Background
Materials and methods
Patients and grouping
Collection of clinical indicators
Diagnostic criteria and variable definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics of different age groups
Index | Number (n = 33,997, %) | Age group | t /χ2value | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Youth (n = 3008) | Middle-aged (n = 24,323, %) | Elderly (n = 6666, %) | ||||
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 55.69 ± 10.14 | 37.82 ± 1.57 | 54.14 ± 6.90 | 69.45 ± 2.73 | 21,284.87 | < 0.001* |
Gender | ||||||
female | 20,907 (61.50) | 1873 (62.27) | 15,335 (63.05) | 3699 (55.49) | 127.00 | < 0.001* |
male | 13,090 (38.50) | 1135 (37.73) | 8988 (36.95) | 2967 (44.51) | ||
Nationality | ||||||
minority | 1326 (3.90) | 126 (4.19) | 991 (4.07) | 209 (3.14) | 13.04 | 0.002* |
han | 32,671 (96.10) | 2882 (95.81) | 23,332 (95.93) | 6457 (96.86) | ||
Residence | ||||||
countryside | 8931 (26.27) | 747 (24.83) | 6663 (27.39) | 1521 (22.82) | 60.09 | < 0.001* |
town | 25,066 (73.73) | 2261 (75.17) | 17,660 (72.61) | 5145 (77.18) | ||
Marital status | ||||||
unmarried | 2812 (8.27) | 179 (5.95) | 1655 (6.80) | 978 (14.67) | 450.23 | < 0.001* |
married | 31,185 (91.73) | 2829 (94.05) | 22,668 (93.20) | 5688 (85.33) | ||
Education | ||||||
primary | 6743 (19.83) | 163 (5.42) | 3883 (15.96) | 2697 (40.46) | 3773.62 | < 0.001* |
secondary | 23,008 (67.68) | 1776 (59.04) | 17,833 (73.32) | 3399 (50.99) | ||
high | 4246 (12.49) | 1069 (35.54) | 2607 (10.72) | 570 (8.55) | ||
Family annual income (RMB:yuan) | ||||||
< 10,000 | 3009 (8.85) | 155 (5.15) | 2229 (9.16) | 625 (9.38) | 321.55 | < 0.001* |
10,000 ~ 50,000 | 21,157 (62.23) | 1569 (52.16) | 15,370 (63.19) | 4218 (63.28) | ||
> 50,000 | 9831 (28.92) | 1284 (42.69) | 6724 (27.64) | 1823 (27.35) | ||
Smoking | ||||||
no | 26,100 (76.77) | 2443 (81.22) | 18,615 (76.53) | 5042 (75.64) | 38.92 | < 0.001* |
yes | 7897 (23.23) | 565 (18.78) | 5708 (23.47) | 1624 (24.36) | ||
Drinking | ||||||
no | 24,906 (73.26) | 2248 (74.73) | 17,547 (72.14) | 5111 (76.67) | 58.50 | < 0.001* |
yes | 9091 (26.74) | 760 (25.27) | 6776 (27.86) | 1555 (23.33) | ||
Obesity | ||||||
no | 24,280 (71.42) | 2378 (79.06) | 17,400 (71.54) | 4502 (67.54) | 135.32 | < 0.001* |
yes | 9717 (28.58) | 630 (20.94) | 6923 (28.46) | 2164 (32.46) | ||
abdominal obesity | ||||||
no | 8185 (24.08) | 1344 (44.68) | 5866 (24.12) | 975 (14.63) | 1024.30 | < 0.001* |
yes | 25,812 (75.92) | 1664 (55.32) | 18,457 (75.88) | 5691 (85.37) | ||
Hypertension | ||||||
no | 15,730 (46.27) | 2447 (81.35) | 11,724 (48.20) | 1559 (23.39) | 2929.41 | < 0.001* |
yes | 18,267 (53.73) | 561 (18.65) | 12,599 (51.80) | 5107 (76.61) | ||
Diabetes | ||||||
no | 27,357 (80.47) | 2829 (94.05) | 19,799 (81.40) | 4729 (70.94) | 249.65 | < 0.001* |
yes | 6640 (19.53) | 179 (5.95) | 4524 (18.60) | 1937 (29.06) | ||
Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
no | 33,006 (97.09) | 3002 (99.80) | 23,783 (97.78) | 6221 (93.32) | 453.01 | < 0.001* |
yes | 991 (2.91) | 6 (0.20) | 540 (2.22) | 445 (6.68) | ||
Stroke | ||||||
no | 32,612 (95.93) | 3001 (99.77) | 23,513 (96.67) | 6098 (91.48) | 485.32 | < 0.001* |
yes | 1385 (4.07) | 7 (0.23) | 810 (3.33) | 568 (8.52) | ||
Family history of cardiovascular diseases | ||||||
no | 32,395 (95.29) | 2900 (96.41) | 23,106 (95.00) | 6389 (95.84) | 17.63 | < 0.001* |
yes | 1602 (4.71) | 108 (3.59) | 1217 (5.00) | 277 (4.16) | ||
Family history of stroke | ||||||
no | 31,832 (93.63) | 2866 (95.28) | 22,648 (93.11) | 6318 (94.78) | 39.38 | < 0.001* |
yes | 2165 (6.37) | 142 (4.72) | 1675 (6.89) | 348 (5.22) | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||
