Background
Methods
Sample and procedure
Measures
Data analysis
Results
N | Know HIV test result (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Pseudo R square = .15) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
Sex
| 0.000 | |||||
Men | 1588 | 24.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Women | 2851 | 30.1 | 1.32 (1.18–1.48) | 0.000 | 1.93 (1.52–2.43) | 0.000 |
Age
| 0.000 | |||||
15–24 | 1065 | 17.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25–34 | 1164 | 40.8 | 3.20 (2.71–3.78) | 0.000 | 1.83 (1.38–2.42) | 0.000 |
35 and more | 2210 | 27.6 | 1.77 (1.55–2.02) | 0.000 | 1.22 (0.87–1.71) | 0.259 |
Marital status
| 0.000 | |||||
Single | 1662 | 22.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Married/cobabitating | 2318 | 34.6 | 1.78 (1.58–2.01) | 0.000 | 1.35 (1.00–1.83) | 0.051 |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 436 | 21.7 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.452 | 1.41 (0.95–2.10) | 0.087 |
Education
| 0.000 | |||||
Grade 7 or less | 688 | 16.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Grade 8 to 11 | 1509 | 22.6 | 1.53 (1.31–1.79) | 0.000 | 0.96 (0.67–1.36) | 0.800 |
Grade 12 and more | 2231 | 42.3 | 4.34 (3.72–5.07) | 0.000 | 1.50 (1.08–2.10) | 0.016 |
Population group
| 0.000 | |||||
Black African | 2182 | 23.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Other | 2247 | 40.5 | 2.17 (1.92–2.45) | 0.000 | 1.42 (1.10–1.84) | 0.007 |
Employment status
| 0.000 | |||||
Not employed | 2191 | 21.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Employed | 2158 | 41.0 | 2.60 (2.30–2.94) | 0.000 | 1.50 (1.18–1.91) | 0.001 |
Geolocality
| 0.000 | |||||
Rural | 872 | 17.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Urban | 3567 | 35.0 | 2.49 (2.20–2.81) | 0.000 | 1.96 (1.51–2.55) | 0.000 |
HIV knowledge and attitudes
| ||||||
Aware of place nearby where one could be tested for HIV
| 0.000 | |||||
No | 142 | 4.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 4287 | 33.9 | 11.05 (8.30–14.71) | 0.000 | 7.86 (4.92–12.55) | 0.000 |
HIV knowledge
| 0.000 | |||||
Low | 981 | 20.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Medium | 1492 | 29.0 | 1.60 (1.38–1.85) | 0.000 | 0.91 (0.68–1.22) | 0.535 |
High | 1898 | 32.6 | 1.90 (1.65–2.17) | 0.000 | 1.19 (0.90–1.56) | 0.218 |
Knowledge of ARVs
| 0.897 | |||||
No | 1715 | 27.9 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 2695 | 27.7 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 0.897 | --- | |
Know of serodiscordance
| 0.000 | |||||
No | 1529 | 21.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2892 | 33.7 | 1.92 (1.71–2.15) | 0.000 | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 0.715 |
Impact of HIV (household: HIV, care, death)
| 0.000 | |||||
No | 4180 | 26.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 259 | 43.0 | 2.08 (1.66–2.60) | 0.000 | 2.82 (1.81–4.41) | 0.000 |
HIV risk perception
| 0.000 | |||||
Low | 1476 | 24.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Medium | 1451 | 27.3 | 1.00 (0.88–1.12) | 0.961 | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) | 0.635 |
High | 1492 | 30.8 | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | 0.000 | 0.90 (0.67–1.20) | 0.469 |
AIDS stigma attitudes
| 0.551 | |||||
Low | 2023 | 32.0 | 1.00 | |||
Medium | 1995 | 25.4 | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.735 | --- | |
High | 378 | 21.8 | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 0.549 | ||
HIV status and risk behaviour
| ||||||
HIV status
| 0.000 | |||||
Negative | 2782 | 26.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Postive | 436 | 32.7 | 1.35 (1.13–1.62) | 0.000 | 0.93 (0.69–1.24) | 0.618 |
Ever STI symptoms
| 0.682 | |||||
No | 3708 | 27.5 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 173 | 28.7 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 0.682 | --- | |
Number of sexual partners in past year
| 0.000 | |||||
None | 1064 | 15.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
One | 3149 | 35.7 | 3.03 (2.67–3.44) | 0.000 | 1.22 (0.92–1.61) | 0.176 |
Two or more | 226 | 32.4 | 2.62 (2.01–3.41) | 0.000 | 1.65 (1.07–2.53) | 0.022 |
No condom use at last sex
| 0.000 | |||||
