Background
Methods
Integrated empowerment framework for FSWs
Study design and context
Sample size and study participants
Data collection and management
“Power within” | Component loadings from PCA | “Power with” | Component loadings from PCA | “Power over resources” | Component loadings from PCA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Questions | Component 1 | Component 2 | Questions | Component 1 | Component 2 | Questions | Component 1 |
I do not feel ashamed to say I am a SW in a meeting with other SWs | .905* | -.068 | How confident are you that sex workers can work together to keep each other safe from harm? | .137 | .607* | Possession of a voter ID | .931* |
I do not feel ashamed to say I am a SW in a meeting with social/health workers | .994* | -.052 | How confident are you that sex workers can work together to increase the use of condom? | -.060 | .676* | Possession of a bank account | .471* |
I do not feel ashamed to go on my own to NGO/CBOs | 1.012* | -.084 | How confident are you that sex workers can work together to speak up for your rights? | -.086 | .882* | Possession of a ration card | .957* |
How confident do you feel in giving advice to your fellow SWs, neighbours, or friends? | .224 | .939* | How confident are you that sex workers can work together to improve your lives? | -.079 | .845* | ||
How confident do you feel speaking your opinion in a large group of people? | -.016 | .793* | Can you count on your colleagues if you need to borrow money? | .608* | -.032 | ||
Can you count on your colleagues to accompany you to the doctor or hospital? | .601* | .016 | |||||
Can you count on your colleagues if you need to talk about your problems? | .575* | .105 | |||||
Can you count on your colleagues if you need advice? | .670* | .089 | |||||
Can you count on your colleagues if you need somewhere to stay? | .673* | .037 | |||||
Can you count on your colleagues to help with a violent or difficult client? | .601* | .011 | |||||
Can you count on your colleagues to support the use of condom? | .700* | -.062 | |||||
The group of women with whom you work is an integrated group | .636* | .074 | |||||
You can trust the majority of the people working in your area | .605* | .069 | |||||
In general, the people you work with get along well | .758* | -.015 |
Statistical analysis
Characteristic | Belgaum | Gulbarga | Gadag | Dharwad | Solapur | All districts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 383 | n = 374 | n = 288 | n = 385 | n = 361 | N = 1751 | |
Socio-demographic variables
| ||||||
Age (mean, SD)
| 31.62 (6.45) | 32.08 (7.14) | 33.10 (6.98) | 33.55 (7.19) | 30.68 (7.33) | 32.15 (7.08) |
Unable to read or write
| 74.6% | 79.1% | 79.4% | 76.3% | 64.4% | 74.8% |
Main partner status
| ||||||
No partner | 23.8% | 20.1% | 27.4% | 25.9% | 9.7% | 21.1% |
Boyfriend (Not live-in or cohabiting) | 23.2% | 17.9% | 13.9% | 11.9% | 46.0% | 23.0% |
Boyfriend (Live-in or cohabiting) | 14.1% | 21.4% | 15.6% | 16.9% | 8.0% | 15.2% |
Husband | 38.9% | 40.6% | 43.1% | 45.3% | 36.3% | 40.7% |
