Background
Methods
Health data
Neighbourhood environmental characteristics data
Characteristic | Description | Source (Year) | Descriptive statistics* |
---|---|---|---|
Urban/rural category | CAU ranking 1 to 4, where 1 = most urban | Statistics New Zealand (2006) | Min = 1, 25th percentile = 1, Mean = 1.4, Median = 1, 75th percentile = 1, Max = 4 |
Area-level deprivation (NZDep) | NZDep 2006 quintiles for meshblocks, where 1 = least deprived | Salmond (2006) [32] | Min = 1, 25th percentile = 2, Mean = 3.2, Median = 3, 75th percentile = 5, Max = 5 |
Accessibility of useable greenspace | Proportion of meshblock consisting of useable greenspace, as qunitles where 1 = best access | Richardson (2005) [33] | Min = 1, 25th percentile = 2, Mean = 2.9, Median = 3, 75th percentile =4, Max = 5 |
Accessibility of food outlets | Distance from meshblock population-weighted centroid to nearest outlet (supermarkets, fast-food outlets, convenience stores), as quintiles where 1 = nearest | Territorial Authorities (2005) [34] | Min =1, 25th percentile = 2, Mean = 2.8, Median = 3, 75th percentile = 4, Max = 5 |
Accessibility of sports/leisure facilities | Distance from population-weighted centroid of meshblock to nearest gym, pool, karate, recreation centre, as quintiles where 1 = nearest (excludes biking/hiking trails) | ACC Pool Safety (2005) [35] | Min = 1, 25th percentile = 2, Mean = 2.8, Median = 3, 75th percentile = 4, Max = 5 |
Percentage active transport to work | Proportion of CAU adult residents who walk, bus or cycle to work, as quintiles, where 1 = least | Statistics New Zealand (2006) | Min = 1, 25th percentile = 2, Mean = 3, Median = 3, 75th percentile = 4, Max = 5 |
Potential confounder data
Statistical analyses
Results
n | % overweight | % obese | % overweight or obese | |
---|---|---|---|---|
All | 12488 | 37.1 | 27.5 | 64.6 |
Females | 7215 | 31.3 | 27.9 | 59.2 |
Males | 5273 | 43.1 | 27.1 | 70.2 |
Age 15-44 | 6320 | 33.6 | 23.9 | 57.5 |
Age 45-64 | 3808 | 39.2 | 32.8 | 72.0 |
Age 65+ | 2360 | 43.9 | 27.7 | 71.6 |
Māori | 3160 | 31.9 | 45.0 | 76.9 |
Pacific | 1033 | 23.1 | 67.7 | 90.8 |
European | 8519 | 39.1 | 25.5 | 64.6 |
Asian | 1513 | 31.5 | 11.0 | 42.5 |
Other | 87 | 31.0 | 16.4 | 47.4 |
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Run separately for each environmental factor)
|
(Run separately for each environmental factor)
|
(All environmental factors included)
| |||||||
