Background
Methods
Study population and design
Definitions
Data collection
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of SM bacteremia patients and comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes
Factors | Survivors N = 44 | Non-survivors N = 82 | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, y, mean ± SD | 71.0 (60.5–79) | 74.5 (61.0–80.25) | 0.310 |
Age ≥ 65 years, n(%) | 24 (54.5) | 34 (41.5) | 0.160 |
Male, n (%) | 33 (75.0) | 53 (64.6) | 0.233 |
BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 21.7 (19.4–25.0) | 21.9 (19.0–24.4) | 0.847 |
Comorbidities | |||
HTN, n (%) | 15 (34.1) | 32 (39.0) | 0.585 |
DM, n (%) | 16 (36.4) | 23 (28.0) | 0.336 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 9 (20.5) | 13 (15.9) | 0.517 |
Chronic kidney diseasea, n (%) | 4 (9.1) | 4 (4.9) | 0.449 |
End stage renal disease, n (%) | 1 (2.3) | 7 (8.5) | 0.259 |
Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 5 (11.4) | 11 (13.4) | 0.742 |
Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 4 (9.1) | 8 (9.8) | 1.000 |
Solid tumor, n (%) | 18 (40.9) | 43 (52.4) | 0.217 |
Hematologic malignancy, n (%) | 1 (2.3) | 17 (20.7) | 0.005 |
Solid organ transplantation, n (%) | 3 (6.8) | 4 (4.9) | 0.694 |
Charlson score, mean ± SD | 5.7 ± 3.0 | 6.9 ± 3.2 | 0.049 |
Predisposing factors | |||
Chemotherapy, n (%) | 4 (9.1) | 10 (12.2) | 0.769 |
Major surgerya, n (%) | 15 (34.9) | 29 (35.4) | 0.957 |
ICU care, n (%) | 29 (65.9) | 54 (65.9) | 0.995 |
Length of stay in hospital before bacteremia (days), median (IQR) | 12.0 (3.5–24.5) | 26.0 (14.0–56.0) | 0.038 |
Central venous catheter, n (%) | 31 (70.5) | 59 (72.8) | 0.777 |
Hemodialysis catheter, n (%) | 2 (4.5) | 15 (18.8) | 0.028 |
Mechanical ventilator, n (%) | 19 (43.2) | 41 (50.6) | 0.427 |
Foley catheter, n (%) | 28 (63.6) | 47 (58.0) | 0.541 |
Clinical severity | |||
Shock, n (%) | 10 (22.7) | 33 (40.2) | 0.075 |
APACHE II score, mean ± SD | 11.0 ± 5.8 | 15.4 ± 6.9 | < 0.001 |
Laboratory findings | |||
Neutropenia, n (%) | 3 (6.8) | 15 (18.3) | 0.079 |
Hypoalbuminemia, n (%) | 18 (6.8) | 56 (18.3) | 0.003 |
Thrombocytopenia, n (%) | 9 (20.5) | 38 (46.3) | 0.004 |
Hemoglobin (g/L), mean ± SD | 10.1 ± 1.6 | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 0.032 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (IQR) | 69.2 (32.2–129.5) | 89.3 (58.5–148.0) | 0.057 |
Estimated GFR (ml/min per 1.73m2), median (IQR) | 85.0 (54.2–98.0) | 80.0 (44.0–104.0) | 0.675 |
Hospital stay, days | 53.0 (20.5–78.0) | 60.0 (35.0–97.0) | 0.137 |
Length of stay in ICU, days | 30 (11.5–50.0) | 39 (23.0–67.0) | 0.640 |
Factors | Survivors N = 44 | Non-survivors N = 82 | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Infection source | |||
Pneumonia | 12 (27.9) | 23 (28.0) | 0.987 |
Catheter-related infection | 15 (34.1) | 34 (42.0) | 0.202 |
Intra-abdominal infection | 16 (36.4) | 22 (27.2) | 0.285 |
Soft tissue infection | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.2) | 0.161 |
Urinary tract infection | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.352 |
Polymicrobial infection | 18 (40.9) | 36 (43.9) | 0.746 |
Antibiotics susceptibility | |||
Quinolone resistance | 5 (11.6) | 34 (41.5) | 0.001 |
TMP-SMX resistance | 3 (6.8) | 12 (14.6) | 0.197 |
Resistant straina | 17 (38.6) | 49 (59.8) | 0.024 |
Treatment | |||
Empirical antibiotic use | |||
Cephalosporins | 2 (4.5) | 6 (7.4) | 0.711 |
Carbapenems | 13 (29.5) | 42 (51.9) | 0.016 |
Fluoroquinolones | 13 (29.5) | 8 (9.8) | 0.004 |
BLBLIs | 14 (31.8) | 16 (19.5) | 0.122 |
TMP-SMX | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Definitive antibiotic use | |||
Carbapenems | 2 (4.5) | 16 (19.5) | 0.022 |
Fluoroquinolones | 21 (47.7) | 19 (23.5) | 0.005 |
BLBLIs | 3 (6.8) | 5 (6.2) | 1.000 |
TMP-SMX | 4 (9.1) | 27 (33.3) | 0.003 |
Inappropriate antimicrobial therapyb, yes | 14 (31.8) | 25 (30.9) | 0.912 |
Mortality risk factors in SM bacteremia patients
Factors | OR | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Hematologic malignancy | 35.57 | 2.52–502.52 | 0.008 |
Hypoalbuminemia | 5.09 | 1.32–19.62 | 0.018 |
Quinolone resistance | 7.79 | 1.28–47.43 | 0.026 |
Empirical antibiotic - quinolone use | 0.17 | 0.03–0.88 | 0.034 |
Predicting factors for SM bacteremia with quinolone-resistant strains
Factors | Susceptible group N = 86 | Resistant group N = 39 | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 63.0 (51.0–70.0) | 66.0 (53.5–72.5) | 0.215 |
Age ≥ 65 years, n(%) | 37 (43.0) | 20 (51.3) | 0.390 |
Gender, male | 57 (66.3) | 29 (64.6) | 0.233 |
Comorbidities | |||
HTN | 30 (34.9) | 16 (41.0) | 0.509 |
DM | 29 (33.7) | 10 (25.6) | 0.366 |
Cardiovascular disease | 13 (15.1) | 9 (23.1) | 0.279 |
Chronic kidney disease | 6 (7.0) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 |
End stage renal disease | 4 (4.7) | 4 (10.3) | 0.255 |
Chronic liver disease | 12 (14.0) | 4 (10.3) | 0.774 |
Pulmonary disease | 8 (9.3) | 4 (10.3) | 1.000 |
Solid tumor | 42 (48.8) | 19 (48.7) | 0.990 |
Hematologic malignancy | 12 (14.0) | 6 (15.4) | 0.833 |
Solid organ transplantation | 5 (5.8) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 |
Charlson score | 6.1 ± 3.1 | 7.4 ± 3.2 | 0.030 |
Predisposing factors | |||
Chemotherapy | 11 (12.8) | 3 (7.7) | 0.546 |
Major surgerya | 28 (32.9) | 16 (35.4) | 0.382 |
ICU care | 54 (62.8) | 29 (74.4) | 0.205 |
Hospital stay before bacteremia, days | 17.0 (8.0–34.0) | 30.0 (13.5–57.5) | 0.015 |
Central venous catheter | 57 (66.3) | 32 (84.2) | 0.019 |
Hemodialysis catheter | 9 (10.5) | 8 (21.6) | 0.100 |
Mechanical ventilator | 36 (41.9) | 24 (63.2) | 0.029 |
Foley catheter | 47 (54.7) | 28 (73.7) | 0.046 |
Clinical findings | |||
Shock | 23 (26.7) | 20 (51.3) | 0.007 |
APACHE II score | 13.0 (8.0; 18.0) | 14.0 (11.0; 21.5) | 0.115 |
Laboratory findings | |||
Neutropenia | 14 (16.3) | 4 (10.3) | 0.374 |
Hypoalbuminemia | 52 (60.5) | 21 (53.8) | 0.487 |
Thrombocytopenia | 28 (32.6) | 19 (48.7) | 0.084 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 9.4 ± 1.3 | 0.296 |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 86.8 (41.5–142.5) | 79.3 (44.5–153.0) | 0.914 |
Estimated GFR, ml/min per 1.73m2 | 87.0 (51.0–101.0) | 72.0 (45.4–106.0) | 0.592 |
Outcomes | |||
Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy | 23 (26.7) | 16 (42.1) | 0.089 |
Hospital stay, days | 50.0 (26.0–78.0) | 68.0 (35.0–150.0) | 0.054 |
Mortality | 48 (55.8) | 34 (87.2) | 0.001 |