Introduction
Method
Data source
Variable description
The dependent variable
The independent variables
Variable | Description of variable setting | Mean | Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|
Fall | No fall = 0, ordinary fall = 1, medical treatment for fall = 2 | .3374808 | .654105 |
Chronic Disease | The number of chronic diseases | .8448952 | 1.104562 |
Smoking | Yes = 1, quit = 2, no = 3 | 2.311062 | .8677768 |
Drinking | Yes = 1, no = 2 | 1.695585 | .4601982 |
Sleeptime | The amount of time you sleep each day | 6.008928 | 2.065814 |
Activity | Vigorous-intensity activity = 1, Moderate activity =2, Mild activity = 3 | 2.078064 | .8131051 |
Depression | The higher the number, the higher the depression level (range 0–30) | 9.58991 | 6.76546 |
Pain | No = 0, yes = 1 | .7030851 | .4569377 |
ADL | ADL ability = 0, ADL disability = 1 | .2657235 | .4417554 |
Gender | Male = 1, female = 2 | 1.544742 | .4980366 |
Age | 60 ~ 69 = 1, 70 ~ 79 = 2, 80 ~ ~ = 3 | 1.506903 | .656535 |
Education | Junior high school or below =1; Senior high school or above =2 | 1.100051 | .3000937 |
Residence | Urban = 1, rural =2 | 1.721152 | .4484707 |
Economic status | Continuous variable, take the log of economy | 7.540106 | 3.073686 |
Marital status | Married = 1, single = 2 | 1.187489 | .3903371 |
Care | With care =1, without care = 2 | 1.755071 | .4300819 |
Mediating variables and control variables
The research methods
Results
Respondents characteristics distribution
Descriptive statistics of falls in different severity in the elderly
Variable | All | No fall | Ordinary fall | Medical treatment for fall | Chi-square | P Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The independent variable | |||||||
ChronicDiseasea | – | 5867 | 4486 (76.46) | 782 (13.33) | 599 (10.21) | 43.2881 | 0.000 |
Smoking | Yes | 1580 (26.93) | 1258 (28.04) | 202 (25.83) | 120 (20.03) | 33.0903 | 0.000 |
Quit | 882 (15.03) | 698 (15.56) | 116 (14.83) | 68 (11.35) | |||
No | 3405 (58.04) | 2530 (56.40) | 464 (59.34) | 411 (68.61) | |||
Drinking | Yes | 1786 (30.44) | 1363 (30.38) | 257 (32.86) | 166 (27.71) | 4.2815 | 0.118 |
No | 4081 (69.56) | 3123 (69.62) | 525 (67.14) | 433 (72.29) | |||
Sleeptimea | – | 5867 | 4486 (76.46) | 782 (13.33) | 599 (10.21) | 10.8246 | 0.004 |
Activity | Vigorous- intensity | 1728 (29.45) | 1292 (28.80) | 242 (30.95) | 194 (32.39) | 5.6334 | 0.228 |
Moderate | 1953 (33.29) | 1500 (33.44) | 267 (34.14) | 186 (31.05) | |||
Mild | 2186 (37.26) | 1694 (37.76) | 273 (34.91) | 219 (36.56) | |||
Mediating variables | |||||||
ADL | ability | 4308 (73.43) | 3493 (77.86) | 480 (61.38) | 335 (55.93) | 197.4529 | 0.000 |
disability | 1559 (26.57) | 993 (22.14) | 302 (38.62) | 264 (44.07) | |||
Pain | No | 1742 (29.69) | 1479 (32.97) | 160 (20.46) | 103 (17.20) | 99.8146 | 0.000 |
Yes | 4125 (70.31) | 3007 (67.03) | 622 (79.54) | 496 (82.80) | |||
Depressiona | – | 5867 | 4486 (76.46) | 782 (13.33) | 599 (10.21) | 13.8202 | 0.001 |
Control variables | |||||||
Age | 60–70 | 3424 (58.36) | 2663 (59.36) | 426 (54.48) | 335 (55.93) | 11.1386 | 0.025 |
70 ~ 80 | 1912 (32.59) | 1440 (32.10) | 275 (35.17) | 197 (32.89) | |||
80~ | 531 (9.05) | 383 (8.54) | 81 (10.36) | 67 (11.19) | |||
Gender | male | 2671 (45.53) | 2127 (47.41) | 346 (44.25) | 198 (33.06) | 44.5303 | 0.000 |
female | 3196 (54.47) | 2359 (52.59) | 436 (55.75) | 401 (66.94) | |||
Residence | urban | 1636 (27.88) | 1286 (28.67) | 214 (27.37) | 136 (22.70) | 9.4631 | 0.009 |
rural | 4231 (72.12) | 3200 (71.33) | 568 (72.63) | 463 (77.30) | |||
