Background
Methods
Ethics
Study design and participants
Stage 1 | Stage 2 | |
---|---|---|
Intent
| Item reduction | Validation |
Time line
| April 2010 - Sep 2010 | Dec 2010 - Feb 2011 |
Sociodemographic data
(age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital and employment status) | ✓ | ✓ |
PMH instrument
| 182 candidate item scale, 4 point Likert style response scale (1- not at all like me, 2 - some what like me, 3 - moderately like me, 4- very much like me) | 47-item scale, 6 point Likert style response scale (1- not at all like me, 2 - very slightly like me, 3 - slightly like me, 4- moderately like me, 5 - very much like me and 6- exactly like me) |
Other measures
| General Health questionnaire | RSA |
EQ5D | MSPSS | |
General happiness item | Brief Cope | |
General health item | PGIS | |
DSES | ||
SWEMWBS | ||
SWLS | ||
General happiness item | ||
General health item | ||
EQ5D VAS | ||
Healthy days measure | ||
PHQ -8 | ||
GAD -7 | ||
SDS | ||
Analyses
| Missing data, floor and ceiling effect | Missing data, floor and ceiling effect |
EFA, CFA | CFA | |
IRT-DIF | IRT-DIF | |
Internal consistency | Internal consistency, Criterion validity |
Stage 1 (N = 2088) | Stage 2 (N = 404) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
| ||
Age
| 41.00 | 11.9 | 41.1 | 12.0 | |
Freq
|
%
|
Freq
|
%
| ||
Gender
| Male | 1036 | 49.62 | 197 | 49.0 |
Female | 1052 | 50.38 | 205 | 51.0 | |
Ethnicity
| Chinese | 693 | 33.19 | 134 | 33.3 |
Malay | 699 | 33.48 | 123 | 30.6 | |
Indian | 696 | 33.33 | 141 | 35.1 | |
Marital status
| Single | 457 | 21.90 | 102 | 25.4 |
Married | 1486 | 71.20 | 288 | 71.6 | |
Separated/ Divorced/ Widowed | 144 | 6.9 | 12 | 3.0 | |
Highest education attained
| Some formal education | 8 | 0.38 | 3 | 0.8 |
Primary | 177 | 8.51 | 30 | 7.5 | |
Secondary | 825 | 39.66 | 138 | 34.6 | |
Vocational | 184 | 8.85 | 32 | 8.0 | |
'A' level | 121 | 5.82 | 17 | 4.3 | |
Diploma | 321 | 15.43 | 63 | 15.8 | |
Tertiary | 444 | 21.35 | 116 | 29.1 | |
Current employment status
| Unemployed | 517 | 24.76 | 138 | 34.2 |
Employed | 1569 | 75.14 | 266 | 65.8 |
Data collection
Instruments | N | Description |
---|---|---|
Domains specific
| ||
RSA | 201 | This scale covers three main categories of resilience; dispositional attributes, family cohesion/warmth and external support systems, all of which contain various sub scales within each category. All items have an individual 5-point Likert scale which is specific to each individual item. |
MSPSS | 203 | A 12-item self-report inventory that measures perceived social support from family, friends, and a significant other. Respondents use a 7-point Likert-type scale (very strongly disagree to very strongly agree) and scores are given for each of the three subscales as well as a total score. |
Brief Cope | 199 | A 28-item self-report measure of both adaptive and maladaptive coping skills, consisting of 14 subscales, comprised of two items each. A 4-point Likert scale is used, whereby a higher score indicates greater coping strategies. |
PGIS | 201 | Using a 6-point Likert scale from definitely disagree to definitely agree, this nine item, self-report instrument yields a single scale score for personal growth initiative (PGI), where a higher score indicates higher PGI. |
DSES | 172 | A 16-item self-report measure designed to assess ordinary experiences of connection with the transcendent in daily life, which uses a modified 6-point Likert scale. Lower scores indicate less daily spirituality experience. |
Convergent measures
| ||
SWEMWBS | 195 | This 7-item uni-dimensional, self completed instrument measures positive mental well-being, where scores range from seven to 35 and higher scores indicate higher positive mental wellbeing. |
SWLS | 202 | This 5-item instrument measures global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with one's life, using a 7-point scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Scores are summed and higher scores indicate higher satisfaction. |
General happiness item | 404 | This single item asks respondents to rate their happiness, in general on a 7-point scale, where 1 = Not a very happy person and 7 = A very happy person. |
