Background
Methods
Results
Literature Search
First Author (Publication Date), Study Name, Reference Number | Baseline Sample Population | Year Started | Baseline Sample Size | Interval Between Data Collections | Evaluation Year(s) | Data Collection Method | Retention Method (s) | Response Ratesa,b
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomised Studies of Retention Strategies | ||||||||
Doody (2003) US Radiologic Technologists (USRT) Study, [22] | Adults | 1984-1987* | 132 454 2700 1
| 8-10 Years | 1995-1997 | Postal | RCT of monetary incentives | 72% 23% RCT |
Kalsbeek (1995) 1993-1994 Self-Care Assessment of Community Based Elderly, [23] | Adults 67+ | 1991 | 3485 | 2 Years | 1993-1994 | Telephone | RCT of advance packets with non-monetary incentives | 78% |
Koo (1996) The Canadian Study of Diet, Life-Style and Health, [24] | Girls aged 5-13 | 1992 | 657 | 1 Year | 1995 | Postal | RCT of reminder letters | 74% 55% RCT |
Households | 1991* | 10 264 | 1 Year | 2004 | Face-to-Face | RCT of monetary incentives | 85% | |
Youth and young adults aged 14-22 | 1979* | 12 686 | 1-2 Years | 2000 | Mixed | RCT of monetary incentives | 83% 32% RCT | |
Olson (2008) National Longitudinal | Women aged 20-44 | 1967 | 5159 | 1-2 Years | 2001 | Mixed | RCT of monetary and non-monetary incentives | 46% |
Women aged 14-24 | 1968 | 5083 766 1
| 9 Years | 54% 30% RCT | ||||
Youth aged 12-17 | 1997* | 8984 3,8251
| 1 Year | 2006 | Face-to-Face | RCT of monetary incentives | 84% 65% RCT | |
Rimm (1990) Health Professionals Follow-up Study, [31] | Males aged 40-75 | 1986* | 51 672 | 1-2 Years | 1988 | Postal | RCT of mailing methods | 93% 69% RCT |
Rodgers (unpublished) Health and Retirement Study (HRS), [32] | Adults aged 60+ | 1992* | 12 654 | 2 Years | 2000 | Telephone | RCT of monetary incentives | 88% |
White (2005) VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study, [33] | Adults aged 50-76 | 2000* | 77 700 452 1
| 2 Years | 2002 | Postal | RCT of non-monetary incentive | 84% 34% RCT |
Non-Randomised Studies of Retention Strategies
| ||||||||
Boys (2003), [34] | Youth aged 15-16 | 2000 | 540 | 1 Year | 2001-2002 | Postal | Reminder methods and alternative methods of data collection | 92% |
Calle (2002) Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort, [35] | Adults aged 50-74 | 1992* | 184 194 | 2 Years | 2003 | Postal | Repeated questionnaire postings and alternative methods of data collection | 90% |
Clarke (1998) Whitehall I Study, [36] | Males aged 40-69 | 1967 | 19 019 | 25 Years | 1995 | Postal | Repeated questionnaire postings and reminder methods | 73% |
Eagan (2002), [37] | Adults aged 15-70 | 1985 | 3370 | 11 Years | 1996-1997 | Postal | Reminder methods | 89% |
Garcia (2005) Cornella Health Interview Survey Follow-up (CHIS.FU) Study, [38] | All ages | 1994 | 2500 | 8 Years | 2002 | Telephone | Multiple telephone calls and alternative methods of data collection | 68% |
Harding (2007) The DASH (Determinants of Adolescent Social well-being and Health) Study, [39] | Youth aged 11-13 | 2003* | 6643 | 2 Years | 2005 | Face-to-Face | Multiple school visits | 72% |
Hoffman (1998) CLUE II Study, [40] | Adults aged 18+ | 1989* | 28411 2000 2 812 3
| 6 Years | 1995 | Postal | RCT of questionnaire length, non-RCT of non-monetary incentives, non-RCT of re-posting of questionnaire and reminder postcard | 72% 34% Pilot 1 46% Pilot 2 16% Pilot 3 |
Lissner (2003) Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden, [41] | Females aged 38-60 | 1968* | 1462 | 6-8 Years | 2000-2002 | Face-to-Face | Alternative methods of data collection | 72% |
Michaud (2005) NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, [42] | Adults aged 50-69 | 1995* | 567 169 | 10 Years | 2002 | Postal | Multiple postings of questionnaire and alternative methods of data collection | 76% |
Mills (2000), [43] | Youth aged 11-12 | 1992 | 1614 | 1 Year | 1995-1997 | Face-to-Face | Alternative methods of data collection | 91% |
Novo (1999), [44] | Youth aged 16 | 1981* | 1083 | 5 Years | 1986 | Face-to-Face | Alternative methods of data collection | 98% |
