Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Sleep measurements
Frailty measurements
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
characteristics | All (n = 1726) | Robust (n = 656) | Pre-frail (n = 911) | Frail (n = 159) | P_value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age groups (years) | < 0.001 | ||||
70–74 | 427 (24.7) | 204 (31.1) | 204 (22.4) | 19 (11.9) | |
75–79 | 773 (44.8) | 314 (47.9) | 402 (44.1) | 57 (35.8) | |
80–84 | 415 (24) | 120 (18.3) | 235 (25.8) | 60 (37.7) | |
85+ | 111 (6.4) | 18 (2.7) | 70 (7.7) | 23 (14.5) | |
Gender | < 0.001 | ||||
Male | 816 (47.3) | 385 (58.7) | 382 (42) | 49 (30.8) | |
Female | 909 (52.7) | 271 (41.3) | 528 (58) | 110 (69.2) | |
Occupation | 0.032 | ||||
Farmer | 1502 (88.6) | 566 (87.6) | 790 (88.6) | 146 (93) | |
Other | 193 (11.4) | 80 (12.4) | 102 (11.4) | 11 (7) | |
Education | < 0.001 | ||||
Illiterate | 885 (51.6) | 260 (39.9) | 515 (57) | 110 (69.2) | |
Literate | 829 (48.4) | 391 (60.1) | 389 (43) | 49 (30.8) | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | ||||
Current marital | 1126 (66) | 459 (70.8) | 585 (65) | 82 (52.2) | |
Other | 579 (34) | 189 (29.2) | 315 (35) | 75 (47.8) | |
Smoking | < 0.001 | ||||
None | 1251 (73.7) | 427 (65.8) | 696 (77.9) | 128 (82.1) | |
Smoker | 301 (17.7) | 159 (24.5) | 123 (13.8) | 19 (12.2) | |
Ever | 146 (8.6) | 63 (9.7) | 74 (8.3) | 9 (5.8) | |
Drinking | < 0.001 | ||||
None | 1098 (65.1) | 364 (56.7) | 617 (69.1) | 117 (76.5) | |
Drinker | 443 (26.2) | 218 (34) | 199 (22.3) | 26 (17) | |
Ever | 147 (8.7) | 60 (9.4) | 77 (8.6) | 10 (6.5) | |
BMI category | 0.163 | ||||
< 24 | 931 (54.9) | 334 (51.9) | 509 (56.8) | 88 (56.1) | |
24–27.9 | 574 (33.8) | 240 (37.3) | 291 (32.5) | 43 (27.4) | |
≥ 28 | 192 (11.3) | 70 (10.9) | 96 (10.7) | 26 (16.6) | |
Perceived overall health status | 0.448 | ||||
Good | 1432 (83.6) | 600 (92) | 738 (81.6) | 94 (59.5) | |
Poor | 282 (16.5) | 52 (8) | 166 (18.4) | 64 (40.5) | |
Hypertension | 0.171 | ||||
No | 436 (25.5) | 176 (27.2) | 221 (24.4) | 39 (24.5) | |
Yes | 1277 (74.6) | 472 (72.8) | 685 (75.6) | 120 (75.5) | |
Diabetes | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1401 (82.3) | 545 (84.4) | 734 (81.3) | 122 (79.2) | |
Yes | 302 (17.7) | 101 (15.6) | 169 (18.7) | 32 (20.8) | |
MCI | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 889 (51.7) | 438 (67) | 408 (44.8) | 43 (27.4) | |
Yes | 832 (48.3) | 216 (33) | 502 (55.2) | 114 (72.6) |
Associations of sleep quality with frailty
Sleep variables | Robust(656) | Pre-frail(911) | Frail(157) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poor subjective sleep quality | < 0.001 | |||
Total score ≤ 5 | 430 (65.5) | 473 (52) | 69 (43.9) | |
Total score > 5 | 226 (34.5) | 436 (48) | 88 (56.1) | |
Sleep quality component | < 0.001 | |||
0 | 155 (23.7) | 212 (23.5) | 25 (15.9) | |
1 | 427 (65.4) | 524 (58) | 95 (60.5) | |
2 | 64 (9.8) | 156 (17.3) | 33 (21) | |
3 | 7 (1.1) | 12 (1.3) | 4 (2.5) | |
Sleep latency component | < 0.001 | |||
0 | 231 (36.9) | 234 (27.4) | 40 (27.6) | |
1 | 276 (44.1) | 396 (46.4) | 50 (34.5) | |
2 | 81 (12.9) | 137 (16) | 30 (20.7) | |
3 | 38 (6.1) | 87 (10.2) | 25 (17.2) | |
Sleep duration component | 0.021 | |||
0 | 342 (53.3) | 482 (54.2) | 90 (59.6) | |
1 | 244 (38) | 329 (37) | 37 (24.5) | |
2 | 31 (4.8) | 46 (5.2) | 13 (8.6) | |
3 | 25 (3.9) | 33 (3.7) | 11 (7.3) | |
Sleep efficiency component | 0.002 | |||
0 | 322 (50.5) | 409 (47.3) | 65 (43.6) | |
1 | 129 (20.2) | 149 (17.2) | 23 (15.4) | |
2 | 76 (11.9) | 123 (14.2) | 13 (8.7) | |
3 | 111 (17.4) | 184 (21.3) | 48 (32.2) | |
Sleep disturbances component | < 0.001 | |||
0 | 31 (4.7) | 24 (2.6) | 2 (1.3) | |
1 | 531 (80.9) | 640 (70.3) | 102 (65) | |
2 | 93 (14.2) | 242 (26.6) | 51 (32.5) | |
3 | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.4) | 2 (1.3) | |
Sleep medication use component | 0.147 | |||
