Background
Methods
Participants
Health measures
Indicators of social stratification
Statistical methods
Results
Variable | Distributions | |
---|---|---|
N | % | |
Familial social position
| ||
Father's SES | ||
Upper white collar | 1241 | 23 |
Entrepreneur | 725 | 13 |
Lower white collar | 1217 | 23 |
Blue collar/Other | 1933 | 36 |
Missing | 278 | 5 |
Parent's education | ||
Either has high level | 1018 | 19 |
Either has middle level | 3506 | 65 |
Both have low level | 734 | 14 |
Missing | 136 | 2 |
Parent's labour market position | ||
Both gainfully employed | 3918 | 73 |
At most one gainfully employed | 1293 | 24 |
Missing | 183 | 3 |
Family affluence
| ||
Cars in the family | ||
Two or more | 2389 | 44 |
One | 1590 | 48 |
None | 369 | 7 |
Missing | 46 | 1 |
Vacation travels | ||
Three or more | 1294 | 24 |
Two | 1050 | 20 |
One | 1527 | 28 |
None | 1453 | 27 |
Missing | 70 | 1 |
Computers | ||
Three or more | 504 | 9 |
Two | 1156 | 22 |
One | 3117 | 58 |
None | 440 | 8 |
Missing | 177 | 3 |
Own room | ||
Yes | 4706 | 87 |
No | 640 | 12 |
Missing | 48 | 1 |
Weekly spending money | ||
Above upper quartile | 725 | 14 |
Median – Upper quartile | 1690 | 31 |
Lower quartile – Median | 1235 | 23 |
Below lower quartile | 1641 | 30 |
Missing | 103 | 2 |
Personal social position
| ||
School achievement1)
| ||
Much above average | 762 | 14 |
Slightly above average | 1658 | 31 |
Average | 2178 | 40 |
Below average | 739 | 14 |
Missing | 57 | 1 |
Health
| ||
Long-standing illness | ||
No | 4574 | 85 |
Yes | 760 | 14 |
Missing | 60 | 1 |
Overweight | ||
Normal weight | 4438 | 82 |
Overweight | 653 | 12 |
Obesity | 156 | 3 |
Missing | 147 | 3 |
Use of mental health services | ||
No | 4977 | 92 |
Yes | 372 | 7 |
Missing | 45 | 1 |
Self-rated health | ||
Very good | 1749 | 32 |
Good | 2670 | 50 |
Moderate or poor | 935 | 17 |
Missing | 40 | 1 |
Weekly health complaints | ||
0 | 2040 | 38 |
1 | 1230 | 23 |
2 | 782 | 14 |
3 or more | 1342 | 25 |
Missing | 0 | 0 |
Total number of respondents | n = 5394 | 100% |
Health differences according to stratification indicators
Familial social position
HEALTH INDICATOR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
STRATIFICATION INDICATOR | Long-standing illness | Overweight | Use of mental health services | Poor self-rated health | Weekly health complaints |
Cumulative odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals2)
| |||||
MODEL 11)
| |||||
Father's SES | |||||
Upper white collar | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
Entrepreneur | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) |
1.8 (1.4–2.3)
| 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) |
Lower white collar | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
1.3 (1.0–1.7)
| 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) |
Blue collar/Other | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
1.8 (1.4–2.2)
|
1.4 (1.0–1.8)
|
1.2 (1.1–1.4)
| 1.1 (0.9–1.2) |
Parent's education | |||||
Either has high level | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
Either has middle level | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
1.6 (1.2–2.1)
| 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
1.2 (1.1–1.4)
| 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
Both have low level |
1.4 (1.0–1.8)
|
2.1 (1.6–2.8)
| 1.5 (1.0–2.1) |
1.4 (1.2–1.7)
| 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
Parent's labour market position | |||||
Both gainfully employed | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
At most one gainfully employed | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
1.4 (1.1–1.6)
|
1.9 (1.5–2.3)
|
1.4 (1.2–1.5)
|
1.2 (1.1–1.3)
|
MODEL 2 3)4)
| |||||
Father's SES |
. .
|
NS
|
NS
|
. .
| |
Higher | 1.0 (ref) | ||||
Blue collar/Other |
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
| ||||
Parent's education |
. .
|
. .
| |||
Either has high level | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Either has middle level | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
1.6 (1.3–2.6) |
1.3 (1.1–1.5)
| ||
Both have low level |
1.4 (1.0–1.8)
|
2.0 (1.5–2.8)
|
1.3 (1.1–1.6)
| ||
Parent's labour market position |
. .
