Background
Methods
Data set
Statistical analyses
Ethics statement
Results
2006 | 2004 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | Females | Males | |
Number of patients | 43,632 (44.2%) | 54,987 (55.8%) | 32,369 (44.6%) | 40,179 (55.4%) |
Age: mean ± sd | 73.3 ± 6.8 | 72.2 ± 5.9 | 73.6 ± 6.8 | 72.3 ± 5.9 |
Chronic conditions: mean ± sd | 6.0 ± 2.7 | 5.9 ± 2.6 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 5.6 ± 2.5 |
Cardiovascular and metabolic disorders | O/E-ratio | Prevalence in % |
---|---|---|
Diabetes mellitus + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases | 3.8 | 1.0 |
Diabetes mellitus + Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 3.7 | 1.4 |
Hypertension + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Renal insufficiency | 3.7 | 1.2 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac insufficiency | 3.7 | 1.1 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases | 3.1 | 1.6 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac insufficiency | 3.0 | 1.4 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Neuropathies | 2.9 | 1.0 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac valve disorders | 2.8 | 1.0 |
Hypertension + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac valve disorders | 2.7 | 1.5 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.7 | 1.4 |
Severe vision reduction + Diabetes mellitus + Neuropathies | 2.7 | 1.2 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Atherosclerosis/PAOD | 2.7 | 1.2 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.6 | 1.8 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Diabetes mellitus + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.3 | 3.0 |
Hypertension + Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Hypertension + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases | 2.3 | 1.8 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac valve disorders | 2.3 | 1.0 |
Hypertension + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Renal insufficiency | 2.2 | 1.2 |
Hypertension + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Cerebral ischemia/Chronic stroke | 2.2 | 1.2 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.2 | 1.2 |
Hypertension + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.1 | 2.6 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Atherosclerosis/PAOD | 2.1 | 1.8 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac arrhythmias | 2.1 | 1.5 |
Hypertension + Diabetes mellitus + Renal insufficiency | 2.1 | 1.5 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Obesity | 2.1 | 1.3 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Obesity + Liver diseases | 2.1 | 1.3 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Atherosclerosis/PAOD | 2.1 | 1.2 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Liver diseases + Atherosclerosis/PAOD | 2.1 | 1.0 |
Hypertension + Diabetes mellitus + Obesity | 2.0 | 4.6 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.0 | 1.9 |
Hypertension + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac valve disorders | 2.0 | 1.3 |
Severe vision reduction + Diabetes mellitus + Atherosclerosis/PAOD | 2.0 | 1.1 |
Anxiety, depression, somatoform disorders and pain
|
O/E
|
%
|
Chronic low back pain + Depression + Somatoform disorders | 2.6 | 1.7 |
Chronic low back pain + Asthma/COPD + Allergies | 2.4 | 1.4 |
Chronic low back pain + Intestinal diverticulosis + Chronic gastritis/GERD | 2.4 | 1.1 |
Chronic low back pain + Depression + Insomnia | 2.3 | 1.5 |
Joint arthrosis + Depression + Somatoform disorders | 2.3 | 1.1 |
Chronic low back pain + Depression + Dizziness | 2.3 | 1.0 |
Joint arthrosis + Depression + Insomnia | 2.3 | 1.0 |
Chronic low back pain + Somatoform disorders + Chronic gastritis/GERD | 2.2 | 1.2 |
Chronic low back pain + Lower limb varicosis + Hemorrhoids | 2.1 | 1.2 |
Chronic low back pain + Gynaecological problems + Urinary incontinence | 2.1 | 1.2 |
Chronic low back pain + Chronic gastritis/GERD + Insomnia | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Chronic low back pain + Gynaecological problems + Somatoform disorders | 2.0 | 1.2 |
Depression + Osteoporosis + Chronic gastritis/GERD | 2.0 | 1.1 |
