Background
Methods
Study area
Data collection
Voucher Specimens and Sample Collection
Results
Respondents | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | ||
64 (58%) | 46 (42%) | 110 | |
Age Characteristics of Respondents
| |||
13-24 years
|
25-37 years
|
38-49 years
|
50 years and above
|
17 (15%) | 32 (29%) | 27 (25%) | 34 (31%) |
Family | Taxon | Habitat | Habit | Plant part used | Disease | Number of diseases treated | Freq of mention of plant | Methods of Preparation | Administration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amaranthaceae | Pupalia lappacea Juss. AA-49-07 | Wooded grassland | SH | R | Syphilis | 1 | 2 | Crushed, boiled* | Extract drunk |
Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica L. AA-53-07 | Homestead | T | B | Diarrhoea | 2 | 8 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk twice a day |
R | Cough | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Apocynaceae | Carissa edulis (Forssk) Vahl. AA-59-07 | Grassland | SH | R | Epilepsy | 2 | 3 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drink |
S | Abdominal pain | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Asclepiadaceae | Mondia whiteii Skeels AA-57-07 | Forest | C | R | Flu, cold | 4 | 8 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk |
R | Abdominal pain | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk twice a day | ||||||
R | Headache, cough | Picked, cleaned | Chewed | ||||||
Asparagaceae | Asparagus africanus Hochst. ex.A. Rich AA-48-07 | Open grassland | SH | R | Swollen body | 1 | 4 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk one glass twice a day , rub on skin cuts |
Asteraceae | Acmela canlirhiza Delile AA-64-07 | Garden edge, road side | H | R, L | Cough | 2 | 2 | Dried, powdered | Extract drunk three teaspoon twice a day |
R | Retained placenta | Crushed, mixed in warm water* | Extract drunk | ||||||
Biden pilosa L. AA-47-07 | Garden | H | L | Wounds | 1 | 3 | Dried, powdered | Applied on wound | |
Echinops amplexicaulis Oliv. AA-07-07 | Open grassland | SH | R | Hydrocelle | 7 | 7 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk three times a day | |
R | Hernia scrotal | Crushed, mixed in cold water* | Extract drunk | ||||||
R | Stomachache | Crushed , boiled | Extract drunk 200 ml once a day | ||||||
R | TB | Crushed, boiled | Extract drunk quarter glass for adults twice a day, two spoonful twice a day for children | ||||||
R | snake bite, whooping cough, syphilis | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk one glass twice a day | ||||||
Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker AA-35-07 | Open grassland | SH | L | Wounds | 3 | 12 | Crushed | Juice onto fresh wound | |
L | Sore throat | Picked, cleaned | Chewed, juice swallowed three times a day | ||||||
L | Ring worm | Crushed | Extract rubbed on affected part once a day | ||||||
Aspilia africana C.D Adams AA-37-07 | Open grassland Abandoned gardens, road side | SH | R | Sore throat | 8 | 3 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | |
R | Diarrhoea, dysentery | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk quarter a glass three times a day | ||||||
R | Body cleanser | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
R | Antidote | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
R | Wounds | Crushed | Juice squeezed onto wound | ||||||
R | Induce appetite | Picked, cleaned | Chewed, juice swallowed | ||||||
R | snake bite | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Microglossa pyrifolia (Cam) O. Ktze AA-36-07 | Wooded grassland | SH | R | Anti venom | 2 | 2 | Crushed | Rubbed on skin cuts | |
L | Epilepsy | Crushed, added in bath water | Used for bathing, burnt in patient room | ||||||
Vernonia amygdalina Del. AA-46-07 | Open grassland | SH | R | Cough | 9 | 10 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | |
R | Abdominal pain | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk twice a day | ||||||
L | Wound | Crushed | Extract applied on wound | ||||||