General health item | 404 | This single item asks respondents to rate their health, in general on a 5-point scale from poor to excellent. |
EQ5D VAS | 190 | A self-completed measure of health status comprising of a descriptive system which includes five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/ discomfort and anxiety/ depression) and a visual self-rated health scale. |
Healthy days measure | 190 | This instrument assesses perceived sense of well-being, via four items relating to 1) self-rated health, 2) physical health, 3) mental health and 4) limitations to usual activity due to physical or mental health, during the past 30 days. Respondents indicate the number of unhealthy days, where the maximum is 30 days. |
Divergent measures
| ||
PHQ -8 | 200 | A self-administered depression scale that adopts a 4-point scale, where 0 = not at all and 3 = nearly everyday, respondents indicate how often they have been bothered by each of the items, in the past two weeks. Total scores range from 0 to 27, where scores of 20 and above indicate severe major depressive disorder. |
GAD -7 | 190 | A 7-item anxiety measure, where respondents are asked in the past two weeks how often they have been bothered by the following problems and use a 4-point scale from 'not at all' to 'nearly every day'. Scores are summed and higher score indicate greater anxiety. |
SDS | 201 | A self report tool which assesses functional impairment via three inter-related domains; work/school, social and family life, using a 10-point visual analog scale. Scores are summed, whereby higher scores indicate higher impairment. |
Missing data and floor and ceiling effect
Item reduction
Scoring of the PMH instrument
Validation
Results
Item reduction
Analysis | Items removed | Reason (s) for removal | Items used for subsequent analysis |
---|---|---|---|
EFA | 54 | Poor factor loadings | 128 |
49 | Redundant content, poor performance as compared to similarly worded items | 79 | |
CFA | 16 | Based on modification indices, item loading and content | 63 |
Item performance | 5 | High ceiling effect | 58 |
IRT-DIF | 11 | Demonstrated Dif across important subgroups | 47 |
Factor | Item No | a | s.e. | b | s.e. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1. General coping | |||||
1. | 2.32 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.57 | 0.15 | -0.10 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.27 | 0.13 | -0.01 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.40 | 0.14 | 0.52 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.19 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.45 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.03 | |
1. | 1.93 | 0.11 | 0.64 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.31 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.33 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.03 | |
F.2 Personal growth and autonomy | 1. | 3.16 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.03 |
1. | 3.03 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.73 | 0.15 | 0.50 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.87 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.85 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.03 | |
1. | 3.30 | 0.20 | -0.09 | 0.04 | |
1. | 4.35 | 0.29 | -0.02 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.88 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.03 | |
1. | 3.81 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.88 | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.03 | |
F3. Spirituality | 1. | 2.32 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.04 |
1. | 3.49 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.03 | |
1. | 4.34 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.03 | |
1. | 3.17 | 0.19 | -0.15 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.95 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.04 | |
1. | 3.38 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.03 | |
1. | 5.46 | 0.47 | -0.06 | 0.03 | |
F4. Interpersonal skills | 1. | 2.06 | 0.12 | -0.05 | 0.04 |