Education | junior high school or below | 5280 (89.99) | 4033 (89.90) | 691 (88.36) | 556 (92.82) | 7.6701 | 0.022 |
senior high school or above | 587 (10.01) | 453 (10.10) | 91 (11.64) | 43 (7.18) | |||
Marital status | married | 4767 (81.25) | 3702 (82.52) | 620 (79.28) | 445 (74.29) | 25.8044 | 0.000 |
single | 1100 (18.75) | 784 (17.48) | 162 (20.72) | 154 (25.71) | |||
Care | with care | 1437 (24.49) | 961 (21.42) | 258 (32.99) | 218 (36.39) | 99.2929 | 0.000 |
without care | 4430 (75.51) | 3525 (78.58) | 524 (67.01) | 381 (63.61) | |||
Economic statusa | – | 5867 | 4486 (76.46) | 782 (13.33) | 599 (10.21) | 4.1414 | 0.042 |
Characteristic distribution of each variable under different degree of fall probability
The association between falls and the number of chronic diseases, health-related behaviors, and health status
The correlation between the number of chronic diseases, health-related behaviors and different degrees of falls in the elderly
All | Care (yes) | Care (no) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m1 | m2 | m3 | m4 | m5 | m6 | |
Variables | Fall | Fall | Fall | Fall | Fall | Fall |
ChronicDisease | 0.167*** (0.0265) | 0.113*** (0.0272) | 0.163*** (0.0461) | 0.129*** (0.0470) | 0.165*** (0.0326) | 0.102*** (0.0336) |
Sleeptime | −0.0725*** (0.0150) | − 0.0324** (0.0154) | − 0.0784*** (0.0245) | − 0.0533** (0.0252) | − 0.0691*** (0.0191) | −0.0203 (0.0196) |
Drinking | −0.224*** (0.0741) | −0.229*** (0.0750) | − 0.126 (0.138) | −0.0914 (0.140) | − 0.278*** (0.0883) | −0.301*** (0.0895) |
Smoking | 0.104** (0.0489) | 0.110** (0.0492) | 0.0311 (0.0852) | 0.0268 (0.0858) | 0.141** (0.0598) | 0.155** (0.0603) |
Activity | −0.104*** (0.0400) | − 0.104** (0.0406) | − 0.0918 (0.0714) | − 0.123* (0.0729) | − 0.107** (0.0485) | −0.0936* (0.0492) |
Age | 0.109** (0.0487) | 0.119** (0.0494) | −0.0241 (0.0850) | 0.0239 (0.0868) | 0.167*** (0.0594) | 0.154** (0.0605) |
Gender | 0.234*** (0.0886) | 0.156* (0.0897) | 0.0935 (0.160) | 0.0752 (0.162) | 0.303*** (0.107) | 0.198* (0.108) |
Residence | 0.187** (0.0790) | 0.0710 (0.0804) | −0.0150 (0.148) | −0.0734 (0.150) | 0.268*** (0.0938) | 0.125 (0.0958) |
Education | 0.115 (0.111) | 0.177 (0.112) | 0.161 (0.240) | 0.205 (0.243) | 0.109 (0.126) | 0.174 (0.128) |
Marital status | 0.280*** (0.0794) | 0.217*** (0.0809) | 0.463*** (0.142) | 0.433*** (0.143) | 0.204** (0.0965) | 0.116 (0.0988) |
Economic status | 0.0103 (0.0109) | 0.0186* (0.0112) | 0.0120 (0.0189) | 0.0200 (0.0191) | 0.00902 (0.0134) | 0.0170 (0.0138) |
Care | −0.590*** (0.0692) | − 0.293*** (0.0742) | ||||
Depression | 0.0284*** (0.00497) | 0.0218** (0.00873) | 0.0320*** (0.00604) | |||
Pain | 0.414*** (0.0800) | 0.165 (0.161) | 0.494*** (0.0927) | |||
ADL | 0.559*** (0.0724) | 0.492*** (0.119) | 0.590*** (0.0914) | |||
/cut1 | 0.927*** (0.351) | 2.153*** (0.369) | 0.974 (0.614) | 1.763*** (0.648) | 2.344*** (0.387) | 2.986*** (0.400) |
/cut2 | 1.955*** (0.353) | 3.204*** (0.371) | 2.018*** (0.617) | 2.825*** (0.651) | 3.366*** (0.389) | 4.035*** (0.403) |
Observations | 5867 | 5867 | 1437 | 1437 | 4430 | 4430 |
The correlation between the number of chronic diseases and health-related behaviors and the health status of the elderly
(1) | (2) | (3) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Depression | Pain | ADL | |
All | ChronicDisease | 0.688*** (0.0742) | 0.329*** (0.0320) | 0.186*** (0.0280) |
Sleeptime | − 0.721*** (0.0398) | −0.130*** (0.0151) | − 0.107*** (0.0154) | |
Drinking | 0.528*** (0.194) | −0.00857 (0.0698) | − 0.0346 (0.0778) | |
Smoking | −0.172 (0.126) | − 0.0433 (0.0455) | 0.0221 (0.0503) | |