| ||||
Both gainfully employed | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
At most one gainfully employed |
1.3 (1.0–1.5)
|
1.8 (1.4–2.2)
|
1.3 (1.2–1.5)
|
1.2 (1.1–1.3)
|
Family affluence
HEALTH INDICATOR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
STRATIFICATION INDICATOR | Long-standing illness | Overweight | Use of mental health services | Poor self-rated health | Weekly health complaints |
Cumulative odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals2)
| |||||
MODEL 11)
| |||||
Cars in the family | |||||
Two or more | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
One | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
| 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
None | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
1.4 (1.1–1.9)
| 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
Vacation travels | |||||
Three or more | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
Two | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
| 1.0 (0.7–1.4) |
1.3 (1.1–1.5)
| 1.0 (0.9–1.2) |
One | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
1.5 (1.3–1.7)
| 1.1 (1.0–1.3) |
None | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
1.4 (1.1–1.7)
|
1.6 (1.2–2.2)
|
1.8 (1.5–2.1)
|
1.3 (1.1–1.5)
|
Computers | |||||
Three or more | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
Two | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
One | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
0.8 (0.7–1.0)
| 0.9 (0.7–1.0) |
None | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) |
Own room | |||||
Yes | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
No | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
Weekly spending money | |||||
Above upper quartile | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
Median – Upper quartile | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
Lower quartile – Median |
0.8 (0.6–1.0)
| 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
0.5 (0.4–0.8)
| 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) |
Below lower quartile | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
0.8 (0.6–1.0)
| 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
MODEL 2 3)4)
| |||||
Cars in the family |
. .
|
. .
|
. .
| ||
Two or more | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |||
One | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
| |||
None |
1.4 (1.0–1.8)
| 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | |||
Vacation travels |
. .
| ||||
Three or more | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
One or two | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
1.4 (1.2–1.6)
| 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | |
None |
1.4 (1.1–1.7)
|
1.6 (1.2–2.2)
|
1.8 (1.5–2.1)
|
1.3 (1.1–1.5)
| |
Computers |
. .
|
. .
|
. .
|
. .
| |
Two or more | 1.0 (ref) | ||||
One |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
| ||||
None | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | ||||
Own room |
. .
|
. .
|
. .
|
. .
|
. .
|
Weekly spending money |
. .
|
. .
| |||
Above upper quartile | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Lower quartile -Upper quartile |
0.8 (0.6–1.0)
| 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
0.7 (0.5–0.9)
| ||
Below lower quartile | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
0.8 (0.6–1.0)
| 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
Adolescent's personal social position
HEALTH INDICATOR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
STRATIFICATION INDICATOR | Long-standing illness | Overweight | Use of mental health services | Poor self-rated health | Weekly health complaints |
Cumulative odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals1)
| |||||
MODELS 1–22)
| |||||
School achievement3)
| |||||
Much above average | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
Slightly above average | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) |
1.5 (1.3–1.8)
| 1.0 (0.9–1.2) |
Average | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) |
1.6 (1.2–2.1)
| 1.4 (0.9–2.0) |
2.1 (1.8–2.4)
|
1.3 (1.1–1.5)
|
Below average | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) |
1.4 (1.1–1.9)
|
4.0 (2.7–5.9)
|
3.7 (3.0–4.5)
|
2.1 (1.7–2.5)
|
Final multivariate analyses
HEALTH INDICATOR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
STRATIFICATION INDICATOR | Long-standing illness | Overweight | Use of mental health services | Poor self-rated health | Weekly health complaints |
Cumulative odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals3)
| |||||
Familial social position
| |||||
Father's SES |
. .
|
. .
|
NS
|
. .
|
. .
|
Higher | |||||
Blue collar/Other | |||||
Parent's education |
NS
|
. .
|
NS
|
. .
| |
Either has high level | 1.0 (ref) | ||||
Neither has high level |
1.5 (1.2–1.9)
| ||||
Parent's labour market position |
. .
| ||||
Both gainfully employed | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
At most one gainfully employed |
1.2 (1.0–1.4)
|
1.8 (1.4–2.3)
|
1.3 (1.2–1.5)
|
1.2 (1.0–1.3)
| |
Family affluence
| |||||
Cars in the family |
. .
|
NS
|
NS
|
. .
|
. .
|
Vacation travels |
. .
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
| |
Three or more | 1.0 (ref) | ||||
At most two |
1.4 (1.3–1.6)
| ||||
Computers in the household |
. .
|
. .
|
. .
|
. .
| |
Two or more | 1.0 (ref) |
. .
| |||
At most one |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
| ||||
Own room |
. .
|
. .
|
. .
|
. .
|
. .
|
Weekly spending money |
NS
|
NS
|
. .
|
. .
| |
Above upper quartile | 1.0 (ref) | ||||
At most upper quartile |
0.8 (0.6–1.0)
| ||||
Personal social position
| |||||
School achievement4)
| |||||
Above average |
. .
| 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
At most average |
1.3 (1.2–1.6)
|
1.7 (1.3–2.1)
|
1.7 (1.6–1.9)
|
1.4 (1.3–1.5)
|