Background
Methods
Laboratory analysis
Data analysis
Ethical aspects
Results
Indicator | Year | Rural | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | ||||||||||||||
% | N | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | P | % | N | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | P | ||
HIV infection
| 1995 | 5.7 | 176 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.143 | 16.1 | 236 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| ||||
1999 | 7.5 | 268 | 1.42 | 0.66–3.05 | 1.45 | 0.66–3.17 | 10.3 | 380 |
0.59
|
0.38–0.92
|
0.60
|
0.37–0.96
| |||
2003 | 3.2 | 309 | 0.56 | 0.26–1.20 | 0.56 | 0.25–1.26 | 6.8 | 456 |
0.38
|
0.19–0.78
|
0.36
|
0.19–0.67
| |||
Ever sex
| 1999 | 90 | 290 | Ref. | Ref. | 86 | 424 | Ref. | Ref. |
-
| |||||
2003 | 77 | 328 |
0.37
|
0.24–0.58
|
0.32
|
0.18–0.56
| 80 | 486 | 0.65 | 0.41–1.03 |
0.53
|
0.32–0.89
| |||
Casual partner past year
| 1995 | 46 | 142 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.852 | 12 | 184 | Ref. | Ref. |
0.023
| ||||
1999 | 52 | 206 | 1.27 | 0.68–2.37 | 1.25 | 0.65–2.40 | 12 | 340 | 0.99 | 0.55–1.77 | 0.90 | 0.48–1.69 | |||
2003 | 48 | 191 | 1.07 | 0.70–1.64 | 1.08 | 0.69–1.69 | 7 | 343 |
0.53
|
0.31–0.90
|
0.52
|
0.29–0.93
| |||
>2 sexual partners past 12 months
| 1995 | 50 | 147 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.491 | 10 | 189 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.056 | ||||
1999 | 51 | 206 | 1.03 | 0.74–1.43 | 1.02 | 0.72–1.42 | 10 | 340 | 1.03 | 0.54–1.95 | 0.95 | 0.49–1.85 | |||
2003 | 47 | 194 | 0.87 | 0.55–1.37 | 0.87 | 0.55–1.38 | 6 | 340 |
0.56
|
0.34–0.92
|
0.56
|
0.33–0.96
| |||
Ever used condom
| 1995 | 54 | 147 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.891 | 26 | 189 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.098 | ||||
1999 | 60 | 207 | 1.25 | 0.73–2.14 | 1.32 | 0.74–2.36 | 36 | 338 | 1.57 | 0.82–3.02 | 1.59 | 0.85–3.00 | |||
2003 | 56 | 199 | 1.06 | 0.66–1.69 | 1.05 | 0.66–1.65 | 34 | 348 | 1.48 | 0.97–2.27 | 1.48 | 0.97–2.26 | |||
Used condom at last sexual intercourse
| 1995 | 38 | 136 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.681 | 13 | 159 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.108 | ||||
1999 | 26 | 181 | 0.58 | 0.23–1.46 | 0.56 | 0.22–1.44 | 19 | 268 | 1.63 | 0.45–5.99 | 1.58 | 0.43–5.84 | |||
2003 | 35 | 133 | 0.91 | 0.48–1.73 | 0.93 | 0.49–1.77 | 19 | 248 | 1.67 | 0.86–3.24 | 1.69 | 0.87–3.29 | |||
Used condom at last casual sexual intercourse
| 1995 | 27 | 62 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.571 | 9 | 23 | Ref. | Ref. |
0.004
| ||||
1999 | 14 | 110 |
0.42
|
0.18–0.998
| 0.43 | 0.18–1.05 | 2 | 40 | 0.27 | 0.04–1.91 | 0.26 | 0.04–1.83 | |||
2003 | 29 | 89 | 1.09 | 0.35–3.36 | 1.09 | 0.35–3.42 | 39 | 23 |
6.75
|
2.15–21.2
|
6.31
|
1.50–26.5
| |||
Modern contraceptive use
| 1999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16 | 395 | Ref. | Ref. | - | |||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 17 | 400 | 1.04 | 0.65–1.66 | 0.97 | 0.61–1.54 | |||
Ever given birth
| 1995 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 54 | 257 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.114 | |||