0 | 643 (98.8) | 888 (98.4) | 149 (96.8) | |
1 | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (1.3) | |
2 | 4 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | 2 (1.3) | |
3 | 2 (0.3) | 8 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | |
Daytime dysfunction component | < 0.001 | |||
0 | 465 (71.6) | 469 (51.8) | 54 (34.4) | |
1 | 120 (18.5) | 176 (19.4) | 40 (25.5) | |
2 | 59 (9.1) | 203 (22.4) | 37 (23.6) | |
3 | 5 (0.8) | 57 (6.3) | 26 (16.6) | – |
Sleep quality | Crude model | Model1 | Model2 | Model3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-frail | ||||
Poor subjective sleep quality | 1.75 (1.43–2.16)*** | 1.61 (1.3–1.99)*** | 1.63 (1.3–2.04)*** | 1.51 (1.20–1.90)*** |
PSQI> 5 vs. ≤ 5 | ||||
PSQI global score | 1.11 (1.08–1.15)*** | 1.1 (1.06–1.14)*** | 1.1 (1.06–1.14)*** | 1.08 (1.04–1.13)*** |
Per SD PSQI score | 1.41 (1.26–1.57)*** | 1.35 (1.21–1.52)*** | 1.35 (1.2–1.52)*** | 1.29 (1.14–1.46)*** |
Sleep quality component | 1.22 (1.04–1.42)* | 1.15 (0.98–1.36) | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) |
Sleep latency component | 1.3 (1.16–1.46)*** | 1.24 (1.1–1.4)*** | 1.24 (1.1–1.41)** | 1.23 (1.08–1.4)** |
Sleep duration component | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.93 (0.8–1.07) | 0.9 (0.78–1.05) |
Sleep efficiency component | 1.1 (1.01–1.2)* | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) |
Sleep disturbance component | 2.01 (1.6–2.51)*** | 1.97 (1.57–2.48)*** | 2.04 (1.6–2.59)*** | 1.88 (1.46–2.4)*** |
Sleep medication use component | 1.21 (0.82–1.77) | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 1.01 (0.65–1.56) |
Daytime dysfunction component | 1.85 (1.62–2.1)*** | 1.9 (1.66–2.17)*** | 1.9 (1.65–2.19)*** | 1.9 (1.64–2.2)*** |
Frail | ||||
Poor subjective sleep quality | 2.43 (1.7–3.46)*** | 2.15 (1.49–3.09)*** | 2.19 (1.49–3.21)*** | 1.78 (1.19–2.66)** |
PSQI> 5 vs. ≤ 5 | ||||
PSQI global score | 1.22 (1.16–1.29)*** | 1.2 (1.14–1.27)*** | 1.2 (1.13–1.27)*** | 1.16 (1.09–1.23)*** |
Per SD PSQI score | 1.87 (1.58–2.21)*** | 1.77 (1.49–2.11)*** | 1.75 (1.46–2.1)*** | 1.6 (1.32–1.94)*** |
Sleep quality component | 1.66 (1.28–2.16)*** | 1.54 (1.17–2.01)** | 1.51 (1.14–2)** | 1.24 (0.92–1.68) |
Sleep latency component | 1.6 (1.32–1.93)*** | 1.5 (1.23–1.83)*** | 1.45 (1.18–1.79)*** | 1.39 (1.12–1.72)** |
Sleep duration component | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) | 1.02 (0.8–1.28) | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) |
Sleep efficiency component | 1.25 (1.08–1.45)** | 1.16 (1–1.34) | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) |
Sleep disturbance component | 2.84 (1.99–4.05)*** | 2.84 (1.97–4.1)*** | 2.85 (1.94–4.19)*** | 2.34 (1.55–3.51)*** |
Sleep medication use component | 1.43 (0.85–2.41) | 1.34 (0.78–2.29) | 1.21 (0.68–2.17) | 1.16 (0.62–2.19) |
Daytime dysfunction component | 2.67 (2.22–3.22)*** | 2.85 (2.34–3.46)*** | 2.9 (2.36–3.55)*** | 2.8 (2.25–3.48)*** |
Associations of sleep quality component with frailty
Associations of sleep duration with frailty
Sleep duration (h per 24-h period) | Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-frail | ||||
≤ 5(n = 137) | 0.9 (0.58–1.4) | 1.04 (0.68–1.6) | 1.11 (0.74–1.68) | 1.31 (0.87–1.95) |
5–7 (n = 360) | 1.29 (0.97–1.73) | 1.33 (1–1.77) | 1.3 (1–1.71) | 1.36 (1.04–1.77)* |
7–8 (n = 712) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥ 9 (n = 466) | 1.82 (1.37–2.42)*** | 1.86 (1.41–2.45)*** | 1.84 (1.41–2.4)*** | 1.96 (1.51–2.53)*** |
Frail | ||||
≤ 5(n = 137) | 2.93 (1.63–5.27)*** | 2.04 (1.09–3.81)* | 1.95 (1.01–3.77)* | 1.77 (0.84–3.73) |
5–7 (n = 360) | 0.78 (0.43–1.39) | 0.69 (0.38–1.27) | 0.75 (0.4–1.38) | 0.64 (0.32–1.27) |
7–8 (n = 712) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥ 9 (n = 466) | 2.98 (1.95–4.56)*** | 2.4 (1.53–3.77)*** | 2.43 (1.51–3.91)*** | 2.55 (1.49–4.35)** |