Both multimorbidity patterns
|
O/E
|
%
|
Joint arthrosis + Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.5 | 1.2 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Lower limb varicosis + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.5 | 1.0 |
Joint arthrosis + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.4 | 1.5 |
Chronic low back pain + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases | 2.3 | 1.2 |
Hypertension + Depression + Anxiety | 2.2 | 1.0 |
Chronic low back pain + Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.1 | 1.5 |
Diabetes mellitus + Obesity + Lower limb varicosis | 2.1 | 1.5 |
Joint arthrosis + Diabetes mellitus + Neuropathies | 2.1 | 1.4 |
Chronic low back pain + Depression + Neuropathies | 2.1 | 1.4 |
Chronic low back pain + Neuropathies + Chronic gastritis/GERD | 2.1 | 1.2 |
Joint arthrosis + Obesity + Lower limb varicosis | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Asthma/COPD + Allergies | 2.0 | 1.1 |
Cardiovascular and metabolic disorders | O/E-ratio | Prevalence in % |
---|---|---|
Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases | 3.5 | 1.3 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac insufficiency | 3.3 | 1.7 |
Diabetes mellitus + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Neuropathies | 3.3 | 1.4 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac valve disorders | 3.2 | 1.2 |
Diabetes mellitus + Obesity + Liver diseases | 3.0 | 1.5 |
Severe vision reduction + Diabetes mellitus + Neuropathies | 3.0 | 1.5 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Renal insufficiency | 2.9 | 1.2 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.9 | 1.2 |
Diabetes mellitus + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Renal insufficiency | 2.6 | 1.1 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Renal insufficiency | 2.5 | 1.5 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac arrhythmias + Renal insufficiency | 2.4 | 1.3 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Cerebral ischemia/Chronic stroke | 2.4 | 1.3 |
Diabetes mellitus + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Cerebral ischemia/Chronic stroke | 2.4 | 1.2 |
Hypertension + Renal insufficiency + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.4 | 1.1 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases | 2.3 | 3.5 |
Diabetes mellitus + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Diabetes mellitus + Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.3 | 1.9 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Obesity + Liver diseases | 2.3 | 1.7 |
Diabetes mellitus + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Renal insufficiency | 2.3 | 1.4 |
Diabetes mellitus + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.3 | 1.2 |
Hypertension + Urinary incontinence + Cancers | 2.3 | 1.1 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Renal insufficiency | 2.2 | 2.1 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.2 | 1.8 |
Hypertension + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac valve disorders | 2.1 | 1.8 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Renal insufficiency | 2.1 | 1.7 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac valve disorders | 2.1 | 1.2 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.1 | 1.2 |
Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases + Atherosclerosis/PAOD | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Hypertension + Hyperuricemia/Gout + Renal insufficiency | 2.0 | 2.7 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.0 | 2.7 |
Hypertension + Obesity + Liver diseases | 2.0 | 2.3 |
Hypertension + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.0 | 2.3 |
Diabetes mellitus + Chronic ischemic heart disease + Neuropathies | 2.0 | 1.7 |
Lipid metabolism disorders + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Cerebral ischemia/Chronic stroke | 2.0 | 1.6 |
Chronic low back pain + Cardiac arrhythmias + Cardiac valve disorders | 2.0 | 1.0 |
Anxiety, depression, somatoform disorders and pain
|
O/E
|
%
|
Chronic low back pain + Hemorrhoids + Chronic gastritis/GERD | 2.5 | 1.0 |
Chronic low back pain + Joint arthrosis + Hemorrhoids | 2.3 | 1.6 |