1999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 61 | 411 | 1.32 | 0.69–2.53 | 1.61 | 0.74–3.51 | |||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 61 | 467 | 1.32 | 0.87–1.99 | 1.35 | 0.78–2.33 | |||
Most often traditional agents before sex
| 1995 | - | - | - | - | 36 | 188 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| |||||
1999 | - | - | - | - | 20 | 381 |
0.44
|
0.24–0.81
|
0.48
|
0.25–0.90
| |||||
2003 | - | - | - | - | 16 | 364 |
0.34
|
0.16–0.71
|
0.33
|
0.15–0.72
| |||||
HIV infection
| 1995 | 6.9 | 434 | Ref. | Ref. |
0.005
| 22.5 | 702 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| ||||
1999 | 7.4 | 432 | 1.07 | 0.67–1.72 | 1.01 | 0.61–1.66 | 18.3 | 641 |
0.77
|
0.59–0.99
|
0.72
|
0.55–0.93
| |||
2003 | 3.2 | 623 |
0.45
|
0.28–0.70
|
0.40
|
0.25–0.66
| 12.5 | 840 |
0.49
|
0.36–0.66
|
0.43
|
0.33–0.57
| |||
Ever sex
| 1999 | 65 | 496 | Ref. | Ref. | - | 65 | 723 | Ref. | Ref. |
-
| ||||
2003 | 60 | 695 | 0.81 | 0.61–1.07 |
0.70
|
0.52–0.96
| 55 | 958 |
0.65
|
0.50–0.83
|
0.54
|
0.42–0.68
| |||
Casual partner past year
| 1995 | 46 | 254 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.436 | 12 | 433 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.841 | ||||
1999 | 46 | 207 | 0.99 | 0.70–1.42 | 0.98 | 0.69–1.40 | 17 | 336 | 1.56 | 0.94–2.59 | 1.59 | 0.96–2.62 | |||
2003 | 43 | 244 | 0.87 | 0.63–1.20 | 0.86 | 0.63–1.17 | 11 | 363 | 0.93 | 0.66–1.30 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.37 | |||
>=2 sexual partners past 12 months
| 1995 | 52 | 269 | Ref. | Ref. |
0.003
| 13 | 432 | Ref. | Ref. | 0.117 | ||||
1999 | 44 | 207 | 0.73 | 0.54–1.00 |
0.68
|
0.48–0.99
| 10 | 338 | 0.76 | 0.47–1.23 | 0.77 | 0.48–1.22 | |||
2003 | 39 | 243 | 0.59 | 0.48–0.72 |
0.54
|
0.42–0.70
| 10 | 359 | 0.71 | 0.42–1.19 | 0.80 | 0.51–1.26 | |||
Ever used condom
| 1995 | 70 | 273 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| 59 | 445 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| ||||
1999 | 84 | 207 |
2.22
|
1.53–3.24
|
1.82
|
1.23–2.68
| 75 | 338 |
2.09
|
1.27–3.43
|
2.08
|
1.27–3.40
| |||
2003 | 84 | 263 |
2.24
|
1.63–3.06
|
1.68
|
1.13–2.49
| 81 | 387 |
2.93
|
2.00–4.28
|
2.76
|
1.89–4.04
| |||
Used condom at last sexual intercourse
| 1995 | 53 | 247 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.002
| 36 | 412 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| ||||
1999 | 26 | 255 |
0.31
|
0.21–0.48
|
0.31
|
0.21–0.48
| 25 | 425 |
0.60
|
0.44–0.81
|
0.58
|
0.42–0.79
| |||
2003 | 67 | 249 |
1.80
|
1.04–3.11
| 1.59 | 0.97–2.60 | 57 | 347 |
2.34
|
1.45–3.79
|
2.43
|
1.51–3.93
| |||
Used condom at last casual sexual intercourse
| 1995 | 50 | 108 | Ref. | Ref. |
0.023
| 46 | 50 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| ||||
1999 | 65 | 94 |
1.85
|
1.07–3.19
|
1.69
|
1.05–2.74
| 53 | 57 | 1.30 | 0.62–2.76 | 1.29 | 0.60–2.78 | |||
2003 | 65 | 104 |
1.89
|
1.10–3.23
|
1.68
|
1.00–2.82
| 82 | 40 |
5.53
|
2.89–10.6
|
5.80
|
2.88–11.7
| |||
Modern contraceptive use
| 1999 |
-
|
-
| Ref. | Ref. | 27 | 616 | Ref. | Ref. |
-
| |||||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 37 | 494 |
1.64
|
1.13–2.37
| 1.30 | 0.94–1.81 | |||
Ever given birth
| 1995 |
-
|
-