L | Malaria | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
R | Swollen stomach | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
R | Hernia | Dried, powdered | Extract drunk 10 ml twice a day, extract rubbed on skin cuts | ||||||
R | Headache | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 2 spoonful thrice a day | ||||||
R | STI | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 500 ml thrice a day | ||||||
R | Diarrhoea | Crushed, mixed in warm water | Extract drunk 500 ml once a day | ||||||
Vernonia sp. AA-02-07 | Open grassland, garden | H | R, L | Backbone disease | 1 | 3 | Crushed, boiled , Heated over fire | Extract drunk , heated leaves massage body twice a day | |
Bignoniaceae | Markhamia platycalyx Sprague AA-54-07 | Wooded grassland | T | R | Ease child bearing, Induces labour | 1 | 1 | Crushed, mixed in warm water | Extract drunk one glass once a day |
Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. AA-55-07 | Wooded grassland | T | R | Wounds | 1 | 1 | Dried, powdered | Applied on wound | |
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth AA-60-07 | Wooded grassland | T | L | Eye disease | 3 | 2 | Crushed | Squeezed in eye | |
B | Poison antidote | Crushed, boiled | Extract drunk once a day | ||||||
S | Impotence | Dried, powdered | Extract drunk, eaten. | ||||||
Caesalpiniaceae | Cassia siamea Lam. AA-56-07 | Semi cultivated | T | R | Sore throat | 2 | 4 | Crushed and mixed in cold water | Extract drunk |
L | Abdominal pain | Picked, cleaned | Chewed, liquid swallowed | ||||||
Capparaceae | Cleome gynandra L.AA-61-07 | Homestead, garden | H | L | Headache | 3 | 5 | Crushed | Rubbed on forehead |
L | Ring worm | Crushed | Rubbed on affected area | ||||||
R | Eye disease | Crushed | Dropped in eye | ||||||
Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. AA-43-07 | Homestead | T | R | body pain by witch craft | 1 | 3 | Crushed | Rubbed on body twice a day |
Celastraceae | Maytenus senegalensis (Lam) Exell AA-45-07 | Forest | T | R | Epilepsy | 2 | 1 | Crushed, mixed in cold water* | Extract drunk 50 ml three times a day |
R | Miscarriage | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 300 ml two times a day | ||||||
Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium ambrosioides L. AA-50-07 | Around home stead | H | L | Headache | 2 | 4 | Crushed, mixed in hot water | Steam inhaled, heated leaves placed on face |
L | Epilepsy | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 25 ml twice a day, applied on skin cuts | ||||||
Combretaceae | Combretum molle R.Br.G. Don AA-44-07 | Swampy area, forest edge | T | R | Cough | 1 | 1 | Dried, powdered added into one glass of water | Drunk twice a day |
Combretum collinum Fresen AA-42-07 | Open grassland | T | L | Cough | 4 | 12 | Crushed, mixed in cold water* | Extract drunk twice a day | |
R, B | Wounds | Crushed | Juice squeezed on wound | ||||||
R, B | Diarrhoea, | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 4 teaspoon twice a day | ||||||
R, B | Abdominal pain | Crushed, mixed in cold water | |||||||
Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbita maxima Wall. AA-38-07 | Gardens, antihill | C | R | Abdominal pain | 1 | 1 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk |
Momordica foetida Schum. AA-52-07 | Antihill | C | R | STI | 3 | 2 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk one glass once a day | |
R | Cough, abdominal pain | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk one glass twice a day | ||||||
Kedrostis foetidissima Cogn. AA-41-07 | Open grassland | C | R | Measles | 1 | 1 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk once a day | |
Dioscoreaceae | Dioscorea sp AA-62-07 | Garden | H | L | Loss of appetite | 1 | 1 | Crushed, boiled | Eaten |
Eurphorbiaceae | Euphorbia hirta L. AA-71-07 | Garden, along roadside | H | R | Cough | 2 | 6 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk three times a day |