1. | 1.98 | 0.11 | -0.07 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.50 | 0.15 | -0.02 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.71 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.51 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.54 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.03 | |
1. | 1.85 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.32 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.04 | |
1. | 2.56 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.03 | |
F5. Emotional support | 1. | 1.21 | 0.08 | 0.43 | 0.05 |
1. | 1.12 | 0.07 | -0.11 | 0.05 | |
1. | 3.14 | 0.20 | -0.15 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.25 | 0.14 | -0.40 | 0.03 | |
1. | 3.88 | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.03 | |
1. | 3.51 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.03 | |
1. | 3.17 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.03 | |
F6. Global affect | 1. | 2.78 | 0.19 | 0.89 | 0.04 |
1. | 3.60 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.03 | |
1. | 4.17 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.03 | |
1. | 3.21 | 0.23 | 0.69 | 0.03 | |
1. | 2.09 | 0.13 | 0.78 | 0.04 |
PMH domain scores
Variable | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Cronbach Apha | Positive Mental Health | General coping | Emotional support | Spirituality | Interpersonal Skill | Personal Growth & Autonomy | General Affect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Mental Health
| 4.53 | 0.74 | 2 | 6 |
Positive Mental Health
| 1.00 | |||||||
General coping
| 4.34 | 0.96 | 1 | 6 |
0.89
|
General coping
| 0.72* | 1.00 | |||||
Emotional support
| 4.80 | 1.00 | 1 | 6 |
0.89
|
Emotional support
| 0.79* | 0.48* | 1.00 | ||||
Spirituality
| 4.29 | 1.49 | 1 | 6 |
0.94
|
Spirituality
| 0.65* | 0.25* | 0.35* | 1.00 | |||
Interpersonal Skill
| 4.69 | 0.84 | 2 | 6 |
0.89
|
Interpersonal Skill
| 0.79* | 0.57* | 0.66* | 0.35* | 1.00 | ||
Personal Growth & Autonomy
| 4.64 | 0.88 | 2 | 6 |
0.93
|
Personal Growth & Autonomy
| 0.81* | 0.61* | 0.59* | 0.29* | 0.70* | 1.00 | |
General Affect
| 4.37 | 0.98 | 1 | 6 |
0.89
|
General Affect
| 0.71* | 0.47 | 0.49* | 0.30* | 0.45* | 0.54* | 1.00 |
Validation
Factor | Item | Factor loading | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total
|
Gender
|
Ethnicity
|
Age
| ||||||
Female
|
Male
|
Chinese
|
Malay
|
Indian
|
21-40y
|
41-65y
| |||
N = 404
|
N = 205
|
N = 197
|
N = 134
|
N = 123
|
N = 141
|
N = 180
|
N = 184
| ||
General coping
| When I feel stressed .... | ||||||||
I try to move on | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.80 | 0.66 | 0.80 | |
I try not to let it bother me | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.65 | 0.85 | |
I tell myself that things would get better | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.80 | |
I try to relax | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.78 | |
I try not to take it too seriously | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.76 | |
I do something to get my mind off the situation | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.80 | |
I try to see it in a positive light | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.80 | |
I try to see the humorous side of the situation | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.66 | |
I try to solve the problem one step at a time | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.79 | |
Emotional support
| In general... | ||||||||
I spend time with people I like | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.73 | |
I try to get Emotional support from family and friends | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.55 | |
I have people in my life who give me support | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.81 | |
I have a close family | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.71 | 0.92 | |
When I have a problem there is someone I can go to for advice | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.81 | |
There is someone to cheer me up if I am having a bad day | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.83 | |
