Introduction
Materials and methods
Protocol
Eligibility criteria
Types of studies
Types of participants
Types of intervention
Types of outcomes measures
Data sources and searches
Study selection
Data collection process
Author, year | Adequate randomisation | Adequate allocation concealment | Blinding of assessor | Intention-to-treat analysis | Inclusion of patients with mental disorders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alentorn, 2008 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + |
Altan, 2004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
Assis, 2006 | + | + | - | + | - |
Bircan, 2006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + |
Buckelew, 2008 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + |
Da Costa, 2005 | + | + | + | + | + |
Ecvik, 2008 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + |
Etnier, 2009 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + |
Fontaine, 2007 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + |
Gowans, 2001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + |
Gusi, 2006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
Jentoft, 2001 | 0 | 0 | - | + | + |
Jones, 2008 | + | + | + | + | - |
King, 2002 | + | 0 | + | + | + |
Martin, 1996 | 0 | 0 | + | + | + |
McCain, 1988 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + |
Mengshoel, 1992 | + | 0 | 0 | + | + |
Meyer, 2000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + |
Munguia, 2008 | + | + | + | + | - |
Nichols, 1994 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + |
Noregaard, 1997 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | + |
Ramsay, 2000 | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 |
Redondo, 2004 | + | 0 | 0 | + | - |
Richards, 2002 | + | + | + | + | + |
Rooks, 2007 | + | + | + | + | 0 |
Schachter, 2003 | + | + | + | + | + |
Sencan, 2004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
Stephens, 2008 | + | + | + | + | + |
Tomas-Carus, 2008 | 0 | + | + | + | 0 |
Valim, 2003 | 0 | 0 | + | + | + |
Valkeinen, 2008 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 |
Van Santen, 2001 | 0 | - | - | - | 0 |
Van Santen, 2002 | 0 | 0 | + | + | - |
Vitorino, 2006 | + | + | - | + | - |
Wigers, 1996 | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 |
Outcome title | Number of study arms | Number of patients on aerobic exercise | Effect sizea | Test for overall effect Pvalue | Heterogeneity, I2; τ2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Post treatment | |||||
01 Pain | 29 | 567 | -0.31 (-0.46, -0.17) | <0.001 | 26; 0.03 |
02 Fatigue | 16 | 364 | -0.22 (-0.38, -0.05) | 0.009 | 9; 0.01 |
03 Sleep | 9 | 184 | 0.01 (-0.19, 0.21) | 0.92 | 0; 0 |
04 Depressed mood | 19 | 456 | -0.32 (-0.53, -0.12) | 0.002 | 51; 0.10 |
05 HRQOL | 25 | 526 | -0.40 (-0.60, -0.20) | <0.001 | 63/0.15 |
06 Physical fitness | 20 | 339 | 0.65 (0.38, 0.93) | <0.001 | 71/0.20 |
Latest follow-up | |||||
01 Pain | 9 | 187 | -0.13 (-0.80, 0.54) | 0.08 | 0/0 |
02 Fatigue | 4 | 93 | -0.23 (-0.62, 0.17) | 0.26 | 42/0.07 |
03 Sleep | 4 | 84 | 0.17 (-0.14, 0.47) | 0.28 | 0/0 |
04 Depressed mood | 8 | 151 | -0.44 (-0.88, 0.01) | 0.05 | 71/0.22 |
05 HRQOL | 8 | 221 | -0.27 (-0.48, -0.05) | 0.02 | 14/0.01 |
06 Physical fitness | 5 | 99 | 0.65 (0.35, 0.96) | <0.001 | 0/0 |
Data items
Outcome title post treatment | Number of studies | Number of patients | Effect sizea | Test for overall effect, Pvalue | Heterogeneity, I2; τ2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate intensity versus low intensity | |||||
01 Pain | 2 | 68 | -0.08 (-1.41, 1.26) | 0.91 | 78; 0.96 |
02 Depressed mood | 2 | 68 | -0.16 (-0.67, 0.13) | 0.53 | 0; 0. |
03 Physical fitness | 2 | 68 | 0.25 (-0.26, 0.75) | 0.34 | 0; 0 |
Land-based versus water based exercise | |||||
01 Pain | 9 | 187 | -0.13 (-0.80, 0.54) | 0.08 | 0/0 |