St | Fresh wound | Sap collected | Applied on wound two times a day | ||||||
Fluggae virosa (Willd.) Voigt AA-40-07 | Wooded grassland | SH | R | Miscarriage | 1 | 2 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 250 ml twice a day | |
Fabaceae | Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. AA-44-07 | Open grassland | T | L | STI | 2 | 6 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 750 ml thrice a day |
St | Diarrhoea | Crushed, mixed in warm water | Drink one teaspoon a day | ||||||
Cassia nigricans Vahl. AA-31-07 | Open grassland | SH | St | Wound | 3 | 2 | Crushed | Apply on skin cuts | |
L | Worms | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
L | Stomachache | Crushed | Smear on stomach | ||||||
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. AA-29-07 | Grassland | T | R | Toothache | 1 | 2 | Crushed, boiled | Massage tooth | |
Labiatae | Hoslundia opposita Vahl. AA-09-07 | Open grass land | H | R | Epilepsy | 2 | 6 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk two times a day, applied as nasal drop. |
R | Whole body swelling | Crushed, boiled | Extract drunk | ||||||
Lamiaceae | Clerodendrum myricoides R.Br. & Vatke AA-30-07 | Open grassland | S | R | Body pains | 2 | 4 | Crushed | Rub on skin cuts |
R | Cataracts | Crushed | Extract dropped in eye twice a day | ||||||
Ocimum basilicum L. AA-32-07 | Compound edge | H | L | Eye cataract | 3 | 3 | Crushed | Extract squeezed, dropped in eye twice a day | |
L | Fever | Crushed, mixed in warm water | Massage body, add in bathing water | ||||||
L | Malaria | Crushed, mixed in warm water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Vitex doniana Sweet AA-25-07 | Wooded grassland | T | R | Eye disease | 1 | 1 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract dropped in eye | |
Leguminosae | Rhynchosia densiflora Wall. AA-27-07 | Wooded grassland | SH | R | Dysentery | 1 | 8 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk two teaspoon twice a day |
Indigofera arrecta Hochst.ex. A. Rich AA-26-07 | Open garden | SH | L | Body swelling | 4 | 5 | Crushed | Rubbed on skin | |
R | Round worms | Crushed, mixed in warm water | Extract drunk 200 ml once a day | ||||||
R | Headache | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
R | Sore throat | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk twice a day | ||||||
Acacia hockii De Wild AA-24-07 | Open grassland | T | R | Malaria + cough | 1 | 1 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk two times a day | |
Acacia sieberiana Tausch AA-23-07 | Wooded grassland | T | R | Epilepsy | 2 | 1 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | |
R | Dysentery | Crushed, mixed in cold water* | Extract drunk half a Aglass two times a day | ||||||
Loganiaceae | Strychnos innocua Delile. AA-12-07 | Swamps | T | R | Witchcraft | 1 | 1 | Crushed, mixed in cold water | Extract sprinkled on patient |
Meliaceae | Trichilia capensis Pers. AA-22-07 | Grassland, | SH | R | Stomachache | 8 | 6 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 50 ml once a day |
R | Stops miscarriage | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk half glass twice a day | ||||||
R | West pain | Dried , powdered | Powder added in water making 10 ml , drunk two times a day | ||||||
R | Urine pain | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk two times a day | ||||||
R | Back ache after birth | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
R | Worms | Crushed, mixed in water | Extract drunk | ||||||
R | Diarrhoea, cough | Crushed , boiled | Extract drunk 200 ml once a day | ||||||
Trichilia emetica Vahl. AA-21-07 | Open grassland | H | R | Snake bite | 3 | 11 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk, crushed leaves rubbed on skin cuts | |
R | Stomachache | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk once a day | ||||||
R | prevent poison | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Menispermaceae | Cissampelos mucronata A.Rich. AA-33-07 | Garden edges | H | R | Abdominal pain | 1 | 1 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk three times a day |
