Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Pediatric Drugs
Erschienen in: Pediatric Drugs 6/2015

01.12.2015 | Review Article

Impact of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on School Performance: What are the Effects of Medication?

verfasst von: Raman Baweja, Richard E. Mattison, James G. Waxmonsky

Erschienen in: Pediatric Drugs | Ausgabe 6/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects an estimated 5–7 % of schoolchildren worldwide. School functioning and academic achievement are frequently impaired by ADHD and represent one of the main reasons children start ADHD medication. Multiple potential causal pathways exist between ADHD and impaired school performance. In this review, we decompose school performance into three components and assess the impact of ADHD and its treatments on academic performance (assessed by grade point average [GPA], time on-task, percentage of work completed as well as percent completed correctly), academic skills (as measured by achievement tests and cognitive measures), and academic enablers (such as study skills, motivation, engagement, classroom behavior and interpersonal skills). Most studies examined only the short-term effects of medication on school performance. In these, ADHD medications have been observed to improve some aspects of school performance, with the largest impact on measures of academic performance such as seatwork productivity and on-task performance. In a subset of children, these benefits may translate into detectable improvements in GPA and achievement testing. However, limited data exists to support whether these changes are sustained over years. Optimizing medication effects requires periodic reassessment of school performance, necessitating a collaborative effort involving patients, parents, school staff and prescribers. Even with systematic reassessment, behavioral-based treatments and additional school-based services may be needed to maximize academic performance for the many youth with ADHD and prominent impairments in school performance.
Literatur
1.
Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J, Beller E, Glasziou P. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):e994–1001.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Polanczyk GV, Willcutt EG, Salum GA, Kieling C, Rohde LA. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):434–42.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Visser SN, Blumberg SJ, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Kogan MD. State-based and demographic variation in parent-reported medication rates for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 2007-2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E09.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
4.
Garfield CF, Dorsey ER, Zhu S, Huskamp HA, Conti R, Dusetzina SB, et al. Trends in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ambulatory diagnosis and medical treatment in the United States, 2000–2010. Acad Pediatr. 2012;12(2):110–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
5.
Olfson M, Kroenke K, Wang S, Blanco C. Trends in office-based mental health care provided by psychiatrists and primary care physicians. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(3):247–53.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Sayal K, Ford T, Goodman R. Trends in recognition of and service use for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Britain, 1999–2004. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(8):803–10.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Beecham J. Annual research review: Child and adolescent mental health interventions: a review of progress in economic studies across different disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(6):714–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Pelham WE, Foster EM, Robb JA. The economic impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(6):711–27.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Barkley RA. Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(Suppl 12):10–5.PubMed
10.
Biederman J, Faraone SV. The effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on employment and household income. MedGenMed. 2006;8(3):12.PubMedCentralPubMed
11.
Klassen AF, Miller A, Fine S. Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents who have a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2004;114(5):e541–7.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(7):565–76.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Aizer A, National Bureau of Economic Research. Peer effects and human capital accumulation the externalities of ADD. NBER Working Paper No. 14354, 2008.
14.
Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;29(4):546–57.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Glutting JJ, Watkins MW. ADHD and achievement: meta-analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students. J Learn Disabil. 2007;40(1):49–65.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ. Attentional difficulties in middle childhood and psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(6):633–44.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Purvis KL, Tannock R. Phonological processing, not inhibitory control, differentiates ADHD and reading disability. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(4):485–94.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Semrud-Clikeman M, Guy K, Griffin JD, Hynd GW. Rapid naming deficits in children and adolescents with reading disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Lang. 2000;74(1):70–83.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Jacobsen SJ. Modifiers of long-term school outcomes for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: does treatment with stimulant medication make a difference? Results from a population-based study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28(4):274–87.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Galera C, Melchior M, Chastang JF, Bouvard MP, Fombonne E. Childhood and adolescent hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and academic achievement 8 years later: the GAZEL Youth study. Psychol Med. 2009;39(11):1895–906.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
21.
Kent KM, Pelham WE Jr, Molina BS, Sibley MH, Waschbusch DA, Yu J, et al. The academic experience of male high school students with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011;39(3):451–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
22.