Unadjusted | Adjusted individual factors | Adjusted individual factors and environmental factors | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Overweight
| |||||||||
Urban/rural |
1.11
|
1.03,1.19
|
0.004
| 1.01 | 0.94,1.09 | 0.735 | 1.01 | 0.89,1.15 | 0.843 |
NZdep | 1.01 | 0.96,1.06 | 0.688 |
1.05
|
1.00,1.11
|
0.043
|
1.06
|
1.00,1.12
|
0.034
|
Greenspace |
1.08
|
1.03,1.13
|
0.001
| 1.04 | 1.00,1.09 | 0.073 |
1.05
|
1.00,1.11
|
0.041
|
Foodshop |
1.06
|
1.01,1.10
|
0.017
| 1.00 | 0.95,1.05 | 0.981 | 0.99 | 0.93,1.07 | 0.880 |
Gym/pool |
1.10
|
1.06,1.15
|
0.000
| 1.02 | 0.98,1.07 | 0.374 | 1.02 | 0.95,1.09 | 0.533 |
Active travel |
0.93
|
0.89,0.97
|
0.001
| 0.98 | 0.93,1.02 | 0.282 | 0.97 | 0.92,1.03 | 0.322 |
Obesity
| |||||||||
Urban/rural |
1.16
|
1.08,1.25
|
<0.001
| 1.08 | 1.00,1.17 | 0.060 | 1.07 | 0.93,1.22 | 0.361 |
NZdep |
1.23
|
1.16,1.30
|
<0.001
|
1.13
|
1.07,1.20
|
<0.001
|
1.11
|
1.05,1.18
|
0.001
|
Greenspace |
1.14
|
1.09,1.20
|
<0.001
|
1.09
|
1.04,1.15
|
0.001
|
1.08
|
1.18,1.15
|
0.007
|
Foodshop | 1.02 | 0.97,1.07 | 0.523 | 0.98 | 0.93,1.03 | 0.429 | 0.94 | 0.88,1.02 | 0.137 |
Gym/pool |
1.17
|
1.11,1.23
|
<0.001
| 1.06 | 1.00,1.11 | 0.042 | 1.06 | 0.98,1.15 | 0.143 |
Active travel |
0.89
|
0.85,0.94
|
<0.001
| 0.97 | 0.92,1.02 | 0.217 | 0.97 | 0.91,1.03 | 0.314 |
Overweight + obesity
| |||||||||
Urban/rural |
1.13
|
1.06,1.20
|
<0.001
| 1.08 | 1.00,1.17 | 0.060 | 1.04 | 0.92,1.17 | 0.525 |
NZdep |
1.10
|
1.05,1.16
|
<0.001
|
1.13
|
1.07,1.20
|
<0.001
|
1.08
|
1.02,1.13
|
0.004
|
Greenspace |
1.10
|
1.06,1.15
|
<0.001
|
1.07
|
1.02,1.11
|
0.003
|
1.07
|
1.01,1.22
|
0.005
|
Foodshop | 1.04 | 1.00,1.08 | 0.069 | 0.98 | 0.93,1.03 | 0.429 | 0.97 | 0.91,1.03 | 0.320 |
Gym/pool |
1.13
|
1.09,1.18
|
<0.001
| 1.06 | 1.00,1.11 | 0.042 | 1.04 | 0.98,1.11 | 0.217 |
Active travel |
0.91
|
0.87,0.95
|
<0.001
| 0.97 | 0.92,1.02 | 0.217 | 0.97 | 0.92,1.03 | 0.315 |
Category 1 | Category 2 | Category 3 | Category 4 | Category 5 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | p trend | ||
Overweight
| ||||||||||||||
Urban/rural |
Reference
| 0.82 | 0.64,1.05 | 0.113 | 0.99 | 0.70,1.42 | 0.970 | 1.16 | 0.77,1.73 | 0.478 | 0.843 | |||
NZdep |
Reference
| 1.19 | 0.98,1.44 | 0.078 | 1.10 | 0.89,1.34 | 0.378 | 1.21 | 0.97,1.49 | 0.089 |
1.34
|
1.05,1.72
|
0.018
|
0.034
|
Greenspace |
Reference
|
1.38
|
1.24,1.68
|
0.001
| 1.14 | 0.93,1.39 | 0.215 |
1.32
|
1.08,1.63
|
0.008
|
1.34
|
1.04,1.73
|
0.022
|
0.041
|
Foodshop |
Reference