Sex-work practice variables
| ||||||
Start sex work aged less than 18
| 11.3% | 6.7% | 6.6% | 6.4% | 12.9% | 8.9% |
Duration in SW less than 2 years
| 7.3% | 10.4% | 7.7% | 18.6% | 9.4% | 10.7% |
Type of Sex Work
| ||||||
Street or other public place | 52.8% | 65.2% | 71.4% | 59.6% | 50.1% | 59.3% |
Brothel | 1.0% | 1.6% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 7.0% | 2.1% |
Home | 9.7% | 3.2% | 7.7% | 16.3% | 16.0% | 10.6% |
Contacted by phone | 35.2% | 29.9% | 20.2% | 22.4% | 10.4% | 24.0% |
Client no. last seven working days
| ||||||
Less than 5 | 74.2% | 64.3% | 87.5% | 62.2% | 9.7% | 58.5% |
5-9 | 24.0% | 30.9% | 11.5% | 31.4% | 30.4% | 26.2% |
More than 10 | 1.8% | 4.8% | 1.0% | 6.4% | 59.9% | 15.2% |
Program Intervention Variables
| ||||||
Member of an FSW community based organization
| 85.1% | 77.5% | 86.8% | 70.9% | 62.2% | 76.2% |
Contacted by program more than one year ago
| 91.7% | 88.1% | 93.0% | 79.4% | 57.3% | 81.8% |
Contextual Risk Factors
| ||||||
Ever been arrested
| 6.5% | 4.3% | 3.1% | 15.1% | 37.2% | 13.5% |
Police coercion over past 6 months (given anything to police to avoid trouble)
| 13.7% | 12.0% | 12.2% | 16.0% | 34.6% | 18.2% |
Experienced physical violence in the past 6 months
| 12.8% | 9.4% | 16.0% | 18.8% | 52.9% | 22.1% |
Experienced forced sex in the past 6 months
| 10.7% | 10.7% | 12.2% | 16.% | 34.5% | 16.9% |
HIV Risk Factors
| ||||||
Always use condoms with clients
| 99.3% | 98.3% | 99.4% | 96.4% | 87.1% | 95.4% |
Always use condoms with regular clients
| 96.9% | 97.3% | 94.1% | 95.5% | 82.9% | 93.3% |
Always use condoms with regular (non-paying) male partner
| 49.0% | 47.8% | 44.7% | 36.1% | 30.2% | 41.2% |
Characteristic | All districts | Belgaum Gulbarga and & Gadag (high intensity) | Dharwad and & Solapur (low intensity) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Power within | Power with | Power over | Power within | Power with | Power over | Power within | Power with | Power over | |
Age
| |||||||||
18-21 (ref) | -.15 | -.08 | -.61 | .42 | .11 | -.46 | -.97 | -.47 | -.90 |
22-25 | -.09 | -.20 | -.56 ‡ | .40 | .002 | -.44 | -.76 | -.55 | -.80 |
26-30 | -.10 | -.07 | -.18 ‡ | .27 | .08 | -.03 ** | -.56 * | -.33 | -.46 * |
31-35 | -.04 | -.14 | .12 ‡ | .32 | .03 | .30 ‡ | -.52 * | -.38 | -.22 ** |
36 + | .03 | -.03 | .39 ‡ | .36 | .18 | .60 ‡ | -.40 * | -.36 | .04 ‡ |
District
| |||||||||
Belgaum (ref) | .28 | .26 | .17 | .40 | .20 | .16 | |||
Gulbarga | .06‡ | .11 | -.13 ‡ | .15‡ | .05 ‡ | -.14 ** | |||
Gadag | .42‡ | .04 | -.01‡ | .51 ** | -.01** | -.03 ‡ | |||
Dharwad | -.15‡ | -.05 | -.19 ‡ | -.16 | .06 | -.20 | |||
Solapur | -.96‡ | -.87 | -.68 ‡ | −1.13 ‡ | -.89 ‡ | -.73 ‡ | |||
Type of sex work
| |||||||||
Street based (ref) | -.04 | -.16 | -.20 | .32 | .14 | -.02 | -.61 | -.58 | -.52 |
Home | -.07** | -.18 | -.16 | .17 | -.03 ** | -.03 | -.55 | -.50 | -.45 |
Contacted by phone | -.18 | -.08 | -.17 | .18 ** | .15 | -.02 | -.75 | -.35 * | -.43 |
Brothel, vehicle, bar/nightcluba.