Activity | −0.107 (0.104) | −0.208*** (0.0388) | 0.132*** (0.0412) | |
Care (yes) | ChronicDisease | 0.571*** (0.147) | 0.162*** (0.0474) | 0.139*** (0.0399) |
Sleeptime | −0.678*** (0.0755) | − 0.0647*** (0.0235) | − 0.176*** (0.0207) | |
Drinking | 0.273 (0.438) | −0.191 (0.136) | 0.0779 (0.114) | |
Smoking | 0.131 (0.268) | −0.0217 (0.0832) | 0.0253 (0.0693) | |
Activity | 0.282 (0.223) | 0.250*** (0.0694) | 0.0615 (0.0586) | |
Care (no) | ChronicDisease | 0.731*** (0.0860) | 0.316*** (0.0353) | 0.193*** (0.0351) |
Sleeptime | −0.740*** (0.0469) | −0.135*** (0.0173) | −0.139*** (0.0204) | |
Drinking | 0.580*** (0.215) | 0.0253 (0.0762) | 0.00559 (0.0970) | |
Smoking | −0.287** (0.142) | −0.0159 (0.0501) | 0.0431 (0.0641) | |
Activity | −0.223* (0.118) | − 0.163*** (0.0426) | 0.0774 (0.0517) |
The mediating effect of health status on the number of chronic diseases, health-related behaviors and falls in the elderly
Mediation model | Mediating effect estimation | 95%Bootstrap Conf. interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Std.Err | Lower limits | Upper limits | |
CD-Depression-Fall | 0.0089*** | 0.0014 | 0.0062 | 0.0116 |
CD-Pain-Fall | 0.0076*** | 0.0012 | 0.0053 | 0.0099 |
CD-ADL-Fall | 0.0073*** | 0.0013 | 0.0047 | 0.0099 |
Sleeptime-Depression-Fall | − 0.0085*** | 0.0012 | −0.0108 | − 0.0061 |
Sleeptime -Pain-Fall | −0.0036*** | 0.0006 | −0.0048 | − 0.0025 |
Sleeptime-ADL-Fall | − 0.0041*** | 0.0007 | −0.0055 | − 0.0027 |
Drinking-Depression-Fall | 0.0056** | 0.0024 | 0.0010 | 0.0103 |
Drinking -Pain-Fall | −0.0012 | 0.0021 | −0.0053 | 0.0030 |
Drinking -ADL-Fall | −0.0004 | 0.0027 | − 0.0056 | 0.0048 |
Smoking-Depression-Fall | −0.0018 | 0.0016 | −0.0049 | 0.0013 |
Smoking -Pain-Fall | −0.0012 | 0.0014 | −0.0039 | 0.0015 |
Smoking -ADL-Fall | 0.0007 | 0.0018 | −0.0028 | 0.0042 |
Activity-Depression-Fall | −0.0018 | 0.0014 | −0.0045 | 0.0009 |
Activity -Pain-Fall | −0.0058*** | 0.0012 | −0.0083 | − 0.0034 |
Activity -ADL-Fall | 0.0046*** | 0.0017 | 0.0013 | 0.0080 |
Robustness test
Logit | Probit | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
m1 | m2 | m4 | m5 | |
Variables | Fall | Fall | Fall | Fall |
ChronicDisease | 0.167*** (0.0265) | 0.113*** (0.0272) | 0.0951*** (0.0161) | 0.0615*** (0.0166) |
Sleeptime | − 0.0725*** (0.0150) | − 0.0324** (0.0154) | − 0.0418*** (0.00888) | −0.0182** (0.00922) |
Drinking | −0.224*** (0.0741) | −0.229*** (0.0750) | − 0.135*** (0.0438) | − 0.140*** (0.0443) |
Smoking | 0.104** (0.0489) | 0.110** (0.0492) | 0.0582** (0.0287) | 0.0637** (0.0290) |
Activity | −0.104*** (0.0400) | −0.104** (0.0406) | − 0.0637*** (0.0236) | − 0.0629*** (0.0240) |
Age | 0.109** (0.0487) | 0.119** (0.0494) | 0.0701** (0.0289) | 0.0768*** (0.0293) |
Gender | 0.234*** (0.0886) | 0.156* (0.0897) | 0.125** (0.0524) | 0.0732 (0.0532) |
Residence | 0.187** (0.0790) | 0.0710 (0.0804) | 0.0990** (0.0461) | 0.0237 (0.0470) |
Education | 0.115 (0.111) | 0.177 (0.112) | 0.0844 (0.0652) | 0.121* (0.0660) |
Marital status | 0.280*** (0.0794) | 0.217*** (0.0809) | 0.151*** (0.0479) | 0.114** (0.0487) |
Care | −0.590*** (0.0692) | −0.293*** (0.0742) | −0.355*** (0.0419) | −0.182*** (0.0449) |
Economic status | 0.0103 (0.0109) | 0.0186* (0.0112) | 0.00537 (0.00636) | 0.0103 (0.00648) |
Depression | 0.0284*** (0.00497) | 0.0173*** (0.00300) | ||
Pain | 0.414*** (0.0800) | 0.235*** (0.0453) | ||
ADL | 0.559*** (0.0724) | 0.332*** (0.0441) | ||
0.927*** (0.351) | 2.153*** (0.369) | |||
/cut2 | 1.955*** (0.353) | 3.204*** (0.371) | ||
Constant | −0.507** (0.207) | −1.204*** (0.217) | ||
Observations | 5867 | 5867 | 5867 | 5867 |