Murray DW, Molina BS, Glew K, Houck P, Greiner A, Fong D, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of school services for high school students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. School Ment Health. 2014;6(4):264–78.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Fischer M, Barkley RA, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: II. Academic, attentional, and neuropsychological status. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(5):580–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Massetti GM, Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Loney J, Ehrhardt A, Lee SS, et al. Academic achievement over 8 years among children who met modified criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at 4–6 years of age. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008;36(3):399–410.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
25.
Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, Hynes ME. Educational and occupational outcome of hyperactive boys grown up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(9):1222–7.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Sayal K, Washbrook E, Propper C. Childhood behavior problems and academic outcomes in adolescence: longitudinal population-based study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(5):360–8 e2.
27.
Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(4):493–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Barkley RAMK, Fischer M. ADHD in adults: what the science says. New York: Guilford Press; 2008.
29.
Molina BS, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Jensen PS, et al. The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(5):484–500.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, Mick E, Monuteaux MC, Aleardi M. Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(4):524–40.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Biederman J, Fried R, Petty C, Mahoney L, Faraone SV. An examination of the impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on IQ: a large controlled family-based analysis. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(10):608–16.PubMed
32.
Duric NS, Elgen I. Characteristics of Norwegian children suffering from ADHD symptoms: ADHD and primary health care. Psychiatry Res. 2011;188(3):402–5.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Dinya E, Csorba J, Suli A, Grosz Z. Behaviour profile of Hungarian adolescent outpatients with a dual diagnosis. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(5):1574–80.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Barry TDLR, Klinger LG. Academic underachievement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the negative impact of syndrome severity on school performance. J Sch Psychol. 2002;40:259–83.CrossRef
35.
Loe IM, Feldman HM. Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(6):643–54.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Hinshaw SP. Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychol Bull. 1992;111(1):127–55.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Wu KK, Anderson V, Castiello U. Neuropsychological evaluation of deficits in executive functioning for ADHD children with or without learning disabilities. Dev Neuropsychol. 2002;22(2):501–31.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull. 1997;121(1):65–94.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Loney J, Kramer J, Milich R. The hyperkinetic child grows up: predictors of symptoms, delinquency, and achievement at follow-up. In: Gadow K, Loney J, editors. Psychosocial aspects of drug treatment for hyperactivity. Boulder: Westview Press; 1981. p. 381–415.
40.
Hoza B, Pelham WE, Waschbusch DA, Kipp H, Owens JS. Academic task persistence of normally achieving ADHD and control boys: performance, self-evaluations, and attributions. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69(2):271–83.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Early disruptive behavior, IQ, and later school achievement and delinquent behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1995;23(2):183–99.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zentall SS, Smith YN, Lee YB, Wieczorek C. Mathematical outcomes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Learn Disabil. 1994;27(8):510–9.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Mattison RE, Blader JC. What affects academic functioning in secondary special education students with serious emotional and/or behavioral problems? Behav Disord. 2013;38(4):201–10.
44.
Langberg JM, Molina BS, Arnold LE, Epstein JN, Altaye M, Hinshaw SP, et al. Patterns and predictors of adolescent academic achievement and performance in a sample of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2011;40(4):519–31.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
45.
Coghill DR, Seth S, Pedroso S, Usala T, Currie J, Gagliano A. Effects of methylphenidate on cognitive functions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(8):603–15.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Doyle AE, Seidman LJ, Wilens TE, Ferrero F, et al. Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(5):757–66.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Gathercole SE, Alloway TP, Willis C, Adams AM. Working memory in children with reading disabilities. J Exp Child Psychol. 2006;93(3):265–81.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Power TJ, Werba BE, Watkins MW, Angelucci JG, Eiraldi RB. Patterns of parent-reported homework problems among ADHD-referred and non-referred children. Sch Psychol Q. 2006;21(1):13–33.CrossRef
49.
Raggi VL, Chronis AM. Interventions to address the academic impairment of children and adolescents with ADHD. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2006;9(2):85–111.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Sjowall D, Thorell LB. Functional impairments in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the mediating role of neuropsychological functioning. Dev Neuropsychol. 2014;39(3):187–204.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
51.
DuPaul GJ SG. ADHD in the schools: assessment and intervention strategies. Guilford Press: New York; 2003.
52.
Langberg JM, Epstein JN, Urbanowicz CM, Simon JO, Graham AJ. Efficacy of an organization skills intervention to improve the academic functioning of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Sch Psychol Q. 2008;23(3):407–17.CrossRef
53.
54.
Langberg JM, Becker SP. Does long-term medication use improve the academic outcomes of youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2012;15(3):215–33.PubMedCrossRef
55.
DiPerna JC. Academic enablers and student achievement: Implications for assessment and intervention services in the schools. Psychol Sch. 2006;43(1):7–17.CrossRef
56.
57.