When I am in a difficult situation there is someone I can rely on | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.94 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.87 | |
Spirituality
| In general... | ||||||||
I find comfort in my religion or spiritual beliefs | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.87 | |
I believe God has a plan for me | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.90 | 0.88 | |
I set aside time for meditation or prayer | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.88 | |
I believe there is a higher being who looks after me | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.71 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.91 | |
I feel gods presence in my life | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.95 | |
I gain spiritual strength by trusting in a higher power. | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.61 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.80 | |
My religious beliefs influence the way I live | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.72 | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.87 | |
Interpersonal skills
| In general... | ||||||||
I get along well with others | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.91 | |
I make friends easily | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.87 | |
I make an effort to help others | 0.77 | 0.89 | 0.66 | 0.73 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.78 | |
I try to accept people as they are | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 0.83 | |
I am willing to compromise with people | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.76 | |
I try to be patient with others | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.80 | |
I am willing to give up something if it makes my family or friends happy | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.70 | |
I have no trouble keeping friends | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.80 | |
I am willing to share my time with others | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.81 | |
Personal growth and autonomy
| In general... | ||||||||
I have confidence in the decisions I make | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.86 | |
I feel comfortable expressing my opinions | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.83 | |
I am able to control many situations around me | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.79 | |
I have freedom to make choices that concern my future | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.84 | |
I feel in control of my life | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.45 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.60 | |
I work hard to achieve my goals | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.81 | |
I am clear about what I want in life | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.74 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.82 | |
I am able to solve my own problems | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.86 | |
I am focused on what I want to do in life | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.90 | |
I know what I need to do to reach my goals | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.88 | |
Global affect
| |||||||||
calm | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.73 | 0.75 | |
happy | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.90 | |
peaceful | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.88 | |
relaxed | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.87 | |
enthusiastic | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.78 |
Total | Gender | Ethnicity | Age | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female
|
Male
|
Chinese
|
Malay
|
Indian
|
21-40y
|
41-65y
| ||
General coping | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.75 |
Emotional support | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.81 |
Spirituality | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.19 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.45 |
Interpersonal skills | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.91 |