| Ref. | Ref. |
-
| 39 | 772 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| ||||
1999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 27 | 713 |
0.57
|
0.44–0.75
|
0.43
|
0.31–0.61
| |||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 26 | 834 |
0.54
|
0.35–0.83
|
0.33
|
0.20–0.55
| |||
Most often traditional agents before sex
| 1995 |
-
|
-
| Ref. | Ref. |
-
| 20 | 429 | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.001
| ||||
1999 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 590 |
0.09
|
0.03–0.24
|
0.10
|
0.04–0.29
| |||
2003 | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 427 |
0.23
|
0.09–0.55
|
0.21
|
0.09–0.49
|
Males | Females | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | School years | % | N | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | % | N | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI |
1995
|
0–7
| 31 | 142 | Ref. | Ref | 21 | 261 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
8–9
| 50 | 118 |
2.23
|
1.22–4.08
|
2.38
|
1.20–4.70
| 32 | 173 |
1.79
|
1.09–2.96
|
1.79
|
1.08–2.97
| |
10+
| 63 | 122 |
3.81
|
2.25–6.46
|
3.65
|
2.06–6.47
| 41 | 133 |
2.56
|
1.13–5.79
|
2.54
|
1.13–5.70
| |
1999
|
0–7
| 25 | 164 | Ref. | Ref | 21 | 349 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
8–9
| 27 | 101 | 1.09 | 0.66–1.82 | 1.13 | 0.66–1.94 | 18 | 146 | 0.86 | 0.52–1.42 | 0.87 | 0.52–1.44 | |
10+
| 26 | 166 | 1.05 | 0.63–1.76 | 1.02 | 0.59–1.75 | 29 | 197 |
1.54
|
1.08–2.19
|
1.57
|
1.09–2.25
| |
2003
|
0–7
| 28 | 109 | Ref. | Ref | 20 | 262 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
8–9
| 50 | 72 |
2.52
|
1.46–4.34
|
2.60
|
1.45–4.67
| 45 | 112 |
3.26
|
2.15–4.93
|
3.84
|
2.46–5.99
| |
10+
| 73 | 201 |
6.68
|
3.41–13.1
|
7.20
|
3.56–14.5
| 64 | 219 |
7.30
|
4.26–12.5
|
9.19
|
5.52–15.3
|
Rural | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marital status | Single | Married | |||||||||||
School years | Year | % | N | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | % | N | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI |
0–7
|
1995
| 17 | 72 | Ref. | Ref | 82 | 99 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
1999
| 17 | 94 | 1.03 | 0.43–2.44 | 1.38 | 0.72–2.66 | 79 | 214 | 0.83 | 0.26–2.66 | 1.02 | 0.26–3.94 | |
2003
| 18 | 94 | 1.10 | 0.44–2.77 | 1.47 | 0.66–3.29 | 86 | 229 | 1.42 | 0.68–2.94 | 1.40 | 0.71–2.77 | |
8–9
|
1995
| 20 | 35 | Ref. | Ref | 95 | 19 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
1999
| 26 | 31 | 1.39 | 0.88–2.19 |
1.87
|
1.36–2.58
| 86 | 29 | 0.35 | 0.04–2.78 | 0.19 | 0.01–2.72 | |
2003
| 24 | 49 | 1.30 | 0.57–2.95 | 2.53 | 0.99–6.44 | 89 | 28 | 0.46 | 0.08–2.72 | 0.17 | 0.02–1.25 | |
10+
|
1995
| 29 | 7 | Ref. | Ref | 80 | 10 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
1999
| 29 | 14 | 1 | 0.48–2.07 | 1.11 | 0.59–2.09 | 75 | 4 | 0.75 | 0.03–20.3 | 16.3 | 0.25–1056 | |
2003
| 14 | 36 |
0.40
|
0.17–0.93
|
0.33
|
0.19–0.58
| 89 | 9 | 2 | 0.12–32.5 | 3.97 | 0.29–54.9 | |
Urban
| |||||||||||||
Single
|
Married
| ||||||||||||
School years
|
Year
|
%
|
N
|
Crude OR
|
95% CI
|
AOR
|
95% CI
|
%
|
N
|
Crude OR
|
95% CI
|
AOR
|
95% CI
|
0–7
|
1995