Chai G, Governale L, McMahon AW, Trinidad JP, Staffa J, Murphy D. Trends of outpatient prescription drug utilization in US children, 2002–2010. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):23–31.PubMedCrossRef
58.
59.
Fulton BD, Scheffler RM, Hinshaw SP. State variation in increased ADHD prevalence: links to NCLB school accountability and state medication laws. Psychiatr Serv. 2015. doi:10.​1176/​appi.​ps.​201400145.
60.
King M, Jennings J, Fetscher JM. Medical adaptation to academic pressure: schooling, stimulant use, and socioeconomic status. Am Sociol Rev.2014;79(6):1039-66.CrossRef
61.
Pliszka S, Issues AWGoQ. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(7):894–921.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Bolea-Alamanac B, Nutt DJ, Adamou M, Asherson P, Bazire S, Coghill D, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: update on recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(3):179–203.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Jadad AR, Boyle M, Cunningham C, Kim M, Schachar R. Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 1999:i–viii, 1–341.
64.
Schachar R, Jadad AR, Gauld M, Boyle M, Booker L, Snider A, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: critical appraisal of extended treatment studies. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47(4):337–48.PubMed
65.
Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Kahle J, Madhoo M, Kewley G. Long-term outcomes of ADHD: academic achievement and performance. J Atten Disord. 2015 [Epub ahead of print].
66.
Coghill DR, Rhodes SM, Matthews K. The neuropsychological effects of chronic methylphenidate on drug-naive boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(9):954–62.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Froehlich TE, Antonini TN, Brinkman WB, Langberg JM, Simon JO, Adams R, et al. Mediators of methylphenidate effects on math performance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014;35(2):100–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
68.
Bagot KS, Kaminer Y. Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review. Addiction. 2014;109(4):547–57.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, Anastopoulos AD, Reid R. ADHD rating scale-IV: checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: The Guilford Press; 1998.
70.
Conners CKCGI-TVNT. NY: Multihealth Systems; 1997.
71.
DuPaul GJ, Rapport MD, Perriello LM. Teacher ratings of academic skills: the development of the Academic Performance Rating Scale. Sch Psychol Rev. 1991;20(2):284–300.
72.
Swanson J. School-based assessments and interventions for ADD students. Irvine: K.C. Publishing; 1992.
73.
Wigal SB, Wigal TL. The laboratory school protocol: its origin, use, and new applications. J Atten Disord. 2006;10(1):92–111.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Prasad V, Brogan E, Mulvaney C, Grainge M, Stanton W, Sayal K. How effective are drug treatments for children with ADHD at improving on-task behaviour and academic achievement in the school classroom? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22(4):203–16.PubMedCrossRef
75.
DuPaul GJ, Rapport MD. Does methylphenidate normalize the classroom performance of children with attention deficit disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32(1):190–8.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Rapport MD, Jones JT, DuPaul GJ, Kelly KL, Gardner MJ, Tucker SB, et al. Attention deficit disorder and methylphenidate: group and single-subject analyses of dose effects on attention in clinic and classroom settings. J Clin Child Psychol. 1987;16(4):329–38.CrossRef
77.
Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Chronis AM, Burrows-MacLean L, Fabiano GA, Onyango AN, et al. A comparison of morning-only and morning/late afternoon Adderall to morning-only, twice-daily, and three times-daily methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 1999;104(6):1300–11.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Pelham WE, Aronoff HR, Midlam JK, Shapiro CJ, Gnagy EM, Chronis AM, et al. A comparison of ritalin and adderall: efficacy and time-course in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 1999;103(4):e43.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Silva R, Muniz R, Pestreich LK, Brams M, Childress A, Lopez FA. Efficacy of two long-acting methylphenidate formulations in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a laboratory classroom setting. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15(4):637–54.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Pelham WE Jr, Sturges J, Hoza J, Schmidt C, Bijlsma JJ, Milich R, et al. Sustained release and standard methylphenidate effects on cognitive and social behavior in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics. 1987;80(4):491–501.PubMed
81.
Van der Oord S, Prins PJ, Oosterlaan J, Emmelkamp PM. Efficacy of methylphenidate, psychosocial treatments and their combination in school-aged children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(5):783–800.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Chacko A, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Greiner A, Vallano G, Bukstein O, et al. Stimulant medication effects in a summer treatment program among young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(3):249–57.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Fabiano GA, Pelham WE Jr, Gnagy EM, Burrows-MacLean L, Coles EK, Chacko A, et al. The single and combined effects of multiple intensities of behavior modification and methylphenidate for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a classroom setting. Sch Psychol Rev. 2007;36(2):195–216.
84.
Dopfner M, Gerber WD, Banaschewski T, Breuer D, Freisleder FJ, Gerber-von Muller G, et al. Comparative efficacy of once-a-day extended-release methylphenidate, two-times-daily immediate-release methylphenidate, and placebo in a laboratory school setting. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13(Suppl. 1):I93–101.PubMed
85.
Pelham WE Jr, Manos MJ, Ezzell CE, Tresco KE, Gnagy EM, Hoffman MT, et al. A dose-ranging study of a methylphenidate transdermal system in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(6):522–9.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Burrows-Maclean L, Williams A, Fabiano GA, Morrisey SM, et al. Once-a-day Concerta methylphenidate versus three-times-daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):E105.PubMedCrossRef
87.