Personal growth and autonomy | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.92 |
Global affect | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.64 |
CFI | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 |
TLI | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 |
RMSEA | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Factor | Item |
a
|
s.e. |
b
1
|
s.e. |
b
2
|
s.e. |
b
3
|
s.e. |
b
4
|
s.e. |
b
5
|
s.e. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General coping
| |||||||||||||
1 | 1.94 | 0.17 | -2.55 | 0.22 | -1.79 | 0.15 | -1.08 | 0.10 | -0.12 | 0.08 | 1.09 | 0.11 | |
2 | 2.08 | 0.18 | -2.34 | 0.19 | -1.55 | 0.12 | -0.89 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 1.42 | 0.13 | |
3 | 2.21 | 0.20 | -2.55 | 0.21 | -1.95 | 0.15 | -1.23 | 0.10 | -0.43 | 0.07 | 0.76 | 0.09 | |
4 | 2.35 | 0.21 | -2.59 | 0.21 | -1.79 | 0.13 | -1.19 | 0.10 | -0.31 | 0.07 | 0.82 | 0.09 | |
5 | 2.11 | 0.18 | -2.25 | 0.18 | -1.50 | 0.12 | -0.72 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 1.32 | 0.12 | |
6 | 1.98 | 0.18 | -2.55 | 0.22 | -1.91 | 0.15 | -1.10 | 0.10 | -0.34 | 0.08 | 0.91 | 0.10 | |
7 | 2.62 | 0.23 | -2.28 | 0.17 | -1.61 | 0.12 | -0.82 | 0.08 | -0.05 | 0.07 | 0.98 | 0.09 | |
8 | 1.74 | 0.16 | -1.75 | 0.15 | -1.10 | 0.11 | -0.37 | 0.08 | 0.48 | 0.09 | 1.61 | 0.15 | |
9 | 1.89 | 0.17 | -2.85 | 0.26 | -1.93 | 0.16 | -1.20 | 0.11 | -0.26 | 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.11 | |
Emotional support
| |||||||||||||
1 | 3.15 | 0.26 | -2.62 | 0.21 | -2.06 | 0.14 | -1.39 | 0.10 | -0.40 | 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.08 | |
2 | 2.42 | 0.20 | -2.62 | 0.22 | -2.22 | 0.17 | -1.32 | 0.10 | -0.40 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.10 | |
3 | 2.55 | 0.21 | -2.31 | 0.18 | -1.83 | 0.13 | -0.99 | 0.09 | -0.08 | 0.07 | 1.30 | 0.11 | |
4 | 2.38 | 0.20 | -2.73 | 0.23 | -2.11 | 0.16 | -1.41 | 0.11 | -0.53 | 0.07 | 0.77 | 0.09 | |
5 | 1.61 | 0.14 | -2.47 | 0.22 | -1.90 | 0.16 | -1.10 | 0.11 | -0.13 | 0.08 | 1.35 | 0.13 | |
6 | 2.73 | 0.23 | -3.12 | 0.32 | -2.22 | 0.16 | -1.49 | 0.11 | -0.62 | 0.07 | 0.48 | 0.08 | |
7 | 3.31 | 0.28 | -2.57 | 0.20 | -1.84 | 0.12 | -1.29 | 0.09 | -0.50 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.08 | |
8 | 2.89 | 0.24 | -2.92 | 0.27 | -2.17 | 0.16 | -1.35 | 0.10 | -0.40 | 0.07 | 0.86 | 0.09 | |
9 | 3.37 | 0.28 | -2.55 | 0.20 | -1.69 | 0.11 | -1.11 | 0.08 | -0.35 | 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.08 | |
10 | 3.00 | 0.25 | -2.84 | 0.25 | -1.99 | 0.14 | -1.28 | 0.09 | -0.35 | 0.07 | 0.79 | 0.08 | |
Spirituality
| |||||||||||||
1 | 2.56 | 0.22 | -1.54 | 0.12 | -1.13 | 0.09 | -0.71 | 0.08 | -0.34 | 0.07 | 0.39 | 0.08 | |
2 | 3.84 | 0.35 | -1.29 | 0.09 | -1.00 | 0.08 | -0.63 | 0.07 | -0.32 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.07 | |
3 | 3.03 | 0.25 | -1.16 | 0.09 | -0.71 | 0.08 | -0.36 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.68 | 0.08 | |
4 | 3.66 | 0.32 | -1.36 | 0.10 | -1.05 | 0.08 | -0.70 | 0.07 | -0.26 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.07 | |
5 | 5.69 | 0.61 | -1.22 | 0.08 | -0.90 | 0.07 | -0.62 | 0.06 | -0.30 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.06 | |
6 | 3.25 | 0.27 | -1.13 | 0.09 | -0.75 | 0.08 | -0.42 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.78 | 0.08 | |
7 | 3.46 | 0.29 | -1.32 | 0.10 | -0.84 | 0.08 | -0.50 | 0.07 | -0.06 | 0.07 | 0.65 | 0.08 | |
Interpersonal skills
| |||||||||||||
1 | 3.34 | 0.32 | -2.54 | 0.21 | -1.93 | 0.13 | -1.46 | 0.10 | -0.72 | 0.07 | 0.50 | 0.07 | |
2 | 3.03 | 0.28 | -2.32 | 0.18 | -1.64 | 0.12 | -1.05 | 0.08 | -0.44 | 0.07 | 0.49 | 0.07 | |
3 | 2.26 | 0.20 | -3.01 | 0.29 | -2.34 | 0.19 | -1.69 | 0.13 | -0.69 | 0.08 | 0.56 | 0.09 | |
4 | 2.14 | 0.19 | -2.96 | 0.29 | -2.38 | 0.20 | -1.42 | 0.12 | -0.43 | 0.08 | 0.88 | 0.10 | |
5 | 1.69 | 0.15 | -3.04 | 0.30 | -2.39 | 0.21 | -1.32 | 0.12 | -0.22 | 0.08 | 1.29 | 0.13 | |
6 | 1.98 | 0.18 | -2.78 | 0.25 | -2.02 | 0.16 | -1.36 | 0.12 | -0.37 | 0.08 | 1.06 | 0.11 | |
7 | 1.39 | 0.14 | -3.45 | 0.38 | -2.51 | 0.24 | -1.59 | 0.16 | -0.51 | 0.10 | 0.98 | 0.13 | |