No | 1308 | 35.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1295 | 45.4 | 1.49 (1.24–1.78) | 0.000 | 1.12 (0.87–1.43) | 0.376 |
No condom use with last non-regular partner
| 0.677 | |||||
No | 208 | 35.5 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 309 | 37.2 | 1.07 (0.77–1.50) | 0.677 | --- |
Demographic variables
| HIV positive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Know HIV test result (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P- value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Pseudo R square = .04) | P-value | |
Gender
| 0.146 | |||||
Men | 104 | 28.7 | 1.00 | |||
Women | 332 | 34.7 | 1.32 (0.91–1.91) | 0.146 | --- | |
Age
| 0.351 | |||||
15–24 yrs | 109 | 31.3 | 1.00 | |||
25–34 | 164 | 35.5 | 1.21 (0.79–1.85) | 0.377 | ||
35+ | 163 | 30.5 | 0.96 (0.63–1.47) | 0.862 | --- | |
Marital status
| 0.755 | |||||
Single | 235 | 31.7 | 1.00 | |||
Married/cohabiting | 150 | 34.6 | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | 0.482 | ||
Divorced/separated/widowed | 51 | 31.3 | 0.98 (0.59–1.63) | 0.932 | --- | |
Educational level
| 0.016 | |||||
Grade 7 or less | 119 | 26.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Grade 8 to 11 | 198 | 34.8 | 1.51 (1.01–2.24) | 0.043 | 1.38 (0.92–2.07) | 0.116 |
Grade 12+ | 118 | 37.8 | 1.72 (1.09–2.76) | 0.019 | 1.56 (0.98–2.46) | 0.059 |
Population group
| 0.000 | |||||
Black African | 396 | 32.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Other | 40 | 54.1 | 2.49 (1.41–4.41) | 0.000 | 2.04 (1.12–3.71) | 0.020 |
Geolocality
| 0.000 | |||||
Rural | 120 | 23.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Urban | 316 | 40.5 | 2.25 (1.59–3.88) | 0.000 | 2.14 (1.50–3.04) | 0.000 |
Employment status
| 0.579 | |||||
Not employed | 296 | 33.2 | 1.00 | |||
Employed | 130 | 31.0 | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | 0.579 | --- | |
Demographic variables
|
HIV negative
| |||||
Gender
| 0.001 | |||||
Men | 994 | 24.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Women | 1708 | 28.5 | 1.41 (1.14–1.75) | 0.001 | 1.65 (1.37–1.97) | 0.000 |
Age
| 0.000 | |||||
15–24 yrs | 681 | 17.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25–34 | 701 | 42.0 | 3.88 (2.88–5.22) | 0.000 | 2.30 (1.79–2.96) | 0.000 |
35+ | 1400 | 26.0 | 2.41 (1.89–3.08) | 0.000 | 1.36 (1.04–1.79) | 0.026 |
Marital status
| 0.002 | |||||
Single | 1934 | 22.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Married/cohabiting | 1468 | 32.8 | 1.72 (1.47–2.08) | 0.000 | 1.40 (1.09–1.78) | 0.007 |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 273 | 20.4 | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) | 0.390 | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | 0.756 |
Educational level
| 0.000 | |||||
Grade 7 or less | 459 | 14.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Grade 8 to 11 | 957 | 21.3 | 1.56 (1.29–1.88) | 0.000 | 1.62 (1.28–2.04) | 0.000 |
Grade 12+ | 1362 | 46.6 | 5.04 (4.14–6.12) | 0.000 | 3.83 (3.04–4.81) | 0.000 |
Population group
| 0.000 | |||||
Black African | 1354 | 22.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Other | 1422 | 39.8 | 2.30 (1.97–2.68) | 0.000 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 0.028 |
Geolocality
| 0.000 | |||||
Rural | 560 | 17.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Urban | 2222 | 33.5 | 2.41 (2.06–2.81) | 0.000 | 1.58 (1.31–1.91) | 0.000 |
Employment status
| 0.000 | |||||
Not employed | 1393 | 19.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Employed | 1330 | 40.7 | 2.76 (2.35–3.25) | 0.000 | 1.93 (1.58–2.35) | 0.000 |
Behavioural factors | HIV positive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Know HIV test result (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)1 (Pseudo R square = .02) | P-value | |
Number of sexual partners (past year)
| 0.532 | |||||
None | 109 | 30.5 | 1.00 | --- | ||
One | 295 | 33.6 | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | 0.471 | ||
Two or more | 32 | 32.6 | 1.10 (0.55–2.20) | 0.782 | ||
No condom use at last sex
| 0.383 | |||||
No | 176 | 40.8 | 1.00 | --- | ||
Yes | 98 | 35.9 | 0.81 (0.51–1.29) | 0.383 | ||
No condom use with last non-regular partner
| 0.665 | |||||