| 0.97 | 0.80,1.18 | 0.773 | 0.99 | 0.81,1.20 | 0.909 | 1.04 | 0.82,1.32 | 0.753 | 0.82 | 0.55,1.18 | 0.265 | 0.880 |
Gym/pool |
Reference
| 0.98 | 0.81,1.18 | 0.805 | 1.01 | 0.83,1.24 | 0.892 | 1.13 | 0.86,1.47 | 0.338 | 1.07 | 0.79,1.44 | 0.678 | 0.533 |
Active travel |
Reference
| 1.00 | 0.82,1.23 | 0.973 | 1.06 | 0.85,1.34 | 0.586 | 1.03 | 0.83,1.27 | 0.811 | 0.89 | 0.70,1.13 | 0.340 | 0.322 |
Obesity
| ||||||||||||||
Urban/rural |
Reference
| 1.13 | 0.86,1.48 | 0.385 | 1.30 | 0.87,1.96 | 0.204 | 1.09 | 0.71,1.69 | 0.688 | 0.361 | |||
NZdep |
Reference
| 0.93 | 0.74,1.17 | 0.537 | 1.04 | 0.82,1.33 | 0.749 | 1.18 | 0.93,1.51 | 0.177 |
1.56
|
1.20,2.04
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
Greenspace |
Reference
| 1.00 | 0.79,1.26 | 0.521 | 0.97 | 0.77,1.22 | 0.797 |
1.30
|
1.02,1.65
|
0.032
|
1.42
|
1.08,1.87
|
0.012
|
0.007
|
Foodshop |
Reference
|
0.75
|
0.61,0.94
|
0.010
| 0.90 | 0.73,1.12 | 0.343 | 0.79 | 0.61,1.04 | 0.088 |
0.67
|
0.45,0.99
|
0.046
| 0.137 |
Gym/pool |
Reference
| 0.91 | 0.74,1.12 | 0.375 | 1.23 | 0.98,1.55 | 0.073 | 0.94 | 0.68,1.30 | 0.704 | 1.18 | 0.83,1.68 | 0.365 | 0.143 |
Active travel |
Reference
| 1.15 | 0.90,1.48 | 0.269 | 1.16 | 0.88,1.54 | 0.291 | 1.10 | 0.84,1.46 | 0.485 | 0.90 | 0.67,1.21 | 0.497 | 0.314 |
Overweight+obesity
| ||||||||||||||
Urban/rural |
Reference
| 0.93 | 0.74,1.18 | 0.575 | 1.13 | 0.82,1.56 | 0.460 | 1.15 | 0.80,1.65 | 0.463 | 0.525 | |||
NZdep |
Reference
| 1.09 | 0.91,1.31 | 0.328 | 1.06 | 0.88,1.28 | 0.547 | 1.17 | 0.97,1.42 | 0.109 |
1.43
|
1.14,1.78
|
0.002
|
0.004
|
Greenspace |
Reference
|
1.23
|
1.03,1.47
|
0.023
| 1.08 | 0.90,1.29 | 0.433 |
1.34
|
1.11,1.61
|
0.002
|
1.39
|
1.10,1.75
|
0.006
|
0.005
|
Foodshop |
Reference
| 0.88 | 0.74,1.04 | 0.128 | 0.94 | 0.79,1.11 | 0.437 | 0.92 | 0.74,1.14 | 0.444 | 0.74 | 0.53,1.03 | 0.079 | 0.320 |
Gym/pool |
Reference
| 0.96 | 0.81,1.14 | 0.675 | 1.11 | 0.93,1.33 | 0.247 | 1.07 | 0.83,1.37 | 0.598 | 1.11 | 0.84,1.48 | 0.455 | 0.217 |
Active travel |
Reference
| 1.09 | 0.89,1.32 | 0.401 | 1.12 | 0.90,1.39 | 0.313 | 1.10 | 0.89,1.36 | 0.379 | 0.91 | 0.73,1.15 | 0.428 | 0.315 |
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Run separately for each environmental factor)
|
(Run separately for each environmental factor)
|
(All environmental factors included)
| |||||||
Unadjusted | Adjusted individual factors | Adjusted individual factors and environmental factors | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Active 5+ days