| 15 | 197 | Ref. | Ref | 87 | 71 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
1999
| 11 | 141 | 0.74 | 0.36–1.55 | 0.52 | 0.23–1.17 | 89 | 37 | 1.20 | 0.41–3.53 | 1.12 | 0.42–3.00 | |
2003
| 14 | 117 | 0.92 | 0.38–2.22 | 0.55 | 0.21–1.49 | 79 | 39 | 0.56 | 0.07–4.33 | 0.52 | 0.07–3.96 | |
8–9
|
1995
| 27 | 187 | Ref. | Ref | 86 | 56 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
1999
| 20 | 161 | 0.68 | 0.39–1.19 |
0.40
|
0.19–0.86
| 80 | 35 | 0.67 | 0.24–1.88 | 0.43 | 0.11–1.68 | |
2003
| 18 | 125 | 0.59 | 0.32–1.08 |
0.33
|
0.13–0.85
| 83 | 36 | 0.83 | 0.28–2.47 | 0.55 | 0.11–2.63 | |
10+
|
1995
| 22 | 176 | Ref. | Ref | 86 | 44 | Ref. | Ref | ||||
1999
| 12 | 284 |
0.51
|
0.32–0.82
| 0.57 | 0.31–1.03 | 74 | 31 | 0.45 | 0.17–1.20 | 0.41 | 0.15–1.10 | |
2003
| 11 | 432 |
0.44
|
0.28–0.69
|
0.47
|
0.29–0.78
| 75 | 61 |
0.48
|
0.24–0.98
|
0.35
|
0.17–0.69
|
One by one behaviour indicator included | |||
---|---|---|---|
Behaviour indicator | Chi-square change | AOR | 95% CI |
Number of sex partners past 12 months** |
-15.0
|
0.72
|
0.36–1.42
|
Casual partner past year |
-20.59
|
0.66
|
0.27–1.64
|
Condom use at last sexual intercourse |
-18.77
|
0.70
|
0.38–1.27
|
Ever used condom |
-19.06
|
0.68
|
0.40–1.16
|
Used condom at last casual sexual intercourse |
-21.07
|
1.12
|
0.71–1.77
|
STI past year* | 21.98 | 0.55 | 0.32–0.94 |
One by one behaviour indicator included | Two behaviour variables included | Three behaviour variables included | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beh. indicator | Chi-square change | AOR | 95% CI | Beh. indicator | Chi-square change | AOR | 95% CI | Beh. indicator | Chi-square change | AOR | 95% CI |
Ever given birth |
-4.51
|
0.49
|
0.37–0.63
| Casual partner and ever given birth** |
-8.34
|
0.59
|
0.42–0.83
| - | |||
Number of sex partners past 12 months |
-26.97
|
0.52
|
0.38–0.70
| Casual partner and number of sex partners | -1.38 | 0.53 | 0.38–0.73 | Casual partner, ever given birth and number of sexual partners | 1.62 | 0.58 | 0.41–0.82 |
Casual partner past year** |
-27.25
|
0.54
|
0.39–0.75
| - | - | ||||||
Condom use at last sexual intercourse |
6.57
|
0.45
|
0.32–0.63
| Casual partner and condom use at last sexual intercourse | 13.53 | 0.46 | 0.34–0.63 | Casual partner, ever given birth and condom use at last sexual intercourse* | 16.44 | 0.52 | 0.37–0.72 |
Ever used condom |
-18.06
|
0.50
|
0.37–0.68
| Casual partner and ever used condom | 3.37 | 0.51 | 0.37–0.68 | Casual partner, ever given birth and ever used condom* | 4.32 | 0.56 | 0.41–0.76 |
Frequent dry sex |
-30.29
|
0.49
|
0.37–0.64
| Casual partner and frequent dry sex |
-8.85
|
0.54
|
0.38–0.77
| Casual partner, ever given birth and frequent dry sex# | -5.83 | 0.59 | 0.42–0.83 |
One by one behaviour indicator included | |||
---|---|---|---|
Beh. Indicator | Chi-square change | AOR | 95% CI |
Ever given birth | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.11–0.72 |
Number of sex partners past 12 months | -1.7 | 0.31 | 0.13–0.75 |
Casual partner past year | -0.62 | 0.30 | 0.12–0.72 |
Condom use at last sexual intercourse | -3.45 | 0.28 | 0.09–0.81 |
Ever used condom** |
-4.81
|
0.32
|
0.13–0.75
|
Frequent dry sex | -1.9 | 0.26 | 0.11–0.63 |