| .02 | .01 | -.14 | .74 ‡ | .07 * | .05 | -.66 | -.25 * | -.48 |
Client no. past 7 working days
| |||||||||
< 5 (ref) | -.07 | -.18 | -.10 | .44 | .03 | .07 | -.81 | -.53 | -.41 |
5+ | -.06 | -.03* | -.23 | .26 * | .13 * | -.08 | -.47 ** | -.30 | -.52 |
Total no. of sexual partners past 7 working days
| |||||||||
<5 (ref) | .04 | -.20 | -.02 | .39 | .15 | -.05 | -.40 | -.33 | -.48 |
5+ | -.18** | -.17 | -.19** | .31 | .01 | .04 | -.88 ‡ | -.51 | -.46 |
Member of CBO
| |||||||||
No (ref) | -.06 | -.18 | -.16 | .34 | .04 | -.02 | -.64 | -.54 | -.48 |
Yes | -.07 | -.03** | -.17 | .36 | .12 | .01 | -.65 | -.30 ** | -.45 |
Time since first program contact
| |||||||||
Less than 6 months (ref) | -.30 | -.42 | -.12 | .19 | -.16 | -.06 | -.69 | -.73 | -.41 |
6-12 months ago | -.10* | -.15** | -.19 | .33 | .07 | -.0003 | -.62 | -.44 ** | -.51 |
1-2 years ago | .02‡ | .04 | -.20 | .38 | .14 | .04 | -.71 | -.26 ‡ | -.55 |
>2 years ago | .11‡ | .12 | -.14 | .50 * | .27 * | .01 | -.55 | -.26 ‡ | -.40 |
Number of times contacted by peer educator in past 6 months
| |||||||||
<10 (ref) | -.19 | -.37 | -.20 | .14 | -.11 | .02 | -.53 | -.68 | -.51 |
10-14 | -.20 | -.20** | -.11 | .13 | .02 | -.09 | -.73 | -.66 | -.28 ** |
15-19 | -.06* | -.05 | -.14 | .35 * | .15 * | .05 | -.61 | -.61 | -.50 |
20-24 | .02** | .02 | -.08 | .42 ** | .20 ** | .06 | -.34 | -.42 * | -.30 * |
25-29 | -.09 | -.07** | -.21 | .38 * | -.08 | .04 | -.61 | -.73 | -.75 |
30 + | .12‡ | .05 | -.24 | .69 ‡ | .29 ‡ | -.10 | -.60 | -.75 | -.47 |
Indicators | Social transformation variables | Personal transformation variables | HIV program outcome variables | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autonomy | Violence or abuse by more powerful groups | Self-efficacy for condom use with regular partner | Self-efficacy for condom use with clients | Self-efficacy for service utilization | Condom use at last sex with regular client | Frequency of condom use with regular clients | Condom use at last sex with regular partner | Frequency of condom use with regular partner | Number of times in last 6 months visited health clinic for health problems | ||
All districts
| Power within | 0.93 | 0.96 | 1.26‡ | 0.93 | 2.48‡ | 0.92 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 1.16 | 1.16* |
Power with | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 1.31‡ | 1.40‡ | 1.92‡ | 1.95‡ | 1.17* | 1.20* | 0.96 | |
Power over | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 0.61* | 0.84 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 0.99 | |
Belgaum Gulbarga & Gadag (high intensity)
| Power within | 0.87 | 0.89 | 1.27* | 0.83 | 3.13‡ | 0.92 | 1.14 | 1.23 | 1.54** | 1.05 |
Power with | 1.22* | 1.34* | 0.92 | 1.34** | 1.72‡ | 2.56‡ | 2.27‡ | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.00 | |
Power over | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 1.24 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.92 | |
Dharwad & Solapur (low intensity)
| Power within | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.28* | 1.22 | 1.70‡ | 0.90 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.26* |
Power with | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.26* | 1.19 | 1.65** | 1.80‡ | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.04 | |
Power over | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.06 | 1.25 | 0.98 | 0.38** | 0.55** | 1.19 | 1.22 | 1.08 |