No | 29 | 36.0 | 1.00 | --- | ||
Yes | 32 | 40.4 | 1.20 (0.52–2.78) | 0.665 | ||
Ever STI symptoms
| 0.491 | |||||
No | 371 | 33.4 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 31 | 29.1 | 0.82 (0.46–1.46) | 0.491 | ||
Behavioural factors
|
HIV negative
| |||||
Number of sexual partners (past year)
| 0.000 | |||||
None | 652 | 13.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
One | 1992 | 35.6 | 3.50 (2.97–4.13) | 0.000 | 1.71 (1.29–2.27) | 0.000 |
Two or more | 138 | 32.5 | 3.06 (2.16–4.33) | 0.000 | 1.60 (1.04–2.45) | 0.032 |
No condom use at last sex
| 0.000 | |||||
No | 768 | 34.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 841 | 45.8 | 1.59 (1.24–2.02) | 0.000 | 1.58 (1.23–2.02) | 0.000 |
No condom use with last non-regular partner
| 0.405 | |||||
No | 141 | 38.7 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 186 | 34.5 | 0.83 (0.55–1.28) | 0.405 | --- | |
Ever STI symptoms
| 0.609 | --- | ||||
No | 2366 | 26.3 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 104 | 28.2 | 1.10 (0.77–1.57) | 0.609 |
HIV knowledge and risk variables | HIV positive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Know HIV test result (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)1 (Pseudo R square = .13) | P- value | |
Aware of place nearby place to get tested for HIV
| 0.000 | |||||
No | 9 | 5.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 426 | 38.6 | 11.7 (4.56–29.87) | 0.000 | 8.85 (3.40–23.0) | 0.000 |
HIV knowledge
| 0.092 | |||||
Low | 102 | 29.4 | 1.00 | |||
Medium | 146 | 29.9 | 1.03 (0.66–1.59) | 0.903 | ||
High | 179 | 37.0 | 1.41 (0.93–2.14) | 0.107 | --- | |
Knowledge of ARVs
| 0.420 | |||||
No | 151 | 30.6 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 283 | 33.6 | 1.15 (0.82–1.62) | 0.420 | --- | |
Know of serodiscordance
| 0.000 | |||||
No
| 180 | 27.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes
| 255 | 38.2 | 5.94 (3.52–10.04) | 0.000 | 1.39 (0.96–1.99) | 0.077 |
Impact of HIV (household: HIV, care death) | 0.000 | |||||
No | 342 | 28.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 94 | 70.0 | 5.94 (3.52–10.04) | 0.000 | 4.60 (2.54–8.32) | 0.000 |
HIV risk perception | 0.000 | |||||
Low | 57 | 19.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Medium | 115 | 29.1 | 1.74 (1.04–2.90) | 0.034 | 1.38 (0.78–2.46) | 0.269 |
High | 254 | 39.4 | 2.75 (1.03–4.37) | 0.000 | 1.71 (1.02–2.89) | 0.042 |
AIDS stigma attitudes | 0.997 | |||||
Low | 192 | 32.9 | 1.00 | |||
Medium | 198 | 33.3 | 1.02 (0.72–1.44) | 0.928 | --- | |
High | 41 | 32.4 | 0.98 (0.53–1.79) | 0.939 | ||
HIV knowledge and risk variables
|
HIV negative
| |||||
Aware of place nearby place to get tested for HIV
| 0.000 | |||||
No | 92 | 4.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2682 | 32.9 | 11.6 (8.23–16.29) | 0.000 | 9.73 (6.90–13.73) | 0.000 |
HIV knowledge
| 0.000 | |||||
Low | 601 | 17.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Medium | 962 | 29.0 | 1.98 (1.64–2.39) | 0.000 | 1.46 (1.18–1.80) | 0.001 |
High | 1181 | 32.2 | 2.30 (1.94–2.74) | 0.000 | 1.64 (1.36–1.97) | 0.000 |
Knowledge of ARVs
| 0.224 | |||||
No | 938 | 25.3 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1838 | 27.1 | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 0.224 | --- | |
Know of serodiscordance
| 0.000 | |||||
No
| 951 | 20.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes
| 1823 | 32.0 | 1.87 (1.62–2.17) | 0.000 | 1.56 (1.31–1.85) | 0.000 |
Impact of HIV (household: HIV, care death) | 0.024 | |||||
No | 2660 | 26.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 122 | 33.4 | 1.43 (1.05–1.94) | 0.024 | 1.22 (0.86–1.73) | 0.267 |
HIV risk perception | 0.013 | |||||
Low | 983 | 24.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Medium | 924 | 27.1 | 1.17 (0.99–1.40) | 0.071 | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 0.600 |
High | 870 | 28.3 | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) | 0.014 | 0.96 (0.79–1.18) | 0.711 |
AIDS stigma attitudes | 0.237 | |||||
Low | 1152 | 27.5 | 1.00 | |||
Medium | 1333 | 26.0 | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.335 | --- | |
High | 273 | 25.1 | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 0.324 |