Background
Methods
Study population
Outcome definition
Anthropometric measures
Confounding variables
Statistical methods
25th pctl | 50th pctl | 75 pctl | |
---|---|---|---|
Men | |||
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.00 | 95.50 | 102.00 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.78 | 26.92 | 29.39 |
Waist/height ratio | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.59 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.97 |
Body adiposity index | 24.76 | 26.92 | 29.30 |
Women | |||
Waist circumference (cm) | 74.00 | 82.00 | 91.00 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.83 | 25.84 | 29.58 |
Waist/height ratio | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.57 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.76 | 0.80 | 0.85 |
Body adiposity index | 28.22 | 31.77 | 36.15 |
Results
Baseline characteristics
Total sample | Total mortality | CVD deaths | Cancer deaths | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | n = 6670 | no (n = 5160) | yes (n = 1510) | n = 647 | n = 484 | |||
Survey (n; S2/S3/S4) | 2381/2282/2007 | 1579/1787/1794 | 802/495/213 | 361/198/88 | 247/166/71 | |||
Mean ± SD or % | Mean ± SD or % | p value | Mean ± SD or % | p value | Mean ± SD or % | p value | ||
Age (y) | 49.71 ± 13.83 | 46.04 ± 12.986 | 62.24 ± 10.020 | < 0.0001 | 63.64 ± 9.077 | < 0.0001 | 61.43 ± 9.843 | < 0.0001 |
Low/high education level | 78.20/21.80 | 75.02/24.98 | 89.07/10.93 | < 0.0001 | 89.64/10.36 | < 0.0001 | 89.67/10.33 | < 0.0001 |
Alkohol intake 0/0.1–399/> 39.9 g/d | 18.11/29.61/52.28 | 17.33/31.40/51.28 | 20.79/23.51/55.70 | < 0.0001 | 23.34/24.42/52.24 | < 0.0001 | 16.32/22.93/60.74 | 0.0003 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 233.25 ± 45.84 | 230.50 ± 44.998 | 242.66 ± 47.411 | < 0.0001 | 248.30 ± 46.339 | < 0.0001 | 237.98 ± 47.371 | 0.0064 |
Smoking status curr/ex/never | 30.27/38.74/30.99 | 30.12/36.12/33.76 | 30.79/47.68/21.52 | < 0.0001 | 26.89/50.39/22.72 | < 0.0001 | 35.33/47.31/17.36 | < 0.0001 |
Phys.act active/inactive | 44.90/55.10 | 49.57/50.43 | 28.94/71.06 | < 0.0001 | 26.89/73.11 | 0.0002 | 32.85/67.15 | < 0.0001 |
Act. Hypertension y/n | 45.72/54.28 | 40.00/60.00 | 65.23/34.77 | < 0.0001 | 70.48/29.52 | < 0.0001 | 58.47/41.53 | < 0.0001 |
Blood pressure syst (mmHg) | 135.1 ± 17.8 | 132.93 ± 16.40 | 142.64 ± 20.09 | < 0.0001 | 145.14 ± 21.35 | < 0.0001 | 140.81 ± 18.46 | < 0.0001 |
Blood pressure diast (mmHg) | 82.3 ± 11.0 | 82.53 ± 10.64 | 81.59 ± 12.00 | < 0.0001 | 82.44 ± 13.29 | < 0.0001 | 81.43 ± 10.62 | < 0.0001 |
Weight (kg) | 82.83 ± 12.31 | 83.05 ± 12.050 | 82.05 ± 13.154 | 0.0003 | 83.04 ± 13.176 | 0.8322 | 81.15 ± 12.26 | 0.0012 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 95.99 ± 10.62 | 94.91 ± 10.356 | 99.65 ± 10.693 | < 0.0001 | 100.74 ± 10.612 | < 0.0001 | 98.41 ± 10.207 | < 0.0001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 103.68 ± 7.06 | 103.47 ± 6.79 | 104.40 ± 7.865 | 0.0013 | 105.22 ± 7.944 | < 0.0001 | 103.61 ± 7.102 | 0.9006 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.29 ± 3.79 | 27.05 ± 3.673 | 28.12 ± 4.080 | < 0.0001 | 28.55 ± 4.049 | < 0.0001 | 27.68 ± 3.856 | 0.0101 |
