poehlman, Menopause-related changes in body fat distribution. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 904, 502–506 (2000)PubMedCrossRef

68.

K. Blouin, A. Boivin, A. Tchernof, Androgens and body fat distribution. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 108, 272–280 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

69.

J.F. Griffith, D.K. Yeung, G.E. Antonio, F.K. Lee, A.W. Hong, S.Y. Wong, E.M. Lau, P.C. Leung, Vertebral bone mineral density, marrow perfusion, and fat content in healthy men and men with osteoporosis: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and MR spectroscopy. Radiology 236, 945–951 (2005)PubMedCrossRef

70.

J.F. Griffith, D.K. Yeung, G.E. Antonio, S.Y. Wong, T.C. Kwok, J. Woo, P.C. Leung, Vertebral marrow fat content and diffusion and perfusion indexes in women with varying bone density: MR evaluation. Radiology 241, 831–838 (2006)PubMedCrossRef

71.

J.F. Griffith, D.K. Yeung, P.H. Tsang, K.C. Choi, T.C. Kwok, A.T. Ahuja, K.S. Leung, P.C. Leung, Compromised bone marrow perfusion in osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23, 1068–1075 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

72.

Y.X. Wang, J.F. Griffith, A.W. Kwok, J.C. Leung, D.K. Yeung, A.T. Ahuja, P.C. Leun, Reduced bone perfusion in proximal femur of subjects with decreased bone mineral density preferentially affects the femoral neck. Bone 45, 711–715 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

73.

H. Cao, J.L. Ackerman, M.I. Hrovat, L. Graham, M.J. Glimcher, Y. Wu, Quantitative bone matrix density measurement by water- and fat-suppressed proton projection MRI (WASPI) with polymer calibration phantoms. Magn. Reson. Med. 60, 1433–1443 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

74.

H. Cao, A. Nazarian, J.L. Ackerman, B.D. Snyder, A.E. Rosenberg, R.M. Nazarian, M.I. Hrovat, G. Dai, D. Mintzopoulos, Y. Wu, Quantitative (31)P NMR spectroscopy and (1)H MRI measurements of bone mineral and matrix density differentiate metabolic bone diseases in rat models. Bone 46, 1582–1590 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

75.

Y. Wu, M.I. Hrovat, J.L. Ackerman, T.G. Reese, H. Cao, K. Ecklund, M.J. Glimcher, Bone matrix imaged in vivo by water- and fat-suppressed proton projection MRI (WASPI) of animal and human subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 31, 954–963 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

76.

P.D. Delmas, L. van de Langerijt, N.B. Watts, R. Eastell, H. Genant, A. Grauer, D.L. Cahall, IMPACT Study Group, underdiagnosis of vertebral fractures is a worldwide problem: the IMPACT study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20, 557–563 (2005)PubMedCrossRef

77.

National Osteoporosis Foundation, The Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Washington, DC, USA. (2010) [http://www.nof.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/NOF_ClinicianGuide2009_v7.pdf]

78.

C.R. Krestan, U. Nemec, S. Nemec, Imaging of insufficiency fractures. Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol. 15, 198–207 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

79.

A.L. Williams, A. Al-Busaidi, P.J. Sparrow, J.E. Adams, R.W. Whitehouse, Under-reporting of osteoporotic vertebral fractures on computed tomography. Eur. J. Radiol. 69, 179–183 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

80.

J.F. Griffith, G. Guglielmi, Vertebral fracture. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 48, 519–529 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

81.

A. Biffar, G.P. Schmidt, S. Sourbron, M. D’Anastasi, O. Dietrich, M. Notohamiprodjo, M.F. Reiser, A. Baur-Melnyk, Quantitative analysis of vertebral bone marrow perfusion using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: initial results in osteoporotic patients with acute vertebral fracture. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 33, 676–683 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

82.

T. Kanchiku, T. Taguchi, K. Toyoda, K. Fujii, S. Kawai, Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Spine 28, 2522–2526 (2003)PubMedCrossRef

83.

T. Tsujio, H. Nakamura, H. Terai, M. Hoshino, T. Namikawa, A. Matsumura, M. Kato, A. Suzuki, K. Takayama, W. Fukushima, K. Kondo, Y. Hirota, K. Takaoka, Characteristic radiographic or magnetic resonance images of fresh osteoporotic vertebral fractures predicting potential risk for nonunion: a prospective multicenter study. Spine 36, 1229–1235 (2011)PubMedCrossRef

84.

G. Pathak, M.J. Parker, G.A. Pryor, Delayed diagnosis of femoral neck fractures. Injury 28, 299–301 (1997)PubMedCrossRef

85.

H.A. Chatha, S. Ullah, Z.Z. Cheema, Review article: Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in the diagnosis of occult proximal femur fractures. J. Orthop. Surg. (Hong Kong) 19, 99–103 (2011)

86.

M.C. Cabarrus, A. Ambekar, Y. Lu, T.M. Link, MRI and CT of insufficiency fractures of the pelvis and the proximal femur. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 191, 995–1001 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

87.

Y.P. Lee, J.F. Griffith, G.E. Antonio, N. Tang, K.S. Leung, Early magnetic resonance imaging of radiographically occult osteoporotic fractures of the femoral neck. Hong Kong Med. J. 10, 271–275 (2004)PubMed

88.

J.G. Craig, B.R. Moed, W.R. Eyler, M. van Holsbeeck, Fractures of the greater trochanter: intertrochanteric extension shown by MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 29, 572–576 (2000)PubMedCrossRef

89.

T. Yamamoto, Y. Iwamoto, R. Schneider, P.G. Bullough, Histopathological prevalence of subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 67, 150–153 (2008)PubMedCrossRef

90.

G. Zhao, T. Yamamoto, S. Ikemura, Y. Nakashima, T. Mawatari, G. Motomura, Y. Iwamoto, A histopathological evaluation of a concave-shaped low-intensity band on T1-weighted MR images in a subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head. Skeletal Radiol. 39, 185–188 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

91.

K. Miyanishi, T. Hara, S. Kaminomachi, H. Maeda, H. Watanabe, T. Torisu, Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head: a preliminary comparison with that of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 129, 583–589 (2009)PubMedCrossRef

92.

T. Yamamoto, K. Takabatake, Y. Iwamoto, Subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head resulting in rapid destruction of the hip joint: a sequential radiographic study. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 178, 435–437 (2002)PubMed

93.

R. Schneider, J. Yacovone, B. Ghelman, Unsuspected sacral fractures: detection by radionuclide bone scanning. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 144, 337–341 (1985)PubMed

94.

E.M. Lyders, C.T. Whitlow, M.D. Baker, P.P. Morris, Imaging and treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 31, 201–210 (2010)PubMedCrossRef

Titel: New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications
verfasst von: James F. Griffith
Harry K. Genant
Publikationsdatum: 01.08.2012
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Endocrine / Ausgabe 1/2012
Print ISSN: 1355-008X
Elektronische ISSN: 1559-0100
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9691-2

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

25.04.2024 Allergien und Intoleranzreaktionen Nachrichten

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2012

The realities of salivary cortisol sampling in the real world: Reply to the Letter to the Editor from Belaya and Melnichenko

Estrogen suppresses expression of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) within the mouse uterus

Alterations of gene expression of sodium channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons of estrogen receptor knockout (ERKO) mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)

Subclinical hypercortisolism: debatable or visible on the lightbox?

Spontaneous bilateral adrenal hemorrhage

Mini-review: pheochromocytomas causing the ectopic ACTH syndrome