Chronic low back pain + Prostatic hyperplasia + Sexual dysfunction | 2.3 | 1.2 |
Chronic low back pain + Joint arthrosis + Lower limb varicosis | 2.2 | 2.5 |
Chronic low back pain + Joint arthrosis + Intestinal diverticulosis | 2.2 | 1.4 |
Chronic low back pain + Depression + Chronic gastritis/GERD | 2.2 | 1.1 |
Chronic low back pain + Prostatic hyperplasia + Hemorrhoids | 2.1 | 1.6 |
Chronic low back pain + Joint arthrosis + Insomnia | 2.1 | 1.3 |
Chronic low back pain + Joint arthrosis + Severe hearing loss | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Both multimorbidity patterns
|
O/E
|
%
|
Chronic ischemic heart disease + Asthma/COPD + Cardiac insufficiency | 2.5 | 1.0 |
Chronic low back pain + Joint arthrosis + Neuropathies | 2.2 | 1.8 |
Chronic low back pain + Obesity + Liver diseases | 2.2 | 1.4 |
Chronic low back pain + Atherosclerosis/PAOD + Neuropathies | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Joint arthrosis + Obesity + Hyperuricemia/Gout | 2.0 | 1.4 |
Hyperuricemia/Gout + Liver diseases + Asthma/COPD | 2.0 | 1.1 |
Hyperuricemia/Gout + Prostatic hyperplasia + Renal insufficiency | 2.0 | 1.1 |
ADS and pain | Prevalence in patients | Number of edges (degree centrality) | Betweenness centrality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | |
Chronic low back pain | 43.7% | 47.1% | 41.0% | 16 (8.0%) | 16 (9.2%) | 28.4% | 32.2% |
Joint arthrosis | 28.7% | 33.6% | 24.8% | 10 (5.0%) | 9 (5.2%) | 4.9% | 5.7% |
Lower limb varicosis | 16.4% | 22.7% | 11.5% | 7 (3.5%) | 2 (1.1%) | 3.1% | 0.0% |
Prostatic hyperplasia | * | - | 28.1% | - | 5 (2.9%) | - | 2.6% |
Asthma/COPD | 15.3% | 14.1% | 16.3% | 3 (1.5%) | 4 (2.3%) | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Depression | 12.4% | 18.1% | 7.8% | 10 (5.0%) | 2 (1.1%) | 11.9% | 0.0% |
Chronic gastritis/GERD | 10.8% | 10.8% | 10.8% | 7 (3.5%) | 3 (1.7%) | 2.7% | 0.1% |
Osteoporosis | 10.7% | 19.7% | 3.6% | 2 (1.0%) | - | 0.0% | - |
Gynaecological problems | * | 16.6% | - | 3 (1.5%) | - | 0.1% | - |
Allergies | 7.3% | 8.5% | 6.3% | 3 (1.5%) | - | 0.4% | - |
Insomnia | 6.6% | 7.6% | 5.8% | 4 (2.0%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Intestinal diverticulosis | 6.3% | 6.4% | 6.2% | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Hemorrhoids | 6.1% | 5.2% | 6.8% | 2 (1.0%) | 4 (2.3%) | 0.0% | 0.4% |
Somatoform disorders | 5.9% | 7.7% | 4.5% | 5 (2.5%) | - | 1.1% | - |
Severe hearing loss | 4.6% | 3.8% | 5.2% | - | 2 (1.1%) | - | 0.0% |
Dizziness | 4.2% | 5.4% | 3.4% | 2 (1.0%) | - | 0.0% | - |
Anxiety | 2.5% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 2 (1.0%) | - | 0.0% | - |
Sexual dysfunction | * | - | 4.5% | - | 2 (1.1%) | - | 0.0% |
Cardiovascular and metabolic
| |||||||
Hypertension | 69.3% | 69.3% | 69.4% | 13 (6.5%) | 9 (5.2%) | 12.0% | 12.0% |
Lipid metabolism disorders | 47.4% | 46.7% | 48.0% | 11 (5.5%) | 8 (4.6%) | 5.8% | 1.4% |
Diabetes mellitus | 28.5% | 24.9% | 31.4% | 14 (7.0%) | 11 (6.3%) | 5.8% | 5.0% |
Chronic ischemic heart disease | 25.7% | 18.2% | 31.6% | 13 (6.5%) | 10 (5.7%) | 5.1% | 2.8% |
Hyperuricemia/Gout | 18.1% | 11.3% | 23.5% | 11 (5.5%) | 12 (6.9%) | 5.2% | 7.8% |
Cardiac arrhythmias | 18.0% | 15.5% | 20.0% | 6 (3.0%) | 8 (4.6%) | 0.2% | 4.3% |
Atherosclerosis/PAOD | 13.7% | 10.3% | 16.4% | 8 (4.0%) | 10 (5.7%) | 2.6% | 5.7% |
Obesity | 12.4% | 13.4% | 11.7% | 9 (4.5%) | 7 (4.0%) | 2.2% | 3.8% |
Liver diseases | 12.0% | 9.9% | 13.7% | 7 (3.5%) | 8 (4.6%) | 2.0% | 4.5% |
Cardiac insufficiency | 9.0% | 10.1% | 8.1% | 8 (4.0%) | 8 (4.6%) | 1.0% | 1.3% |
Cerebral ischemia/Chronic stroke | 9.0% | 7.3% | 10.3% | 2 (1.0%) | 4 (2.3%) | 0.0% | 0.1% |
Neuropathies | 8.2% | 8.1% | 8.2% | 7 (3.5%) | 6 (3.4%) | 4.6% | 3.9% |
Renal insufficiency | 6.5% | 4.2% | 8.3% | 4 (2.0%) | 9 (5.2%) | 0.0% | 2.6% |
Cardiac valve disorders | 5.7% | 5.2% | 6.0% | 4 (2.0%) | 5 (2.9%) | 0.1% | 2.2% |
No multimorbidity pattern
| |||||||
Severe vision reduction | 20.6% | 22.0% | 19.6% | 3 (1.5%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Cancers | 18.4% | 14.8% | 21.2% | - | 2 (1.1%) | - | 0.0% |
Urinary incontinence | 5.1% | 7.1% | 3.5% | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.0% | 0.0% |