| |||||||||
Urban/rural |
1.25
|
1.17,1.33
|
<0.001
|
1.24
|
1.16,1.32
|
<0.001
|
1.12
|
1.01,1.25
|
0.038
|
NZdep | 0.99 | 0.96,1.03 | 0.777 | 1.01 | 0.96,1.05 | 0.810 | 1.02 | 0.97,1.07 | 0.389 |
Greenspace |
1.07
|
1.03,1.11
|
0.001
|
1.05
|
1.01,1.10
|
0.007
| 0.99 | 0.95,1.04 | 0.579 |
Foodshop |
1.09
|
1.05,1.13
|
<0.001
|
1.07
|
1.03,1.12
|
0.001
| 1.02 | 0.96,1.08 | 0.399 |
Gym/pool |
1.13
|
1.09,1.18
|
<0.001
|
1.12
|
1.08,1.17
|
<0.001
| 1.00 | 0.94,1.06 | 0.942 |
Active travel |
0.93
|
0.89,0.96
|
<0.001
|
0.94
|
0.90,0.97
|
<0.001
|
0.94
|
0.89,0.99
|
0.012
|
Active <30 mins/week
| |||||||||
Urban/rural |
0.90
|
0.82,0.99
|
0.028
| 0.94 | 0.85,1.03 | 0.195 | 1.06 | 0.87,1.29 | 0.548 |
NZdep |
1.18
|
1.12,1.24
|
<0.001
|
1.10
|
1.04,1.17
|
0.001
| 1.07 | 1.00,1.14 | 0.051 |
Greenspace | 0.97 | 0.91,1.02 | 0.239 | 0.99 | 0.93,1.05 | 0.718 | 1.02 | 0.95,1.09 | 0.473 |
Foodshop |
0.88
|
0.83,0.93
|
<0.001
|
0.93
|
0.88,0.99
|
0.028
| 0.99 | 0.91,1.09 | 0.887 |
Gym/pool |
0.92
|
0.87,0.98
|
0.007
|
0.93
|
0.88,0.99
|
0.032
| 0.96 | 0.88,1.05 | 0.350 |
Active travel |
1.07
|
1.02,1.13
|
0.011
|
1.06
|
1.00,1.12
|
0.047
| 1.01 | 0.94,1.09 | 0.726 |
Walk 150+ mins/week
| |||||||||
Urban/rural |
1.12
|
1.04,1.20
|
0.002
|
1.13
|
1.05,1.21
|
0.001
| 1.06 | 0.95,1.17 | 0.284 |
NZdep | 1.02 | 0.98,1.06 | 0.358 | 1.03 | 0.98,1.07 | 0.235 | 1.03 | 0.98,1.09 | 0.208 |
Greenspace | 0.97 | 0.94,1.01 | 0.190 | 0.97 | 0.93,1.01 | 0.133 |
0.93
|
0.89,0.97
|
<0.001
|
Foodshop | 1.03 | 0.99,1.08 | 0.140 | 1.03 | 0.99,1.08 | 0.149 | 1.02 | 0.95,1.08 | 0.625 |
Gym/pool |
1.05
|
1.00,1.09
|
0.040
|
1.05
|
1.00,1.10
|
0.034
| 1.00 | 0.93,1.07 | 0.930 |
Active travel | 0.98 | 0.95,1.03 | 0.452 | 0.98 | 0.94,1.02 | 0.315 | 0.98 | 0.93,1.04 | 0.475 |
Walk <30 mins/week
| |||||||||
Urban/rural | 0.99 | 0.93,1.06 | 0.788 | 0.97 | 0.91,1.04 | 0.450 | 0.91 | 0.82,1.02 | 0.099 |
NZdep |
1.09
|
1.05,1.14
|
<0.001
|
1.05
|
1.01,1.10
|
0.014
|
1.05
|
1.00,1.10
|
0.032
|
Greenspace |
1.06
|
1.02,1.11
|
0.002
|
1.07
|
1.02,1.11
|
0.002
|
1.09
|
1.04,1.15
|
<0.001
|
Foodshop | 0.96 | 0.92,1.00 | 0.080 | 0.98 | 0.94,1.02 | 0.305 | 0.99 | 0.93,1.05 | 0.746 |
Gym/pool | 1.02 | 0.98,1.06 | 0.391 | 1.01 | 0.97,1.05 | 0.776 | 1.00 | 0.94,1.06 | 0.960 |
Active travel | 0.97 | 0.94,1.01 | 0.176 | 0.99 | 0.95,1.02 | 0.458 | 0.97 | 0.92,1.02 | 0.212 |
Fruit/Veg 5/day
| |||||||||
Urban/rural |
1.13
|
1.06,1.20
|
<0.001