Waist to height ratio | 0.551 ± 0.066 | 0.542 ± 0.063 | 0.584 ± 0.065 | < 0.0001 | 0.591 ± 0.064 | < 0.0001 | 0.576 ± 0.063 | < 0.0001 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.925 ± 0.064 | 0.916 ± 0.063 | 0.954 ± 0.060 | < 0.0001 | 0.957 ± 0.059 | < 0.0001 | 0.949 ± 0.060 | < 0.0001 |
Body adiposity index | 27.19 ± 3.72 | 26.70 ± 3.501 | 28.87 ± 3.932 | < 0.0001 | 29.36 ± 3.924 | < 0.0001 | 28.35 ± 3.726 | < 0.0001 |
Total sample | Total mortality | CVD deaths | Cancer deaths | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | n = 6637 | No (n = 5738) | Yes (n = 899) | n = 385 | n = 307 | |||
Survey (n; S2/S3/S4) | 2306/2230/2101 | 1798/1950/1990 | 508/280/111 | 224/126/35 | 172/79/56 | |||
Mean ± SD or % | Mean ± SD or% | p value | Mean ± SD or % | p value | Mean ± SD or% | p value | ||
Age (y) | 49.18 ± 13.83 | 46.92 ± 13.041 | 63.54 ± 9.381 | < 0.0001 | 64.92 ± 8.283 | < 0.0001 | 61.24 ± 10.193 | < 0.0001 |
Low/high education level | 86.61/13.39 | 85.27/14.73 | 95.11/4.89 | < 0.0001 | 95.58/4.42 | < 0.0001 | 92.51/7.49 | 0.0019 |
Alkohol intake 0/0.1–19.9/> 19.9 g/d | 43.39/39.19/17.42 | 41.41/40.68/17.92 | 56.06/29.70/14.24 | < 0.0001 | 57.66/27.79/14.55 | 0.0002 | 51.79/32.90/15.31 | 0.0095 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 231.09 ± 45.27 | 227.71 ± 43.850 | 252.65 ± 48.214 | < 0.0001 | 259.36 ± 46.107 | < 0.0001 | 244.96 ± 48.43 | < 0.0001 |
Smoking status current/ex/never | 21.29/20.25/58.46 | 21.87/20.98/57.15 | 17.58/15.57/66.85 | < 0.0001 | 15.06/15.58/69.35 | < 0.0001 | 19.54/15.31/65.15 | < 0.0001 |
phys.act active/inactive | 41.45/58.55 | 44.14/55.86 | 24.25/75.75 | < 0.0001 | 21.56/78.44 | < 0.0001 | 28.01/71.99 | < 0.0001 |
Hypertension yes/no | 33.39/66.61 | 28.81/71.19 | 62.63/37.37 | < 0.0001 | 70.13/29.87 | < 0.0001 | 55.05/44.95 | < 0.0001 |
Blood pressure systolic (mmHg) | 127.24 ± 20.06 | 124.88 ± 18.70 | 142.34 ± 21.82 | < 0.0001 | 145.28 ± 22.38 | < 0.0001 | 139.01 ± 21.49 | < 0.0001 |
Blood pressure diastolic (mmHg) | 78.02 ± 10.65 | 77.76 ± 10.44 | 79.68 ± 11.77 | < 0.0001 | 80.09 ± 12.30 | < 0.0001 | 79.33 ± 11.23 | < 0.0001 |
Weight (kg) | 69.24 ± 12.99 | 68.91 ± 12.937 | 71.39 ± 13.158 | < 0.0001 | 71.62 ± 13.555 | < 0.0001 | 72.13 ± 13.029 | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 83.36 ± 12.24 | 82.400 ± 12.044 | 89.47 ± 11.712 | < 0.0001 | 89.94 ± 11.886 | < 0.0001 | 89.32 ± 11.482 | < 0.0001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 103.37 ± 10.55 | 102.95 ± 10.494 | 106.03 ± 10.530 | < 0.0001 | 106.50 ± 10.584 | < 0.0001 | 106.0 ± 10.448 | < 0.0001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.62 ± 5.09 | 26.33 ± 5.035 | 28.50 ± 5.016 | < 0.0001 | 28.69 ± 5.083 | < 0.0001 | 28.52 ± 5.17 | < 0.0001 |