McGough JJ, Wigal SB, Abikoff H, Turnbow JM, Posner K, Moon E. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, laboratory classroom assessment of methylphenidate transdermal system in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2006;9(3):476–85.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Wigal T, Sonuga-Barke E, Greenhill LL, Biederman J, et al. A comparison of once-daily extended-release methylphenidate formulations in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the laboratory school (the Comacs Study). Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 1):e206–16.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Muniz R, Brams M, Mao A, McCague K, Pestreich L, Silva R. Efficacy and safety of extended-release dexmethylphenidate compared with d, l-methylphenidate and placebo in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 12-hour laboratory classroom study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(3):248–56.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Biederman J, Boellner SW, Childress A, Lopez FA, Krishnan S, Zhang Y. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and mixed amphetamine salts extended-release in children with ADHD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover analog classroom study. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(9):970–6.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Elia J, Welsh PA, Gullotta CS, Rapoport JL. Classroom academic performance: improvement with both methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine in ADHD boys. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1993;34(5):785–804.PubMedCrossRef
92.
James RS, Sharp WS, Bastain TM, Lee PP, Walter JM, Czarnolewski M, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of single-dose amphetamine formulations in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(11):1268–76.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Wigal SB, Kollins SH, Childress AC, Squires L, Study G. A 13-hour laboratory school study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2009;3(1):17.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
94.
Pelham WE Jr, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton M, Murphy DA, Greenstein JJ, Gnagy EM, et al. Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics. 1990;86(2):226–37.PubMed
95.
McCracken JT, Biederman J, Greenhill LL, Swanson JM, McGough JJ, Spencer TJ, et al. Analog classroom assessment of a once-daily mixed amphetamine formulation, SLI381 (Adderall XR), in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(6):673–83.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Swanson JM, Wigal S, Greenhill LL, Browne R, Waslik B, Lerner M, et al. Analog classroom assessment of Adderall in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(5):519–26.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Biederman J, Wigal SB, Spencer TJ, McGough JJ, Mays DA. A post hoc subgroup analysis of an 18-day randomized controlled trial comparing the tolerability and efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release and atomoxetine in school-age girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Ther. 2006;28(2):280–93.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Waxmonsky JG. Nonstimulant therapies for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. Essent Psychopharmacol. 2005;6(5):262–76.PubMed
99.
Brams M, Muniz R, Childress A, Giblin J, Mao A, Turnbow J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of once-daily dexmethylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: rapid onset of effect. CNS Drugs. 2008;22(8):693–704.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Silva RR, Muniz R, Pestreich L, Childress A, Brams M, Lopez FA, et al. Efficacy and duration of effect of extended-release dexmethylphenidate versus placebo in schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(3):239–51.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Vyse SA, Rapport MD. The effects of methylphenidate on learning in children with ADDH: the stimulus equivalence paradigm. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989;57(3):425–35.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Powers RL, Marks DJ, Miller CJ, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Stimulant treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder moderates adolescent academic outcome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(5):449–59.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
103.
Marcus SC, Durkin M. Stimulant adherence and academic performance in urban youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(5):480–9.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Wietecha LA, Williams DW, Herbert M, Melmed RD, Greenbaum M, Schuh K. Atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(6):719–30.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Pelham WE, Smith BH, Evans SW, Bukstein O, Gnagy EM, Greiner AR, et al. The effectiveness of short- and long-acting stimulant medications for adolescents with ADHD in a naturalistic secondary school setting. J Atten Disord. 2013. doi:10.​1177/​1087054712474688​.
106.
Langberg JM, Arnold LE, Flowers AM, Altaye M, Epstein JN, Molina BS. Assessing homework problems in children with ADHD: validation of a parent-report measure and evaluation of homework performance patterns. Sch Ment Health. 2010;2(1):3–12.CrossRef
107.
Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Jacobsen SJ. Long-term school outcomes for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based perspective. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28(4):265–73.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Currie J, Stabile M, Jones L. Do stimulant medications improve educational and behavioral outcomes for children with ADHD? J Health Econ. 2014;37:58–69.PubMedCrossRef
109.
MTA Cooperative Group. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(12):1073–86.CrossRef
110.
Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Vitiello B, Abikoff HB, Greenhill LL, et al. 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):989–1002.PubMedCrossRef
111.
MTA Cooperative Group. National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2004;113(4):754–61.CrossRef
112.
