Background
TAKE10!® for Older Adults
Methods
Participants
Sample size
Randomization
Participant flow
Intervention
Main outcomes: dietary and physical activity habit outcomes
Secondary outcomes: health and health practice outcomes
Data analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics and attendance rate
Characteristics | Intervention (n = 57) | Control (n = 35) |
P
|
---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%)
| |||
Men
| 9 (15.8) | 8 (22.9) | 0.419a
|
Women
| 48 (84.2) | 27 (77.1) | |
Age in years, mean ± SD
| 74.3 ± 5.9 | 74.3 ± 5.0 | 0.969c
|
BMI, mean ± SD
| 24.3 ± 2.7 | 24.3 ± 3.1 | 0.941c
|
Preexisting conditions, n (%)
| 20 (35.1) | 11 (31.4) | 0.718a
|
Hypertension
| 16 (28.1) | 9 (25.7) | 0.805a
|
Diabetes mellitus
| 4 (7.0) | 2 (5.7) | 1.000b
|
Joint pain (arthritis)
| 3 (5.3) | 2 (5.7) | 1.000b
|
Heart disease
| 4 (7.0) | 4 (11.4) | 0.474b
|
Cerebrovascular disease
| 1 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000b
|
Have experienced falls, n (%)
| 7 (12.3) | 5 (14.3) | 0.762b
|
Lifestyle
| |||
Ability to walk 1 km (yes, n (%))
| 52 (91.2) | 31 (88.6) | 0.727b
|
Hobby activity (yes, n (%))
| 48 (84.2) | 28 (80.0) | 0.605a
|
Volunteer activity (yes, n (%))
| 49 (86.0) | 30 (85.7) | 1.000b
|
Older adult’s group activity (yes, n (%))
| 47 (82.5) | 29 (82.6) | 0.961a
|
Friendly conversation with neighbors
| 45 (78.9) | 27 (77.1) | 0.839a
|
(2 days or more/w, n (%))
| |||
Going out (2 days or more/w, n (%))
| 56 (98.2) | 34 (97.1) | 1.000b
|
Appetite (yes, n (%))
| 55 (96.5) | 32 (91.4) | 0.365b
|
Food Frequency Score (FFS), mean ± SD
| 21.5 ± 3.7 | 21.1 ± 5.3 | 0.690c
|
Dietary Variety Score (DVS), mean ± SD
| 4.2 ± 2.3 | 3.9 ± 2.9 | 0.577c
|
TMG-Index of competence, mean ± SD
| 12.4 ± 1.1 | 11.9 ± 1.4 | 0.062c
|
Instrumental self-maintenance, mean ± SD
| 4.9 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 0.538c
|
Intellectual activity, mean ± SD
| 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.792c
|
Social roles, mean ± SD
| 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 0.014c
|
Self-rated health, n (%)
| 0.657d
| ||
Very good
| 7 (12.3) | 3 (8.6) | |
Good
| 41 (71.9) | 26 (74.3) | |
Not good
| 9 (15.8) | 6 (17.1) |
Outcomes measures
Outcomes | Intervention | Control | Between-groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food frequency, n (%) | Almost every day | 3-4 days/week | 0-2 days/week |
P
| Almost every day | 3-4 days/week | 0-2 days/week |
P
|
P
| |
Meat
| Pre | 12 (21.1) | 21 (36.8) | 24 (42.1) | 0.002
a
| 9 (25.7) | 13 (37.1) | 13 (37.1) | 1.000
a
| |
Post | 23 (40.4) | 21 (36.8) | 13 (22.8) | 7 (20.0) | 17 (48.6) | 11 (31.4) | ||||
Fish/Shellfish
| Pre | 23 (40.4) | 23 (40.4) | 11 (19.3) | 0.020
a
| 17 (48.6) | 11 (31.4) | 7 (20.0) | 1.000
a
| |
Post | 28 (49.1) | 26 (45.6) | 3 (5.3) | 16 (45.7) | 13 (37.1) | 6 (17.1) | ||||
Eggs
| Pre | 19 (33.3) | 13 (22.8) | 25 (43.9) | 0.010
a
| 10 (28.6) | 12 (34.3) | 13 (37.1) | 0.527
a
| |
Post | 24 (42.1) | 20 (35.1) | 13 (22.8) | 8 (22.9) | 14 (40.0) | 13 (37.1) | ||||
Milk
| Pre | 29 (50.9) | 10 (17.5) | 18 (31.6) | 0.075
a
| 20 (57.1) | 6 (17.1) | 9 (25.7) | 1.000
a
| |
Post | 35 (61.4) | 8 (14.0) | 14 (24.6) | 19 (54.3) | 8 (22.9) | 8 (22.9) | ||||
Soybean products