|
1.09
|
1.03,1.17
|
0.004
|
1.18
|
1.06,1.32
|
0.003
|
NZdep |
0.87
|
0.83,0.90
|
<0.001
|
0.94
|
0.90,0.99
|
0.011
| 0.96 | 0.91,1.01 | 0.093 |
Greenspace | 1.03 | 0.99,1.06 | 0.193 | 1.01 | 0.97,1.06 | 0.540 | 0.99 | 0.95,1.04 | 0.807 |
Foodshop |
1.10
|
1.05,1.14
|
<0.001
| 1.04 | 1.00,1.09 | 0.056 | 1.03 | 0.97,1.10 | 0.331 |
Gym/pool |
1.05
|
1.01,1.09
|
0.015
| 1.01 | 0.97,1.06 | 0.575 | 1.00 | 0.93,1.06 | 0.888 |
Active travel | 0.98 | 0.94,1.01 | 0.211 | 1.00 | 0.96,1.04 | 0.892 | 1.03 | 0.98,1.09 | 0.236 |
Category 1 | Category 2 | Category 3 | Category 4 | Category 5 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | p trend | ||
Active 5+ days
| ||||||||||||||
Urban/rural |
Reference
| 1.21 | 0.97,1.50 | 0.089 | 1.08 | 0.78,1.51 | 0.634 |
1.47
|
1.05,2.06
|
0.027
|
0.038
| |||
NZdep |
Reference
| 0.97 | 0.81,1.16 | 0.717 | 0.92 | 0.75,1.12 | 0.380 | 1.00 | 0.83,1.20 | 0.983 | 1.10 | 0.89,1.36 | 0.364 | 0.113 |
Greenspace |
Reference
| 1.06 | 0.89,1.26 | 0.913 | 1.15 | 0.97,1.38 | 0.082 | 0.93 | 0.78,1.11 | 0.316 | 0.94 | 0.75,1.18 | 0.598 | 0.579 |
Foodshop |
Reference
| 1.13 | 0.95,1.34 | 0.159 | 0.96 | 0.81,1.14 | 0.612 | 1.09 | 0.88,1.34 | 0.451 | 1.34 | 0.98,1.83 | 0.064 | 0.599 |
Gym/pool |
Reference
| 0.97 | 0.82,1.15 | 0.714 | 0.88 | 0.72,1.06 | 0.165 | 1.01 | 0.79,1.30 | 0.928 | 1.13 | 0.85,1.49 | 0.398 | 0.942 |
Active travel |
Reference
| 0.84 | 0.70,1.01 | 0.067 |
0.81
|
0.66,1.00
|
0.047
|
0.80
|
0.66,0.97
|
0.026
|
0.73
|
0.59,0.91
|
0.005
|
0.012
|
Active <30 mins/week
| ||||||||||||||
Urban/rural |
Reference
| 1.14 | 0.81,1.59 | 0.458 | 1.16 | 0.61,2.21 | 0.641 | 1.13 | 0.62,2.06 | 0.681 | 0.548 | |||
NZdep |
Reference
| 1.21 | 0.91,1.61 | 0.184 | 1.28 | 0.96,1.72 | 0.098 | 1.35 | 1.00,1.82 | 0.051 | 1.35 | 1.00,1.80 | 0.053 | 0.051 |
Greenspace |
Reference
| 1.11 | 0.86,1.43 | 0.633 | 1.17 | 0.80,1.37 | 0.875 | 1.17 | 0.89,1.54 | 0.865 | 1.08 | 0.75,1.54 | 0.687 | 0.473 |
Foodshop |
Reference
| 1.02 | 0.79,1.31 | 0.893 | 1.06 | 0.84,1.35 | 0.610 | 0.95 | 0.70,1.29 | 0.755 | 0.88 | 0.49,1.59 | 0.680 | 0.887 |
Gym/pool |
Reference
| 0.92 | 0.72,1.18 | 0.501 | 0.98 | 0.76,1.25 | 0.846 |
0.67
|
0.46,0.99
|
0.045
| 0.85 | 0.56,1.30 | 0.460 | 0.350 |
Active travel |
Reference
| 1.05 | 0.77,1.43 | 0.762 | 1.07 | 0.76,1.50 | 0.705 | 1.12 | 0.80,1.55 | 0.507 | 1.04 | 0.73,1.49 | 0.812 | 0.726 |
Walk 150+ mins/week
| ||||||||||||||
Urban/rural |
Reference
|
1.28
|
1.05,1.57
|
0.016
