Background
Methods
Study area and population
Sampling methods, eligibility criteria and preliminary laboratory analyses
Determination of plasma indicators of mineral element status
PBMCs stimulation
Proliferation and activity of leukocyte subsets
Intracellular cytokine staining
Flow cytometry
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population and characteristics
Zinc deficient | Magnesium deficiency | Iron deficiency anaemia | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence | p | Yes | No | p | Present | Absent* | p | ||
Age
| 0.03 | 0.02 | < 0.01 | ||||||
6-12 months | 48% | [12/25] | 60% | [15/25] | 63% | [5/8] | |||
12-24 months | 29% | [14/48] | 48% | [23/48] | 76% | [16/21] | |||
24-48 months | 50% | [60/119] | 66% | [78/119] | 8% | [4/52] | |||
48-72 months | 55% | [58/106] | 74% | [78/106] | 4% | [3/85] | |||
Inflammation
| 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.80 | ||||||
Present | 43% | [43/100] | 61% | [61/100] | 14% | [5/35] | |||
Absent | 51% | [101/197] | 68% | [133/197] | 18% | [23/130] | |||
Plasmodium
infection
| 0.49 | 0.63 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Present | 46% | [63/137] | 66% | [107/161] | 4% | [2/55] | |||
Absent | 50% | [81/161] | 64% | [87/137] | 23% | [26/111] |
Induction of cytokine production
Proliferation and intracellular cytokine staining
Influence of nutrient deficiencies on cytokine responses to stimulation with malaria parasites
Supernatant concentration (ng/L) after 7 days of stnimlation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrient status | IL-12 | TNF-α | IFN-γ | IL-1b |
Zinc | ||||
Deficient | 2.4 (19) | 4.3 (35) | 46.6 (42) | 4.5 (33) |
Replete | 2.4 (13) | 3.2 (28) | 26.8 (37) | 5.5 (27) |
Effect | -1% [-29% to 38%] | 37%[14% to ll8%] | 74% [24% to 297%] | -19% [-47% to 26%] |
Magnesium | ||||
Deficient | 2.4 (23) | 3.7 (43) | 34.1 (56) | 4.9 (41) |
Replete | 2.3 (9) | 3.9 (20) | 41.1 (23) | 4.8 (19) |
Effect | 4% [-28% to 51%] | -6% [-43% to 57%] | -17% [-66% to 108%] | 3% [-36% to 64%] |
Supernatant concentration (ng/L) after 7 day of stimulation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Nutrient status | IL-5 | IL-10 | IL-13 |
Zinc | |||
Deficient | 6,6(15) | 3.2 (29) | 10.0(31) |
Replete | 5.2(14) | 3.4 (26) | 7.3 (28) |
Effect | 26% [-54% to 146%] | -6% [-3 5% to 35%] | 3 7% [-41% to 2 19%] |
Magnesium | |||
Deficient | 6,5 (22) | 3.4 (40) | 10.0 (44) |
Replete | 4.3 (7) | 3.2(15) | 5.6(15) |
Effect | 49% [-54% to 382%] | 5% [-30% to 58%] | 80% [31% to 371%] |
Iron deficiency anaemia | |||
Yes | 4.63 (15) | 3.51 (26) | 8.30 (20) |
No | 7.01 (15) | 3.35 (30) | 9.32(41) |
Effect | -34% [-75% to 74%] | 5% [-27% to 50%] | -11% [-60% to 100%] |
Interaction between nutrient deficiencies and malarial infection on cytokine response to stimulation
Relationship between IFN-γ and type II cytokines
Predictors | Cytokine pairs | Change in slope | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Zinc | IFN-γ vb IL-5 | 32% | -62% to 357% |
Zinc | IFN-γ vsIL-10 | -12% | -43% to 35% |
Zinc | IFN-γ vsIL- 13 | 12% | -52% to 157% |
Magnesium | IFN-γ vs IL-5 | -38% | -89% to 256% |
Magnesium | IFN-γ vsIL- 10 | -36% | -61% to 5% |
Magnesium | IFN-γ vsIL- 13 | -20% | -71% to 118% |
IDA | IFN-γ vs IL-5 | -45% | -81% to 58% |
IDA | IFN-γ vsIL- 10 | -48% | -63% to -36% |
IDA | IFN-γ vsIL- 13 | -26% | -66% to 58% |
Malaria | IFN-γ vs IL-5 | 174% | -5% to 689% |
Malaria | IFN-γ vsIL- 10 | -23% | -17% to 83% |
Malaria | IFN-γ vsIL- 13 | 40% | -34% to 197% |