Waist to height ratio | 0.518 ± 0.081 | 0.510 ± 0.080 | 0.566 ± 0.077 | < 0.0001 | 0.570 ± 0.077 | < 0.0001 | 0.562 ± 0.078 | < 0.0001 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.805 ± 0.064 | 0.800 ± 0.062 | 0.843 ± 0.058 | < 0.0001 | 0.843 ± 0.059 | < 0.0001 | 0.840 ± 0.059 | < 0.0001 |
Body adiposity index | 32.549 ± 6.067 | 32.11 ± 5.971 | 35.38 ± 5.918 | < 0.0001 | 35.75 ± 5.769 | < 0.0001 | 35.07 ± 6.158 | < 0.0001 |
BMI | BAI | WC | WHR | WHtR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | 1.000 | 0.716 | 0.808 | 0.440 | 0.876 |
BAI | 0.716 | 1.000 | 0.354 | −0.077 | 0.633 |
WC | 0.808 | 0.354 | 1.000 | 0.820 | 0.924 |
WHR | 0.440 | −0.077 | 0.820 | 1.000 | 0.710 |
WHtR | 0.876 | 0.633 | 0.924 | 0.710 | 1.000 |
Anthropometric measures and all-cause mortality
Total mortality | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | |||
Body mass index | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.18 | 1.00 | 1.38 | 0.044 | 1.12 | 0.88 | 1.43 | 0.347 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 0.91 | 0.79 | 1.06 | 0.213 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 1.21 | 0.988 |
4th quartile | 1.21 | 1.06 | 1.39 | 0.007 | 1.29 | 1.07 | 1.56 | 0.007 |
Body adiposity index | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.12 | 0.93 | 1.34 | 0.250 | 1.09 | 0.84 | 1.42 | 0.520 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 1.02 | 0.87 | 1.19 | 0.822 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 1.21 | 0.987 |
4th quartile | 1.23 | 1.06 | 1.42 | 0.006 | 1.18 | 0.98 | 1.43 | 0.085 |
Waist circumference | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.15 | 0.97 | 1.37 | 0.118 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 1.31 | 0.904 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 0.99 | 0.85 | 1.15 | 0.909 | 1.22 | 1.01 | 1.49 | 0.043 |
4th quartile | 1.28 | 1.12 | 1.47 | <.0001 | 1.63 | 1.35 | 1.97 | <.0001 |
Waist to hip ratio | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.04 | 0.85 | 1.26 | 0.717 | 0.68 | 0.50 | 0.93 | 0.015 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 1.12 | 0.97 | 1.30 | 0.119 | 1.29 | 1.05 | 1.58 | 0.014 |
4th quartile | 1.35 | 1.17 | 1.55 | <.0001 | 1.63 | 1.35 | 1.97 | <.0001 |
Waist to height ratio | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.34 | 1.10 | 1.64 | 0.004 | 1.03 | 0.76 | 1.40 | 0.846 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 1.16 | 1.00 | 1.35 | 0.054 | 1.20 | 0.98 | 1.47 | 0.079 |
4th quartile | 1.46 | 1.27 | 1.69 | <.0001 | 1.61 | 1.32 | 1.95 | <.0001 |
Anthropometric measures and CVD mortality
Cardiovascular mortality | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | |||
Body mass index | ||||||||
1st quartile | 0.94 | 0.72 | 1.22 | 0.627 | 1.34 | 0.91 | 1.97 | 0.133 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 0.92 | 0.74 | 1.16 | 0.493 | 1.16 | 0.86 | 1.56 | 0.339 |
4th quartile | 1.30 | 1.06 | 1.61 | 0.013 | 1.46 | 1.09 | 1.97 | 0.012 |
Body adiposity index | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.17 | 0.85 | 1.60 | 0.338 | 0.72 | 0.46 | 1.15 | 0.167 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 1.29 | 1.01 | 1.66 | 0.043 | 0.83 | 0.62 | 1.12 | 0.227 |
4th quartile | 1.54 | 1.22 | 1.96 | <.0001 | 1.14 | 0.86 | 1.51 | 0.365 |
Waist circumference | ||||||||
1st quartile | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.08 | 0.144 | 1.02 | 0.64 | 1.62 | 0.937 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 0.97 | 0.77 | 1.21 | 0.778 | 1.36 | 1.01 | 1.85 | 0.045 |
4th quartile | 1.28 | 1.04 | 1.57 | 0.018 | 1.70 | 1.27 | 2.28 | <.0001 |
Waist to hip ratio | ||||||||
1st quartile | 0.86 | 0.63 | 1.18 | 0.348 | 0.79 | 0.50 | 1.25 | 0.309 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 1.05 | 0.84 | 1.31 | 0.693 | 1.20 | 0.88 | 1.65 | 0.249 |
4th quartile | 1.33 | 1.07 | 1.64 | 0.009 | 1.66 | 1.24 | 2.22 | 0.009 |
Waist to height ratio | ||||||||
1st quartile | 0.87 | 0.61 | 1.25 | 0.460 | 0.82 | 0.48 | 1.41 | 0.476 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 1.14 | 0.90 | 1.44 | 0.280 | 1.23 | 0.90 | 1.68 | 0.196 |
4th quartile | 1.56 | 1.25 | 1.94 | <.0001 | 1.62 | 1.20 | 2.19 | 0.002 |
Anthropometric measures and cancer mortality
Cancer mortality | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | |||
Body mass index | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.33 | 1.02 | 1.73 | 0.037 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 1.39 | 0.715 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 0.86 | 0.67 | 1.12 | 0.270 | 0.85 | 0.62 | 1.19 | 0.347 |
4th quartile | 1.06 | 0.83 | 1.36 | 0.628 | 1.33 | 0.97 | 1.81 | 0.072 |
Body adiposity index | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.08 | 0.79 | 1.47 | 0.627 | 1.20 | 0.79 | 1.83 | 0.395 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 0.93 | 0.71 | 1.20 | 0.564 | 1.14 | 0.81 | 1.61 | 0.445 |
4th quartile | 1.02 | 0.79 | 1.31 | 0.903 | 1.37 | 0.98 | 1.91 | 0.064 |
Waist circumference | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.46 | 1.09 | 1.95 | 0.010 | 0.81 | 0.50 | 1.31 | 0.392 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 0.99 | 0.76 | 1.30 | 0.962 | 1.04 | 0.74 | 1.46 | 0.811 |
4th quartile | 1.24 | 0.97 | 1.58 | 0.088 | 1.73 | 1.26 | 2.36 | 0.001 |
Waist to hip ratio | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.25 | 0.91 | 1.71 | 0.172 | 0.57 | 0.35 | 0.94 | 0.028 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 1.03 | 0.80 | 1.34 | 0.805 | 1.20 | 0.86 | 1.66 | 0.283 |
4th quartile | 1.25 | 0.98 | 1.60 | 0.076 | 1.39 | 1.02 | 1.91 | 0.039 |
Waist to height ratio | ||||||||
1st quartile | 1.74 | 1.26 | 2.39 | 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.59 | 1.54 | 0.851 |
2nd quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
3rd quartile | 1.14 | 0.87 | 1.48 | 0.336 | 1.03 | 0.73 | 1.45 | 0.876 |
4th quartile | 1.25 | 0.97 | 1.62 | 0.084 | 1.69 | 1.22 | 2.34 | 0.002 |