| 0.96 | 0.73,1.26 | 0.771 | 1.17 | 0.83,1.64 | 0.368 | 0.284 | |||
NZdep |
Reference
| 1.07 | 0.87,1.30 | 0.529 | 1.01 | 0.83,1.24 | 0.898 | 1.11 | 0.91,1.36 | 0.315 | 1.15 | 0.92,1.43 | 0.222 | 0.208 |
Greenspace |
Reference
| 1.05 | 0.88,1.25 | 0.677 | 0.94 | 0.78,1.14 | 0.600 |
0.73
|
0.61,0.88
|
0.004
|
0.76
|
0.62,0.94
|
0.011
|
<0.001
|
Foodshop |
Reference
| 1.07 | 0.89,1.28 | 0.673 | 0.94 | 0.78,1.12 | 0.494 | 1.05 | 0.85,1.31 | 0.650 |
1.36
|
1.00,1.83
|
0.048
| 0.625 |
Gym/pool |
Reference
| 0.95 | 0.79,1.14 | 0.564 | 0.88 | 0.72,1.07 | 0.195 | 1.06 | 0.83,1.36 | 0.635 | 1.07 | 0.80,1.43 | 0.642 | 0.930 |
Active travel |
Reference
| 1.06 | 0.86,1.30 | 0.593 | 0.85 | 0.67,1.07 | 0.162 | 0.92 | 0.74,1.16 | 0.490 | 0.95 | 0.74,1.22 | 0.694 | 0.475 |
Walk <30 mins/week
| ||||||||||||||
Urban/rural |
Reference
| 0.96 | 0.78,1.18 | 0.697 | 0.84 | 0.62,1.14 | 0.260 | 0.74 | 0.51,1.06 | 0.096 | 0.099 | |||
NZdep |
Reference
| 1.13 | 0.93,1.36 | 0.222 |
1.39
|
1.14,1.70
|
0.001
|
1.26
|
1.03,1.54
|
0.022
| 1.22 | 0.99,1.49 | 0.062 |
0.032
|
Greenspace |
Reference
| 1.09 | 0.92,1.29 | 0.981 |
1.24
|
1.03,1.49
|
0.026
|
1.37
|
1.14,1.64
|
0.001
|
1.36
|
1.09,1.70
|
0.006
|
<0.001
|
Foodshop |
Reference
| 0.90 | 0.76,1.07 | 0.230 | 0.91 | 0.77,1.09 | 0.311 | 0.94 | 0.76,1.17 | 0.583 | 1.05 | 0.77,1.43 | 0.768 | 0.746 |
Gym/pool |
Reference
| 0.93 | 0.78,1.10 | 0.378 | 1.03 | 0.85,1.24 | 0.785 | 0.96 | 0.75,1.22 | 0.717 | 0.93 | 0.71,1.23 | 0.631 | 0.960 |
Active travel |
Reference
| 1.00 | 0.82,1.23 | 0.976 | 1.11 | 0.89,1.38 | 0.368 | 1.03 | 0.82,1.28 | 0.818 | 0.86 | 0.67,1.09 | 0.213 | 0.212 |
Fruit/Veg 5/day
| ||||||||||||||
Urban/rural |
Reference
| 1.09 | 0.89,1.33 | 0.396 |
1.45
|
1.05,2.02
|
0.025
|
1.68
|
1.19,2.36
|
0.003
|
0.003
| |||
NZdep |
Reference
| 1.04 | 0.86,1.25 | 0.705 | 0.86 | 0.72,1.05 | 0.134 | 1.00 | 0.82,1.24 | 0.930 |
0.80
|
0.65,0.99
|
0.044
| 0.093 |
Greenspace |
Reference
| 1.06 | 0.88,1.27 | 0.413 | 1.04 | 0.86,1.25 | 0.429 | 1.03 | 0.86,1.23 | 0.336 | 0.94 | 0.75,1.19 | 0.636 | 0.807 |
Foodshop |
Reference
| 1.12 | 0.93,1.35 | 0.222 | 1.10 | 0.91,1.33 | 0.339 | 1.19 | 0.95,1.49 | 0.125 | 0.98 | 0.70,1.39 | 0.922 | 0.331 |
Gym/pool |
Reference
| 1.03 | 0.86,1.22 | 0.771 | 1.04 | 0.86,1.26 | 0.682 | 1.06 | 0.82,1.36 | 0.665 | 0.90 | 0.69,1.19 | 0.472 | 0.888 |
Active travel |
Reference
| 0.99 | 0.82,1.20 | 0.950 | 1.13 | 0.92,1.40 | 0.242 | 1.18 | 0.96,1.46 | 0.123 | 1.08 | 0.86,1.36 | 0.497 | 0.236 |