| Pre | 30 (52.6) | 17 (29.8) | 10 (17.5) | 0.278
a
| 17 (48.6) | 11 (31.4) | 7 (20.0) | 0.822
a
| |
Post | 34 (59.6) | 15 (26.3) | 8 (14.0) | 16 (45.7) | 12 (34.3) | 7 (20.0) | ||||
Green& Yellow vegetables
| Pre | 40 (70.2) | 14 (24.6) | 3(5.3) | 0.491
a
| 21 (60.0) | 9 (25.7) | 5 (14.3) | 0.782
a
| |
Post | 42(73.7) | 13 (22.8) | 2(3.5) | 21 (60.0) | 8 (22.9) | 6(17.1) | ||||
Potatoes
| Pre | 9 (15.8) | 20 (35.1) | 28 (49.1) | 0.019
a
| 8 (22.9) | 13 (37.1) | 14 (40.0) | 0.225
a
| |
Post | 15 (26.3) | 25 (43.9) | 17 (29.8) | 6 (17.1) | 12 (34.3) | 17 (48.6) | ||||
Fruits
| Pre | 42 (73.7) | 9(15.8) | 6(10.5) | 0.029
a
| 16 (45.7) | 9 (25.7) | 10 (28.6) | 0.593
a
| |
Post | 48 (84.2) | 6:(10.5) | 3 (5.3) | 14 (40.0) | 11 (31.4) | 10 (28.6) | ||||
Seaweeds
| Pre | 15 (26.3) | 23 (40.4) | 19 (33.3) | 0.001
a
| 7 (20.0) | 17 (48.6) | 11 (31.4) | 0.674
a
| |
Post | 28 (49.1) | 21 (36.8) | 8 (14.0) | 10 (28.6) | 13 (37.1) | 12 (34.3) | ||||
Fats & Oil
| Pre | 23 (40.4) | 23 (40.4) | 11 (19.3) | 0.057
a
| 13 (37.1) | 12 (34.3) | 10 (28.6) | 0.858
a
| |
Post | 33 (57.9) | 16 (28.1) | 8 (14.0) | 10 (28.6) | 17 (48.6) | 8 (22.9) | ||||
Food Frequency Score(FFS) mean ± SD
| Pre | 21.5 ± 3.7 | 0.000
b
| 21.1 ± 5.4 | 0.631
b
| 0.002c
| ||||
Post | 23.9 ± 3.9 | 20.8 ± 4.3 | ||||||||
Dietary variety Score(DVS) mean ± SD
| Pre | 4.2 ± 2.3 | 0.001
b
| 3.9 ± 2.9 | 0.328
b
| 0.004c
| ||||
Post | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | ||||||||
Positive change in DVS 1–3 Score group, n (%)
| 11 (55.0) | 3 (18.8) | 0.041d
| |||||||
5-7 days
|
2-4 days
|
0-1 day
|
P
|
5-7 day
|
2-4 days
|
0-1 day
|
P
|
P
| ||
Walking, n (%)
| Pre | 35 (61.4) | 7 (12.3) | 15 (26.3) | 0.664
a
| 16 (45.7) | 11 (31.4) | 8 (22.9) | 0.348
a
| n.s.e
|
Post | 31 (54.4) | 17 (29.8) | 9 (15.8) | 14 (40.0) | 10 (28.6) | 11 (31.4) | ||||
Exercise, n (%)
| Pre | 23 (40.4) | 19 (33.3) | 15 (26.3) | 0.678
a
| 17 (48.6) | 6 (17.1) | 12 (34.3) | 1.000
a
| n.s.
e
|
Post | 20 (35.1) | 28 (49.1) | 9 (15.8) | 14 (40.0) | 12 (34.3) | 9 (25.7) |
Outcomes | Intervention |
P
| Control |
P
| Between-groups | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mean ± SD | mean ± SD |
P
| ||||||||
TMIG Index of Competence
| Pre | 12.4 ± 1.1 | 0.083
a
| 11.9 ± 1.4 | 0.571
a
| 0.810
b
| ||||
Post | 12.5 ± 0.8 | 12.0 ± 1.5 | ||||||||
Self-maintenance
| Pre | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 0.146
a
| 4.9 ± 0.3 | 0.422
a
| |||||
Post | 5.0 ± 0.0 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | ||||||||
Intellectual activity
| Pre | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 0.279
a
| 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.763
a
| |||||
Post | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | ||||||||
Social roles
| Pre | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.563
a
| 3.3 ± 1.1 | 0.864
a
| |||||
Post | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | ||||||||
yes, n (%)
|
P
|
yes, n (%)
|
P
| |||||||
Appetite
| Pre | 55 (96.5) | 1.000
c
| 32 (91.4) | 0.625
c
| |||||
Post | 56(100.0) | 34 (97.1) | ||||||||
Very good n (%)
|
Good n (%)
|
Not good n (%)
|
P
|
Very good n (%)
|
Good n (%)
|
Not good n (%)
|
P
|
P
| ||
Self-rated health
| Pre | 7 (12.3) | 41 (71.9) | 9 (15.8) | 0.039
d
| 3 (8.6) | 26 (74.3) | 6 (17.1) | 1.000
d
| n.s.