Scheffler RM, Brown TT, Fulton BD, Hinshaw SP, Levine P, Stone S. Positive association between attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder medication use and academic achievement during elementary school. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):1273–9.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Paternite CE, Loney J, Salisbury H, Whaley MA. Childhood inattention-overactivity, aggression, and stimulant medication history as predictors of young adult outcomes. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1999;9(3):169–84.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Zoega H, Rothman KJ, Huybrechts KF, Olafsson O, Baldursson G, Almarsdottir AB, et al. A population-based study of stimulant drug treatment of ADHD and academic progress in children. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):e53–62.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Greenhill LL, Muniz R, Ball RR, Levine A, Pestreich L, Jiang H. Efficacy and safety of dexmethylphenidate extended-release capsules in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(7):817–23.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Ahmann PA, Theye FW, Berg R, Linquist AJ, Van Erem AJ, Campbell LR. Placebo-controlled evaluation of amphetamine mixture-dextroamphetamine salts and amphetamine salts (Adderall): efficacy rate and side effects. Pediatrics. 2001;107(1):E10.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Weiss M, Tannock R, Kratochvil C, Dunn D, Velez-Borras J, Thomason C, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily atomoxetine in the school setting in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(7):647–55.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Waxmonsky JG, Waschbusch DA, Pelham WE, Draganac-Cardona L, Rotella B, Ryan L. Effects of atomoxetine with and without behavior therapy on the school and home functioning of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(11):1535–51.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Schachter HM, Pham B, King J, Langford S, Moher D. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2001;165(11):1475–88.PubMedCentralPubMed
120.
Marcus SC, Wan GJ, Kemner JE, Olfson M. Continuity of methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(6):572–8.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Cantwell DP, Baker L. Association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders. J Learn Disabil. 1991;24(2):88–95.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Crowell EW. Learning disabilities and ADHD: overlapping spectrumn disorders. J Learn Disabil. 2000;33(5):417–24.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Williamson D, Murray DW, Damaraju CV, Ascher S, Starr HL. Methylphenidate in children with ADHD with or without learning disability. J Atten Disord. 2014;18(2):95–104.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Sibley MH, Altszuler AR, Ross JM, Sanchez F, Pelham WE Jr, Gnagy EM. A parent-teen collaborative treatment model for academically impaired high school students with ADHD. Cogn Behav Pract. 2014;21(1):32–42.CrossRef
125.
Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill DR, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke E, Zuddas A, et al. The MTA at 8. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(11):1120–1 (author reply 3–4).
126.
Lovett BJ, Leja AM. ADHD symptoms and benefit from extended time testing accommodations. J Atten Disord. 2015;19(2):167–72.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Pelham WE Jr, Fabiano GA. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37(1):184–214.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Abikoff H, Gallagher R, Wells KC, Murray DW, Huang L, Lu F, et al. Remediating organizational functioning in children with ADHD: immediate and long-term effects from a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81(1):113–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
129.
Abikoff H, Hechtman L, Klein RG, Weiss G, Fleiss K, Etcovitch J, et al. Symptomatic improvement in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(7):802–11.PubMedCrossRef
130.
NICE. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The NICE guideline on diagnosis and management of ADHD in children young people and adults. London: The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2008.
131.
Sibley MH, Waxmonsky JG, Robb JA, Pelham WE. Implications of changes for the field: ADHD. J Learn Disabil. 2013;46(1):34–42.
132.
Mitsis EM, McKay KE, Schulz KP, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Parent-teacher concordance for DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinic-referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(3):308–13.PubMedCrossRef
133.
ADHD: caring for children with ADHD: a resource toolkit for clinicians (Spanish/English). Elk Grove Village: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2010.
134.
Pelham WE Jr, Fabiano GA, Massetti GM. Evidence-based assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2005;34(3):449–76.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Fabiano GA, Pelham WE Jr, Waschbusch DA, Gnagy EM, Lahey BB, Chronis AM, et al. A practical measure of impairment: psychometric properties of the impairment rating scale in samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2006;35(3):369–85.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Fabiano GA, Vujnovic RK, Pelham WE, Waschbusch DA, Massetti GM, Pariseau ME, et al. Enhancing the effectiveness of special education programming for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using a daily report card. Sch Psychol Rev. 2010;39(2):219–39.
137.
138.
Epstein JN, Kelleher KJ, Baum R, Brinkman WB, Peugh J, Gardner W, et al. Variability in ADHD care in community-based pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2014;134(6):1136–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
139.
Smith BH, Pelham WE Jr, Gnagy E, Molina B, Evans S. The reliability, validity, and unique contributions of self-report by adolescents receiving treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(3):489–99.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Silva L, Bousso RS, Galera SA. The use of the Calgary Model for assessment of families of the aged in clinical practice. Rev Bras Enferm. 2009;62(4):530–4.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Rabiner DL, Murray DW, Rosen L, Hardy K, Skinner A, Underwood M. Instability in teacher ratings of children’s inattentive symptoms: implications for the assessment of ADHD. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010;31(3):175–80.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
142.
van Lieshout M, Luman M, Buitelaar J, Rommelse NN, Oosterlaan J. Does neurocognitive functioning predict future or persistence of ADHD? A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(4):539–60.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Impact of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on School Performance: What are the Effects of Medication?
verfasst von
Raman Baweja
Richard E. Mattison
James G. Waxmonsky
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2015
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Pediatric Drugs / Ausgabe 6/2015
Print ISSN: 1174-5878
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-015-0144-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2015