02 Depressed mood | 8 | 151 | -0.44 (-0.88, 0.01) | 0.05 | 71/0.22 |
Risk of bias in individual studies
Summary measures
Planned methods of analysis
Risk of bias across studies
Additional analyses
Subgroup analysis
Sensitivity analyses
Results
Study selection
Study characteristics
Setting, referral and exclusion criteria (representativeness of study samples)
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Risk of bias within studies
Results of individual studies
Synthesis of results
Aerobic exercise patients versus controls
Outcome title | Number of study arms | Number of patients on AE | Effect sizea | Test for overall effect, Pvalue | Heterogeneity, I2; τ2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of exercise | |||||
Land-based | 22 | 463 | -0.29 (-0.46,-0.13) | 0.0005 | 27; 0.03 |
Water-based | 3 | 61 | -0.67 (-1.04,-0.29) | 0.0005 | 0; 0 |
Mixed | 4 | 43 | -0.03 (-0.45,0.39) | 0.89 | 0; 0 |
Type of exercise | |||||
AE only | 12 | 273 | -0.35 (-0.61,-0.09) | 0.0008 | 48; 0.09 |
AE combined with other exercise | 17 | 294 | -0.28 (-0.45,-0.15) | 0.001 | 0; 0 |
Duration of study | |||||
<7 weeks | 2 | 32 | -1.16 (-1.86,-0.48) | 0.001 | 36; 0.09 |
7 to 12 weeks | 13 | 194 | -0.24 (-0.50,-0.02) | 0.03 | 16; 0.02 |
>12 weeks | 12 | 338 | -0.24 (-0.40,-0.08) | 0.004 | 0; 0 |
Frequency of training/week | |||||
1 time/week | 2 | 37 | -0.07 (-0.54,03.9) | 0.48 | Not applicable |
2 times/week | 5 | 127 | -0.69 (-0.95,-0.27) | 0.0004 | 35; 0.06 |
3 times/week | 16 | 241 | -0.35 (-0.62,-0.09) | 0.009 | 48; 0.10 |
>3 times/week | 4 | 142 | -0.13 (-0.38, 0.13) | 0.33 | 2; 0 |
Total duration aerobic exerciseb | |||||
<1,000 minutes | 10 | 175 | -0.47 (-0.86,-0.08) | 0.02 | 62; 0.19 |
1,000 to 2,000 minutes | 9 | 175 | -0.36 (-0.59,-0.13) | 0.002 | 0; 0 |
>2,000 minutes | 8 | 217 | -0.15 (-0.34, 0.05) | 0.15 | 0; 0 |
Intensity of AEc | |||||
<50% maxHR | 1 | 37 | -0.09 (-0.54, 0.36) | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Left up to patient | 2 | 79 | -0.42 (-0.77, -0.07) | 0.02 | 0; 0 |
> 50% maxHR | 21 | 367 | -0.26 (-0.42,-0.11) | 0.0007 | 0; 0 |
Type of control group | |||||
Attention placebo | 7 | 229 | -0.27 (-0.62, 0.07) | 0.12 | 67; 0.12 |
Therapy as usual | 10 | 147 | -0.47 (-0.71,-0.24) | <0.0001 | 0; 0 |
Active therapy | 10 | 191 | -0.27 (-0.49,-0.06) | 0.01 | 0; 0 |
Land-based versus water-based aerobic exercise
Moderate-intensity versus low-intensity aerobic exercise
Effects of continuing exercise
Risk of bias across studies
Outcome title | Number of study arms | Number of patients on aerobic exercise | Effect sizea | Test for overall effect, Pvalue | Heterogeneity, I2; τ2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate sequence generation | |||||
Adequate | 11 | 251 | -0.20 (-0.38, -0.01) | 0.04 | 0; 0 |
Unclear or nonadequate | 18 | 348 | -0.39 (-0.61, -0.18) | 0.0004 | 39; 0.07 |
Allocation concealment | |||||
Adequate | 8 | 223 | -0.24 (-0.47, -0.01) | 0.04 | 24; 0.02 |
Unclear or nonadequate | 19 | 344 | -0.35 (-0.54, -0.16) | 0.0002 | 28; 0.04 |
Blinding of assessor | |||||
Yes | 12 | 306 | -0.20 (-0.36,-0.03) | 0.02 | 0; 0 |
No or unclear | 15 | 261 | -0.41 (-0.66,-0.16) | 0.001 | 38;0.08 |
ITT analysis | |||||
Yes | 13 | 315 | -0.22 (-0.39, -0.06) | 0.009 | 0; 0 |
No | 14 | 252 | -0.39 (-0.62, -0.16) | 0.001 | 36; 0 |
Adequacy of outcomes for meta-analysis | |||||
Yes (means) | 24 | 517 | -0.35 (-0.51,-0.19) | <0.0001 | 28;0.04 |
No (medians) | 3 | 43 | -0.05 {-0.43,-0.32) | 0.78 | 0; 0 |
Sample size | |||||
<25 | 3 | 30 | -0.33 (-1.00,0.33) | 0.33 | 34; 0.12 |
25 to 50 | 15 | 188 | -0.41 (-0.70,-0.13) | 0.005 | 46;0.11 |
>50 | 9 | 349 | -0.23 (-0.39,-0.08) | 0.004 | 0; 0 |
Patients with mental disorders included | |||||
Yes | 16 | 312 | -0.43 (-0.78, -0.08) | 0.02 | 73; 0.28 |
No or unclear | 14 | 315 | -0.40 (-0.61, -0.19) | 0.0002 | 38; 0.05 |