Rudy (1994), [45] | Women aged 20-35 | 1993 | 221 | 1 Month | 1993 | Postal | Non-RCT of monetary and non-monetary incentives | 72% |
Russell (2001) Black Women's Health Study (BWHS), [46] | Women aged 21-69 | 1995* | 64 500 | 2 Years | 1997 | Postal | Multiple postings of questionnaire, reminder methods and alternative | 83% |
Tolusso (2003) National Population Health Survey (NPHS), [47] | All ages | 1994* | 17 276 | 2 Years | 2003 | Telephone | Multiple telephone calls and alternative methods of data collection | 81% |
Ullmann (1998) UCLA Study of Adolescent Growth, [48] | Youth aged 12-16 | 1976* | 1634 | 1 Year | 1992 | Postal | Reminder methods, multiple postings of questionnaire and monetary incentive | 68% |
Walker (2000) British Regional Heart Study (BRHS), [49] | Males aged 40-59 | 1978* | 7735 | 2-9 Years | 1983-1985 | Postal | Reminder methods | 88% |
Women aged 18-23 Women aged 45-50 Women aged 70-75 | 1996* | 14 247 13 716 12 432 | 2 Years | 1998-2000 | Postal | Reminder methods and alternative methods of data collection | 71% 92% 89% |
Incentives
Data Collection Method | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Postal | Face-to-Face | Telephone | Mixed | |
Evaluated Retention Method, reference number
| Average increase in retention rate, proportion (95% CI) | Average increase in retention rate, proportion (95% CI) | Average increase in retention rate, proportion (95% CI) | Average increase in retention rate, proportion (95% CI) |
Incentives
| ||||
RCT - Financial Only
| ||||
Doody[22]* | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | |||
0.05 (0.05, 0.06) | ||||
0.02 (0.02, 0.03) | ||||
0.85 (0.84, 0.85) | ||||
Rodgers[32]*** | 0.80 (0.87, 0.88) | |||
RCT - Gift Only
| ||||
Kalsbeek[23]*** | 0.78 (0.76, 0.79) | |||
White[33]* | 0.11 (0.01, 0.14) | |||
RCT - Mixed
| ||||
0.28 (0.27, 0.29) | ||||
Non-RCT - Gift Only
| ||||
Hoffman[40] | 0.47 (0.44, 0.49) | |||
Non-RCT - Mixed
| ||||
Rudy [45]*** | 0.72 (0.65, 0.79) | |||
Reminder Letters
| ||||
1 Letter Posted
| ||||
Boys[34] | 0.12 (0.10, 0.15) | |||
Hoffman[40] | 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) | |||
Koo[24]** | 0.32 (0.29, 0.36) | |||
Russell[46] | 0.03 (0.03, 0.03) | |||
2 Letters Posted
| ||||
Clarke[36] | 0.18 (0.15, 0.22) | |||
Eagan[37] | 0.18 (0.17, 0.19) | |||
Walker[49] | 0.18 (0.17, 0.19) | |||
0.03 (0.03, 0.03) | ||||
0.10 (0.10, 0.11) | ||||
0.46 (0.45, 0.47) | ||||
3 Letters Posted
| ||||
Ullman[48] | 0.23 (0.20, 0.26) |
Reminders, repeat contacts and alternative modes of data collection
Data Collection Method | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Postal | Face-to-Face | Telephone | Mixed | |
Evaluated Retention Method, reference number
| Average increase in retention rate, proportion (95% CI) | Average increase in retention rate, proportion (95% CI) | Average increase in retention rate, proportion (95% CI) | Average increase in retention rate, proportion (95% CI) |
Repeat Questionnaires
| ||||
2 Questionniares Posted
| ||||
Doody[22]* | 0.08 (0.08, 0.08) | |||
Eagan[37] | 0.18 (0.17, 0.19) | |||
Hoffman[40] | 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) | |||
Rimm[31] | 0.16 (0.16, 0.17) | |||
Ullman[48] | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | |||
3 Questionniares Posted
| ||||
Clarke[36] | 0.18 (0.15, 0.22) | |||
White[33]* | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | |||
6 Questionnaires Posted
| ||||
Calle[35] | 0.37 (0.37, 0.38) | |||
Russell[46] | 0.23 (0.23, 0.23) | |||
Alternative Methods of Data Collection
| ||||
Postal Questionnaires
| ||||
Garcia[38] | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | |||
Mills[43] | 0.17 (0.15, 0.19) | |||
Face-to-Face Interviews
| ||||
Lissner[41] | 0.18 (0.16, 0.21) | |||
Tolus so[47] | 0.02 (0.02, 0.02) | |||
Telephone Interviews
| ||||
Boys[34] | 0.01 (0.01, 0.03) | |||
Calle[35] | 0.02 (0.02, 0.02) | |||
Michaud[42] | 0.17 (0.16, 0.18) | |||
Russell[46] | 0.02 (0.02, 0.02) | |||
0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | ||||
0.05 (0.05, 0.05) | ||||
0.08 (0.08, 0.09) | ||||
Mixed (Postal, Telephone & Face-to-Face) Novo[44] | 0.42 (0.39, 0.44) |