Mimosaceae | Albizia coriaria Welw. AA-58-07 | Wooded grassland | T | B | Diarrhoea | 1 | 1 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk |
Moraceae | Ficus vallis Chaude AA-20-07 | Wooded grassland | T | R | Dysentery, diarrhea | 3 | 7 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk half glass once a day |
B | Ring worm | Sap collected | Smeared on affected area twice a day | ||||||
Musaceae | Musa spp AA-69-07 | Garden | T | F | Diarrhoea | 3 | 1 | Sap collected | Sap drunk thrice a day |
Fl | Wound | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract applied on wound | ||||||
B | Ring worm | Crushed | Smear on affected area once a day | ||||||
Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. AA-68-07 | Home stead | T | L | Cough | 1 | 5 | Crushed , boiled | Extract drunk four teaspoon twice a day |
Papilionaceae |
Crotalaria ochroleuca
G.Don AA-04-07 | Garden | SH | L | Stomachache | 1 | 1 | Crushed , boiled | Eaten |
Cajanus cajan (L.) Druce AA-17-07 | Garden | SH | L | Malaria | 1 | 1 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 100 ml once a day | |
Poaceae | Imperata cylindra P.Beauv. AA-67-07 | Open grassland | G | R | Abdominal pain | 1 | 1 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk |
Pennisetum trachyphyllum Pilg. AA-66-07 | Garden, dry land | G | R | Abdominal pain | 1 | 1 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | |
Sporobulus africanus (Poir.) Roebyns AA-65-07 | Open grassland | G | R | Retained placenta | 1 | 2 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk500 ml once a day | |
Polygolaceae | Securidaca longipedunculata Fres. AA-19-07 | Open grassland | T | R | Body pains, | 4 | 19 | Crushed | Rubbed on skin cuts once a day |
R | Headache | Crushed | Rubbed on skin cuts once a day | ||||||
R | Skin disease | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Rubbed on affected area three times a day | ||||||
R | Body ache due to witchcraft | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Rubbed on skin cuts once a day | ||||||
Ranunculaceae | Clematis hirusta Guill. & Perr. AA-05-07 | Anthill on Open grassland | H | R | Swelling | 4 | 14 | Crushed | Massage affected area |
R | STI | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk two glass thrice a day | ||||||
R | Cough | Crushed , boiled | Extract drunk twice a day | ||||||
Fl | Flu | Crushed | Inhaled | ||||||
Rubiaceae | Sarcocephalus latifolius (SM.) E.A. Bruce AA-51-07 | Grassland | SH | R | Piles | 8 | 12 | Burnt together with millet husk | Direct smoke to anus |
R | Scrotal hernia | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 20 ml once a day for a month | ||||||
R | Cough, stomachache | Crushed , boiled | Extract drunk 200 ml once a day | ||||||
R | STDs, worms | Crushed , boiled | Extract drunk one glass twice a day | ||||||
R | Diarrhoea | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk half glass thrice a day | ||||||
R | Dysentery | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 200 ml thrice a day | ||||||
Vangueria apiculata K. Schum AA-16-07 | Forest edge | S | Swollen feet , body | 1 | 1 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk half glass three times a day | ||
Sapotaceae | Vitallaria paradoxum (C.F. Gaertn) Hepper AA-14-07 | Wooded grassland | T | B | Diarrhoea | 1 | 3 | Dried , powder mixed in water | Drunk 20 ml two times a day |
Simaroubaceae | Harrisonia occidentalist (Eng) L.AA-15-07 | Ant hills | SH | R | Worms | 2 | 2 | Crushed , mixed in warm water | Extract drunk 500 ml a day |
L | Sores on head of children | Crushed | Rubbed on affected area twice a day | ||||||
Solanaceae | Capsicum frutescens Rodsch. AA-13-07 | Under big trees | SH | S | Backache | 1 | 1 | Crushed | Crushed bark rubbed on skin cuts |
Solanum sp AA-10-07 | Ant hills , open grassland | SH | R | STI | 5 | 2 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | |
R | Ear disease | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract dropped in ear thrice a day | ||||||
R | Epilepsy | Crushed , mixed in cold water | |||||||
R | Diarrhoea | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk two teaspoon twice a day | ||||||
R | Headache | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq AA-28-07 | Homestead | SH | R | Witchcraft | 5 | 5 | Crushed | Rub on skin cuts | |
R | Hydrocelle | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
R/F | snake bite | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
F | Bone , muscle inflammation | Crushed , mixed in cold water* | Extract drunk | ||||||
Tiliaceae | Grewia mollis Juss. AA-70-07 | Open grassland | T | R | Swollen body part | 1 | 1 | Scraped | Plastered on swelling |
Tricholomataceae | Termitomyces microcarpus AA-71-07 | Forest | R | Boils | 1 | 1 | Crushed | Smeared on affected area | |
Umbellifereae | Steganofaenia oraliacea AA-63-07 | Open grassland | SH | R | Measles | 2 | 2 | Crushed | Rubbed all over skin |
R | Swollen body | Dried , powdered | Added in one glass of water, drunk twice a day | ||||||
Urticaceae | Urtica massaica Mildbr. AA-08-07 | Forest, swamp | SH | L | Headache | 4 | 4 | Crushed | Rubbed on forehead |
R | Menstrual pain | Crushed | Extract drunk four teaspoon twice a day | ||||||
R | Boils | Crushed | Extract smeared on affected area once | ||||||
R | Cough | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Verbenaceae | Lanatana camara L. AA-03-07 | Garden edge, roadside | SH | L | Ringworms | 4 | 5 | Dried , powdered | Smeared on affected area |
L | Cataracts | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract dropped in eye | ||||||
R | snake bite | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk 250 ml | ||||||
R | Epilepsy | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir AA-06-07 | Gardens | SH | R | Cough | 3 | 28 | Crushed , boiled | Extract drunk third a glass | |
L | Poison | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
L | Abdominal pain | picked , cleaned | Chewed | ||||||
Vitaceae | Cyphostemma adenocaule Descoings. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm. AA-01-07 | Open grassland | C | R | Wounds | 4 | 3 | Sap collected | Rubbed on skin cuts |
R | Abortion | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk three teaspoon three times a day | ||||||
R | Boils | Crushed | Extract smeared on affected area once | ||||||
R | Cough | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Extract drunk | ||||||
Zingiberaceae | Zingiber officinale Roscoe AA-34-07 | Homestead | H | R | Meningitis | 2 | 4 | Crushed | Rubbed on skin cuts once |
R | Cough | Crushed, warm water added | Drunk | ||||||
Aframomum angustifolium K. Schum AA-39-07 | Open wooded grassland | S | Cholera | 2 | 11 | Crushed , mixed in cold water | Drunk | ||
S | Diarrhoea | Crushed , mixed in warm water | Drunk 50 ml two times a day for four days |
Source of information | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Parents | 42 | 40 |
Peers | 5 | 4.8 |
Grandparents | 37 | 35.6 |
Traditional healers | 13 | 13 |
In laws | 3 | 2.9 |
Dreams | 4 | 3.8 |
Total
|
104
|
100.1
|
Reason for use | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Medical facilities far | 35 | 23 |
Poverty | 35 | 23 |
Conventional medicine don't work | 7 | 5 |
Medicinal plant species effective | 51 | 34 |
Hospitals lack medicines | 7 | 5 |
Advice from medical workers | 4 | 3 |
Easy to access | 12 | 8 |
Discussion
Conservation issues
Conclusions
Recommendations
-
There is need for ex-situ conservation of the useful medicinal plant species
-
There is need for community awareness and education concerning the values of medicinal plant species of the area especially among the young people.
-
Further studies should be done on the medicinal plant species to determine their pharmacological potentials.
-
Government should develop policy to integrate use of medicinal plant species in health care at national level