e
|
Post | 12 (21.1) | 40 (70.2) | 5 (8.8) | 3 (8.6) | 26 (74.3) | 6 (17.1) |
Outcomes | Almost every day | 3-4 days/week | 0-2 days/week |
P
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food frequency, n (%) | |||||
Meat
| Pre | 6 (20.7) | 15 (51.7) | 8 (27.6) | 0.005
a
|
Post | 13 (44.8) | 12 (41.4) | 4 (13.8) | ||
Fish/Shellfish
| Pre | 12 (41.4) | 11 (37.9) | 6 (20.7) | 0.197
a
|
Post | 15 (51.7) | 10 (34.5) | 4 (13.8) | ||
Eggs
| Pre | 6 (20.7) | 14 (48.3) | 9 (31.0) | 0.002
a
|
Post | 16 (55.2) | 10 (34.5) | 3 (10.3) | ||
Milk
| Pre | 15 (51.7) | 7 (24.1) | 7 (24.1) | 0.021
a
|
Post | 22 (75.9) | 2 (6.9) | 5 (17.2) | ||
Soybean products
| Pre | 13 (44.8) | 11 (37.9) | 5 (17.2) | 0.016
a
|
Post | 21 (72.4) | 6 (20.7) | 2 (6.9) | ||
Green & Yellow vegetables
| Pre | 17 (58.6) | 6 (20.7) | 6 (20.7) | 0.008
a
|
Post | 24 (82.8) | 4 (13.8) | 1 (3.4) | ||
Potatoes
| Pre | 5 (17.2) | 9 (31.0) | 15 (51.7) | 0.003
a
|
Post | 14 (48.3) | 8 (27.6) | 7 (24.1) | ||
Fruits
| Pre | 11 (37.9) | 9 (31.0) | 9 (31.0) | 0.013
a
|
Post | 18 (62.1) | 5 (17.2) | 6 (20.7) | ||
Seaweeds
| Pre | 10 (34.5) | 10 (34.5) | 9 (31.0) | 0.011
a
|
Post | 16 (55.2) | 10 (34.5) | 3 (10.3) | ||
Fats & Oil
| Pre | 10 (34.5) | 13 (44.8) | 6 (20.7) | 0.115
a
|
Post | 15 (51.7) | 10 (34.5) | 4 (13.8) | ||
Food Frequency Score (FFS), mean ± SD
| Pre | 20.9 ± 4.5 | 0.000
b
| ||
Post | 24.7 ± 5.1 | ||||
Dietary variety Score (DVS), mean ± SD
| Pre | 3.6 ± 2.3 | 0.000
b
| ||
Post | 6.0 ± 3.2 | ||||
Positive change in DVS 1–3 Score group, n (%)
| 7 (53.8) | ||||
5-7 days
|
2-4 days
|
0-1 day
|
P
| ||
Walking, n (%)
| Pre | 12 (41.4) | 10 (34.5) | 7 (24.1) | 0.090
a
|
Post | 15 (51.7) | 11 (37.9) | 3 (10.3) | ||
Exercise, n (%)
| Pre | 13 (44.8) | 10 (34.5) | 6 (20.7) | 0.026
a
|
Post | 21(72.4) | 4 (13.8) | 4 (13.8) |
Outcomes | mean ± SD |
P
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMIG Index of Competence
| Pre | 12.0 ± 1.7 | 0.869
a
| ||
Post | 12.0 ± 1.6 | ||||
Self-maintenance
| Pre | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 0.326
a
| ||
Post | 5.0 ± 0.0 | ||||
Intellectual activity
| Pre | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 0.083
a
| ||
Post | 3.7 ± 0.6 | ||||
Social roles
| Pre | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 0.846
a
| ||
Post | 3.2 ± 1.2 | ||||
yes, n (%)f
|
P
| ||||
Appetite
| Pre | 28(96.6) | 1.000
a
| ||
Post | 28(96.6) | ||||
Very good, n (%)
|
Good, n (%)
|
Not good, n (%)
|
P
| ||
Self-rated health
| Pre | 1 (3.4) | 23 (79.3) | 5 (17.2) | 0.025
b
|
Post | 5 (17.2) | 20 (69.0) | 4 (13.8) |