Pediatric Drugs 6/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Review Article

Systemic Agents for Severe Atopic Dermatitis in Children

Leading Article

Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders: Cause for Concern?

Acknowledgement to Referees

Acknowledgement to Referees

Current Opinion

Protecting Newborns Against Pertussis: Treatment and Prevention Strategies

Original Research Article

Trends in Antiepileptic Drug Prescriptions for Childhood Epilepsy at a Tertiary Children’s Hospital in Korea, 2001–2012

Original Research Article

Comparison of Two Different Intranasal Doses of Dexmedetomidine in Children for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sedation

Neu im Fachgebiet Pädiatrie

Neuer Typ-1-Diabetes bei Kindern am Wochenende eher übersehen

23.04.2024 Typ-1-Diabetes Nachrichten

Wenn Kinder an Werktagen zum Arzt gehen, werden neu auftretender Typ-1-Diabetes und diabetische Ketoazidosen häufiger erkannt als bei Arztbesuchen an Wochenenden oder Feiertagen.

Neue Studienergebnisse zur Myopiekontrolle mit Atropin

22.04.2024 Fehlsichtigkeit Nachrichten

Augentropfen mit niedrig dosiertem Atropin können helfen, das Fortschreiten einer Kurzsichtigkeit bei Kindern zumindest zu verlangsamen, wie die Ergebnisse einer aktuellen Studie mit verschiedenen Dosierungen zeigen.

Spinale Muskelatrophie: Neugeborenen-Screening lohnt sich

18.04.2024 Spinale Muskelatrophien Nachrichten

Seit 2021 ist die Untersuchung auf spinale Muskelatrophie Teil des Neugeborenen-Screenings in Deutschland. Eine Studie liefert weitere Evidenz für den Nutzen der Maßnahme.

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind

18.04.2024 Pädiatrische Notfallmedizin Nachrichten

Im Choosing-Wisely-Programm, das für die deutsche Initiative „Klug entscheiden“ Pate gestanden hat, sind erstmals Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit Notfällen von Kindern erschienen. Fünf Dinge gilt es demnach zu vermeiden.

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise