Background
Methods
Study procedure
Measures
Eating behaviours
Screen-time
Demographic, individual, behavioural, social, and physical environmental factors
Demographics
Individual
Behavioural
Social environmental
Physical environmental
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
All | Boys | Girls | |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 527 | 253 (48) | 274 (52) |
Age, years (mean (SD)) | 11.64 (0.48) | 11.59 (0.49) | 11.68 (0.47) |
TV/DVD viewing (mins/day) (mean (SD)) | 190.98 (112.77) | 192.55 (113.98) | 189.56 (111.87) |
> 120 min/day, % | 69.7 | 70.2 | 70 |
Fruit and vegetable intake (frequency of consumption/day) (mean (SD)) | 3.77 (2.58) | 3.80 (2.67) | 3.75 (2.49) |
< 5 a day (frequency of consumption/day), % | 73.6 | 72.7 | 74.5 |
Energy-dense snack intake (frequency of consumption/day) (mean (SD)) | 3.77 (3.07) | 3.93 (3.31) | 3.62 (2.83) |
> 2.8 a day (frequency of consumption/day), % | 49.1 | 47.4 | 50.7 |
Risk behaviour groups, N (%) | |||
None or one risk behaviour | 157 (29.8) | 81 (32) | 76 (27.7) |
Low FV / high ED | 43 (8.2) | 21 (8.3) | 22 (8) |
High ST / low FV | 134 (25.4) | 62 (24.5) | 72 (26.3) |
High ST / high ED | 50 (9.5) | 23 (9.1) | 27 (9.9) |
3 risk behaviours (Low FV / high ST / high ED) | 143 (27.1) | 66 (26.1) | 77 (28.1) |
Clustering of health behaviours
No. of health behaviours | High TV/DVD | Low fruit and vegetable consumption | High energy-dense snack food consumption | O (%) | E (%) | O/E | (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | x | x | x | 26.57 | 25.06 |
1.06
| (1.01, 1.15) |
2 | x | x | - | 25.81 | 25.93 | 0.99 | (0.90, 1.08) |
- | x | x | 7.02 | 10.71 | 0.65 | (0.49, 0.82) | |
x | - | x | 10.44 | 8.98 |
1.16
| (0.95, 1.38) | |
1 | x | - | - | 6.45 | 9.29 | 0.69 | (0.51, 0.88) |
- | x | - | 13.28 | 11.08 |
1.20
| (1.02, 1.38) | |
- | - | x | 4.74 | 3.84 |
1.23
| (0.84, 1.63) | |
0 | - | - | - | 4.55 | 3.97 |
1.15
| (0.75, 1.54) |
Factors associated with combinations of adolescent risk behaviours
Low FV / high ED OR (95% CI) | High ST / Low FV OR (95% CI) | High ST / High ED OR (95% CI) | 3 risk behaviours OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||
Gender (ref: female) | ||||
Male | 0.89 (0.46–1.76) | 0.81 (0.51–1.28) | 0.80 (0.42–1.51) | 0.80 (0.51–1.27) |
Age (ref: age 12 years) | ||||
11 years | 0.61 (0.30–1.27) | 0.84 (0.53–1.35) | 0.87 (0.45–1.67) | 0.65 (0.40–1.05) |
Ethnicity (ref: Other) | ||||
White / white British | 2.08 (0.25–17.21) | 1.07 (0.36–3.19) | 0.80 (0.20–3.16) | 0.53 (0.21–1.35) |
Asian / Asian British | 2.80 (0.30–26.56) | 1.67 (0.50–5.59) | 1.20 (0.30–5.61) | 0.93 (0.32–2.70) |
Brothers (ref: one or more) | ||||
None | 1.21 (0.61–2.43) | 0.89 (0.54–1.45) | 1.18 (0.61–2.28) | 1.13 (0.70–1.80) |
Sisters (ref: one or more) | ||||
None | 1.04 (0.53–2.04) | 0.95 (0.60–1.52) | 0.83 (0.43–1.60) | 0.79 (0.50–1.26) |
Parents at home (ref: other) | ||||
Mother and Father | 1.19 (0.55–2.66) | 0.66 (0.40–1.08) | 0.96 (0.48–1.92) | 0.79 (0.49–1.30) |
Deprivation scale (ref: low) | ||||
Middle | 1.44 (0.58–3.57) | 0.92 (0.49–1.73) | 1.93 (0.83–4.47) | 1.21 (0.63–2.32) |
High | 0.97 (0.37–2.55) | 1.07 (0.58–1.94) | 1.44 (0.58–3.56) |
1.86* (1.02–3.37)
|
Individual | ||||
Habit for watching television (ref: low habit) | 1.81 (0.88–3.73) | 1.49 (0.93–2.42) |
2.20 (1.12–4.29)*
|
2.29 (1.43–3.70)***
|
Habit for eating snack foods while watching TV (ref: low habit) |
2.24 (1.09–4.62)*
| 1.23 (0.73–1.98) |
3.62 (1.75–7.49)***
|
3.35 (2.04–5.51)***
|
Habit for eating FV while watching TV (ref: low habit) | 0.95 (0.46–1.95) | 1.12 (0.70–1.80) |
2.84 (1.38–5.87)**
| 0.94 (0.59–1.49) |
Self-efficacy for not watching TV/DVD’s or using computers (ref: low self-efficacy) | 1.13 (0.55–2.29) | 0.73 (0.45–1.18) | 1.29 (0.66–2.50) |
0.48 (0.30–0.77)**
|
Self-efficacy for not eating snack foods when watching TV/DVD’s (ref: low self-efficacy) | 0.89 (0.44–1.80) | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) | 0.56 (0.28–1.11) |
0.40 (0.24–0.66)***
|
Self-efficacy for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption (ref: low self-efficacy) | 0.58 (0.28–1.20) | 0.70 (0.42–1.15) | 0.75 (0.38–1.48) |
0.45 (0.27–0.73)***
|
Self-efficacy for reducing energy-dense snack food consumption (ref: low self-efficacy) | 0.78 (0.39–1.55) | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) | 0.93 (0.48–1.80) |
0.45 (0.28–0.72)***
|
Behavioural | ||||
Eating breakfast while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) |
2.54 (1.24–5.20)**
| 1.35 (0.85–2.15) |
3.26 (1.63–6.54)***
|
1.71 (1.08–2.70)*
|
Eating lunch while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) | 1.59 (0.80–3.16) | 1.26 (0.79–2.01) |
2.77 (1.40–5.50)**
|
1.89 (1.19–3.02)**
|
Eating dinner while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) | 1.58 (0.78–3.20) |
1.75 (1.08–2.85)*
|
2.42 (1.19–4.93)**
|
2.24 (1.38–3.66)***
|
Eating fruit and vegetables while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) | 0.68 (0.34–1.39) | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) |
2.75 (1.37–5.52)**
| 0.86 (0.54–1.37) |
Eating ED snacks while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) |
6.22 (2.92–13.27)***
|
2.14 (1.31–3.50)**
|
5.47 (2.70–11.09)***
|
11.45 (6.65–20.02***
|
Home social environment | ||||
Eating dinner in front of the TV with parents (ref: less than twice a week) | 1.67 (0.84–3.32) | 1.60 (0.99–2.59) |
2.66 (1.38–5.11)**
|
1.70 (1.06–2.71)*
|
Eating breakfast in front of the TV with parents (ref: less than twice a week) | 1.56 (0.68–3.58) | 1.40 (0.77–2.55) |
3.16 (1.55–6.45)**
|
2.50 (1.44–4.35)***
|
Eating snacks in front of the TV with parents (ref: less than twice a week) |
4.31 (2.09–8.87)***
|
1.69 (1.04–2.72)*
|
2.65 (1.38–5.08)**
|
3.99 (2.46–6.47)***
|
Watching TV/DVD’s together with parents (ref: less than twice a week) |
2.05 (1.03–4.06)*
| 1.44 (0.89–2.30) |
4.17 (2.07–8.38)***
|
1.72 (1.08–2.73)*
|
Parental food restriction (ref: low – below median score of 2.4) | 0.53 (0.26–1.07) |
0.52 (0.32–0.84)**
| 0.78 (0.40–1.54) |
0.33 (0.20–0.56)***
|
Parental screen-time restriction (ref: low – below median score of 2) | 0.46 (0.21–1.00) | 0.80 (0.49–1.32) | 0.76 (0.39–1.50) |
0.43 (0.25–0.71)***
|
Home physical environment | ||||
Television in the bedroom (ref: no) | 1.88 (0.85–4.15) |
1.77 (1.05–2.97)*
| 1.57 (0.77–3.19) |
1.63 (1.01–2.68)*
|
Home availability of energy-dense snack foods (ref: low – below median score of 9) |
5.83 (2.77–12.96)***
|
2.03 (1.18–3.50)**
|
4.07 (2.01–8.24)***
|
9.19 (5.31–15.90)***
|
Home availability of fruit and vegetables (ref: low – below median score of 6) | 1.76 (0.84–3.68) | 1.38 (0.97–2.77) | 1.36 (0.70–2.67) | 1.55 (0.96–2.51) |
Home accessibility of energy-dense snack foods (ref: low – below median score of 8) | 2.07 (0.97–4.40) |
1.86 (1.13–3.06)*
|
1.96 (1.01–3.93)*
|
8.77 (4.53–16.95)***
|
Home accessibility of fruit and vegetables (ref: low – below median score of 4) | 0.56 (0.27–1.17) | 0.82 (0.50–1.34) | 1.61 (0.79–3.27) | 1.23 (0.75–2.01) |
Low FV / high ED OR (95% CI) | High ST / Low FV OR (95% CI) | High ST / High ED OR (95% CI) | 3 risk behaviours OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||
Deprivation scale (ref: low) | ||||
Middle | 0.69 (0.19, 2.51) | 0.60 (0.26, 1.39) | 1.70 (0.41, 7.07) | 0.83 (0.30, 2.24) |
High | 0.49 (0.12, 2.06) | 0.73 (0.30, 1.77) | 0.97 (0.23, 4.03) | 1.23 (0.44, 3.41) |
Individual | ||||
Habit for watching television (ref: low habit) | 1.37 (0.43, 4.36) | 1.03 (0.47, 2.27) | 1.58 (0.46, 5.36) | 1.04 (0.43, 2.51) |
Habit for eating snack foods while watching TV (ref: low habit) | 1.75 (0.50, 6.14) | 0.61 (0.28, 1.34) | 2.72 (0.68, 10.89) | 1.44 (0.56, 3.66) |
Habit for eating FV while watching TV (ref: low habit) | 1.58 (0.48, 5.19) | 1.41 (0.68, 2.93) | 3.05 (0.94, 9.94) | 1.93 (0.79, 4.75) |
Self-efficacy for not watching TV/DVD’s or using computers (ref: low self-efficacy) | 1.55 (0.48, 5.00) | 0.85 (0.40, 1.79) | 2.28 (0.67, 7.77) | 0.78 (0.31, 1.92) |
Self-efficacy for not eating snack foods when watching TV/DVD’s (ref: low self-efficacy) | 2.90 (0.78, 10.84) | 1.08 (0.48, 2.42) | 0.41 (0.11, 1.54) | 1.39 (0.51, 3.76) |
Self-efficacy for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption (ref: low self-efficacy) | 0.87 (0.26, 2.90) | 0.78 (0.37, 1.63) | 0.44 (0.13, 1.48) | 0.54 (0.22, 1.34) |
Self-efficacy for reducing energy-dense snack food consumption (ref: low self-efficacy) | 0.61 (0.17, 2.15) | 1.51 (0.69, 3.33) | 1.40 (0.41, 4.81) | 0.79 (0.30, 2.06) |
Behavioural | ||||
Eating breakfast while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) |
6.12 (1.50, 25.35)**
| 0.96 (0.41, 2.25) | 3.86 (0.96, 16.11) | 1.91 (0.68, 5.35) |
Eating lunch while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) | 0.33 (0.10, 1.41) | 0.71 (0.26, 1.98) | 0.27 (0.05, 1.42) | 0.75 (0.24, 2.33) |
Eating dinner while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) | 1.10 (0.24, 5.11) | 1.76 (0.68, 4.59) | 1.76 (0.31, 9.89) | 1.34 (0.42, 4.34) |
Eating fruit and vegetables while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) | 0.53 (0.16, 1.78) | 1.05 (0.50, 2.19) |
3.69 (1.04, 13.16)*
| 0.56 (0.23, 1.34) |
Eating ED snacks while watching TV (ref: [2] or less days a week) |
4.53 (1.24, 16.53)*
| 2.00 (0.89, 4.30) | 1.37 (0.36, 5.33) |
7.68 (2.75, 21.45)***
|
Home social environment | ||||
Eating dinner in front of the TV with parents (ref: less than twice a week) | 0.80 (0.21, 3.03) | 1.24 (0.54, 2.89) | 1.84 (0.48, 7.11) | 0.88 (0.33, 2.41) |
Eating breakfast in front of the TV with parents (ref: less than twice a week) | 0.30 (0.06, 1.42) | 0.90 (0.34, 2.40) | 1.51 (0.36, 6.33) | 0.66 (0.22, 1.99) |
Eating snacks in front of the TV with parents (ref: less than twice a week) |
6.64 (1.85, 23.85)**
| 1.24 (0.56, 2.74) | 0.98 (0.29, 3.36) | 1.86 (0.74, 4.67) |
Watching TV/DVD’s together with parents (ref: less than twice a week) | 0.63 (0.19, 2.03) | 0.86 (0.41, 1.78) |
4.50 (1.15, 17.57)*
| 1.17 (0.49, 2.79) |
Parental food restriction (ref: low – below median score of 2.4) | 0.70 (0.23, 2.15) | 0.51 (0.25, 1.05) | 2.42 (0.75, 7.78) | 0.61 (0.26, 1.46) |
Parental screen-time restriction (ref: low – below median score of 2) | 1.17 (0.35, 3.93) | 1.61 (0.77, 3.39) | 1.46 (0.42, 5.05) | 1.22 (0.50, 3.10) |
Home physical environment | ||||
Television in the bedroom (ref: no) | 0.71 (0.21, 2.40) | 1.78 (0.82, 3.86) | 0.64 (0.17, 2.41) | 0.87 (0.33, 2.27) |
Home availability of energy-dense snack foods (ref: low – below median score of 9) |
4.95 (1.45, 16.88)**
| 1.78 (0.82, 3.86) | 3.22 (0.86, 12.16) |
3.93 (1.52, 10.12)**
|
Home availability of fruit and vegetables (ref: low – below median score of 6) | 1.83 (0.54, 6.22) | 1.12 (0.48, 2.65) | 0.87 (0.24, 3.09) | 1.20 (0.48, 2.98) |
Home accessibility of energy-dense snack foods (ref: low – below median score of 8) | 0.86 (0.26, 2.82) | 1.56 (0.75, 3.26) |
5.64 (1.35, 23.59)**
|
4.24 (1.52, 11.80)**
|
Home accessibility of fruit and vegetables (ref: low – below median score of 4) |