8 | 2.56 | 0.23 | -2.24 | 0.17 | -1.77 | 0.13 | -1.25 | 0.10 | -0.62 | 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.09 | |
9 | 2.42 | 0.21 | -2.71 | 0.24 | -1.91 | 0.14 | -1.33 | 0.10 | -0.40 | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.10 | |
Personal growth and autonomy
| |||||||||||||
1 | 3.15 | 0.26 | -2.62 | 0.21 | -2.06 | 0.14 | -1.39 | 0.10 | -0.40 | 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.08 | |
2 | 2.42 | 0.20 | -2.62 | 0.22 | -2.22 | 0.17 | -1.32 | 0.10 | -0.40 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.10 | |
3 | 2.55 | 0.21 | -2.31 | 0.18 | -1.83 | 0.13 | -0.99 | 0.09 | -0.08 | 0.07 | 1.30 | 0.11 | |
4 | 2.38 | 0.20 | -2.73 | 0.23 | -2.11 | 0.16 | -1.41 | 0.11 | -0.53 | 0.07 | 0.77 | 0.09 | |
5 | 1.61 | 0.14 | -2.47 | 0.22 | -1.90 | 0.16 | -1.10 | 0.11 | -0.13 | 0.08 | 1.35 | 0.13 | |
6 | 2.73 | 0.23 | -3.12 | 0.32 | -2.22 | 0.16 | -1.49 | 0.11 | -0.62 | 0.07 | 0.48 | 0.08 | |
7 | 3.31 | 0.28 | -2.57 | 0.20 | -1.84 | 0.12 | -1.29 | 0.09 | -0.50 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.08 | |
8 | 2.89 | 0.24 | -2.92 | 0.27 | -2.17 | 0.16 | -1.35 | 0.10 | -0.40 | 0.07 | 0.86 | 0.09 | |
9 | 3.37 | 0.28 | -2.55 | 0.20 | -1.69 | 0.11 | -1.11 | 0.08 | -0.35 | 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.08 | |
10 | 3.00 | 0.25 | -2.84 | 0.25 | -1.99 | 0.14 | -1.28 | 0.09 | -0.35 | 0.07 | 0.79 | 0.08 | |
Global affect
| |||||||||||||
1 | 2.75 | 0.23 | -2.33 | 0.18 | -1.7 | 0.12 | -0.35 | 0.07 | 0.93 | 0.08 | |||
2 | 3.15 | 0.29 | -2.44 | 0.2 | -1.76 | 0.12 | -0.59 | 0.07 | 0.68 | 0.07 | |||
3 | 4.32 | 0.45 | -2.15 | 0.15 | -1.43 | 0.09 | -0.38 | 0.06 | 0.77 | 0.07 | |||
4 | 3.63 | 0.35 | -2.33 | 0.18 | -1.37 | 0.09 | -0.17 | 0.06 | 0.91 | 0.08 | |||
5 | 1.82 | 0.16 | -2.73 | 0.24 | -1.48 | 0.13 | -0.11 | 0.08 | 1.11 | 0.11 |
General coping | Personal growth & autonomy | Interpersonal Skill | Spirituality | Emotional support | General affect | Positive Mental Health | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RSA | 0.32*** | 0.51*** | 0.49*** | 0.15* | 0.43*** | 0.41*** | 0.49*** |
MSPSS | |||||||
MSPSS (Family) | 0.37*** | 0.57*** | 0.56*** | 0.43*** | 0.66*** | 0.48*** | 0.69*** |
MSPSS (Friends) | 0.29*** | 0.43*** | 0.53*** | 0.19** | 0.62*** | 0.34*** | 0.54*** |
MSPSS (Other Subscale) | 0.31*** | 0.53*** | 0.47*** | 0.34*** | 0.68*** | 0.48*** | 0.62*** |
MSPSS (Total Score) | 0.37*** | 0.60*** | 0.59*** | 0.38*** | 0.75*** | 0.51*** | 0.71*** |
Brief Cope (BC) Scale | |||||||
BC (Planning Subscale) | 0.21** | 0.23** | 0.20** | 0.07 | 0.27** | 0.08 | 0.22** |
BC (Acceptance Subscale) | 0.30*** | 0.30*** | 0.32*** | 0.26** | 0.30*** | 0.32*** | 0.40*** |
BC (Humor Subscale) | 0.11 | 0.16* | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.18** | 0.15* | 0.18** |
PGIS | 0.52*** | 0.72*** | 0.49*** | 0.30*** | 0.44*** | 0.51*** | 0.63*** |
DSES | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.24** | 0.76*** | 0.13 | 0.28** | 0.41*** |
SWEMWBS | 0.53*** | 0.65*** | 0.51*** | 0.18** | 0.48*** | 0.66*** | 0.66*** |
SWLS | 0.44*** | 0.49*** | 0.41*** | 0.24** | 0.43*** | 0.51*** | 0.54*** |
General happiness | 0.41*** | 0.49*** | 0.39*** | 0.21*** | 0.41*** | 0.62*** | 0.58*** |
General health | 0.32*** | 0.35*** | 0.27*** | 0.12* | 0.22*** | 0.42*** | 0.36*** |
EQ5D VAS | 0.36*** | 0.34*** | 0.25** | 0.14* | 0.25** | 0.52*** | 0.39*** |
Healthy Days Measure | -0.33*** | -0.33*** | -0.36*** | -0.14 | -0.36*** | -0.58*** | -0.46*** |
PHQ-8 | -0.35*** | -0.36*** | -0.28*** | -0.20** | -0.30*** | -0.61*** | -0.46*** |
GAD-7 | -0.14* | -0.29*** | -0.08 | -0.12 | -0.12 | -0.50*** | -0.29** |
Global Functioning From SDS | -0.15* | -0.12 | -0.10 | 0.05 | -0.08 | -0.15* | -0.07 |
SDS | |||||||
SDS (Work/School) | -0.13 | -0.22** | -0.13 | -0.07 | -0.16* | -0.36*** | -0.23** |
SDS (Social Life) | -0.17* | -0.26** | -0.15* | -0.14 | -0.24** | -0.44*** | -0.32*** |
SDS (Family life/Home responsibilities) | -0.07 | -0.17* | -0.13 | -0.10 | -0.21** | -0.40*** | -0.24** |
SDS (Days Lost) | -0.13 | -0.25** | -0.19* | -0.04 | -0.26** | -0.34*** | -0.20** |
SDS (Days Unproductive) | -0.13 | -0.28 | -0.20** | -0.10 | -0.27** | -0.41*** | -0.27** |