no | 19,580 (57.59) | 2304 (76.60) | 13,788 (56.69) | 3488 (52.33) | 528.65 | < 0.001* |
yes | 14,417 (42.41) | 704 (23.40) | 10,535 (43.31) | 3178 (47.67) | ||
Hypertriglyceridemia | ||||||
no | 20,708 (60.91) | 2077 (69.05) | 14,634 (60.17) | 3997 (59.96) | 91.88 | < 0.001* |
yes | 13,289 (39.09) | 931 (30.95) | 9689 (39.83) | 2669 (40.04) |
Univariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for hypertension in different age groups
Factor# | Age group | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Youth | Middle-aged | Elderly | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
Gender | 3.052 | 2.527 3.685 | < 0.001* | 1.627 | 1.544 1.715 | < 0.001* | 1.013 | 0.904 1.136 | 0.820 |
Nationality | 1.304 | 0.794 2.143 | 0.295 | 0.773 | 0.679 0.879 | < 0.001* | 0.745 | 0.524 1.060 | 0.102 |
Residence | 0.894 | 0.726 1.102 | 0.294 | 0.919 | 0.869 0.973 | 0.004* | 0.815 | 0.709 0.937 | 0.004* |
Marital status | 0.872 | 0.600 1.268 | 0.475 | 1.024 | 0.927 1.132 | 0.637 | 0.936 | 0.796 1.101 | 0.426 |
Education | 0.760 | 0.646 0.894 | 0.001* | 0.678 | 0.645 0.712 | < 0.001* | 1.106 | 1.009 1.212 | 0.031* |
Family annual income | 0.865 | 0.739 1.012 | 0.069 | 0.843 | 0.807 0.880 | < 0.001* | 1.057 | 0.958 1.166 | 0.018* |
Smoking | 2.559 | 2.079 3.150 | < 0.001* | 1.381 | 1.300 1.466 | < 0.001* | 0.699 | 0.616 0.794 | < 0.001* |
Drinking | 2.370 | 1.951 2.878 | < 0.001* | 1.476 | 1.394 1.562 | < 0.001* | 1.067 | 0.932 1.221 | 0.349 |
Obesity | 4.849 | 3.972 5.919 | < 0.001* | 2.890 | 2.723 3.067 | < 0.001* | 2.285 | 1.993 2.620 | < 0.001* |
Diabetes | 3.389 | 2.478 4.635 | < 0.001* | 2.624 | 2.447 2.813 | <.0.001* | 1.726 | 1.508 1.977 | < 0.001* |
Hypercholesterolemia | 1.575 | 1.285 1.931 | <.0.001* | 1.235 | 1.174 1.299 | < 0.001* | 0.949 | 0.847 1.063 | 0.362 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 3.308 | 2.738 3.996 | < 0.001* | 1.884 | 1.788 1.985 | < 0.001* | 1.535 | 1.361 1.730 | < 0.001* |
Cardiovascular disease | 4.380 | 0.882 21.758 | 0.071 | 3.774 | 3.054 4.664 | < 0.001* | 1.848 | 1.411 2.419 | < 0.001* |
Stroke | 3.286 | 0.733 14.720 | 0.120 | 4.815 | 3.998 5.799 | < 0.001* | 2.929 | 2.214 3.875 | < 0.001* |
Family history of cardiovascular diseases | 1.887 | 1.235 2.883 | 0.003* | 1.583 | 1.405 1.782 | < 0.001* | 1.516 | 1.102 2.086 | 0.011* |
Family history of stroke | 2.264 | 1.576 3.252 | < 0.001* | 1.930 | 1.738 2.143 | <.0.001* | 1.783 | 1.320 2.408 | <.0.001* |
Multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis of risk factors in different age groups
Factor# | Age groups | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Youth | Middle-aged | Elderly | ||||||||||
OR | 95% CI | Regression coefficient | P value | OR | 95% CI | Regression coefficient | P value | OR | 95% CI | Regression coefficient | P value | |
Gender | 2.117 | 1.691 2.651 | 0.201 | < 0.001* | 1.507 | 1.412 1.609 | 0.109 | < 0.001* | – | – | – | – |
Nationality | – | – | – | – | 0.818 | 0.713 0.939 | −0.022 | 0.004* | – | – | – | – |
Residence | – | – | – | – | 1.075 | 1.009 1.146 | 0.018 | 0.026 | 0.761 | 0.655 0.884 | −0.063 | 0.001* |
Education | 0.781 | 0.653 0.934 | −0.077 | 0.007* | 0.717 | 0.677 0.759 | −0.094 | < 0.001* | 1.159 | 1.050 1.279 | 0.051 | 0.004* |
Family annual income (RMB:yuan) | – | – | – | – | 0.934 | 0.889 0.981 | −0.022 | 0.007* | – | – | – | – |
Smoking | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.774 | 0.679 0.882 | −0.061 | < 0.001* |
Drinking | 1.312 | 1.039 1.656 | 0.065 | 0.022* | 1.220 | 1.139 1.308 | 0.049 | < 0.001* | – | – | – | – |
Obesity | 3.263 | 2.633 4.044 | 0.265 | < 0.001* | 2.478 | 2.330 2.636 | 0.226 | < 0.001* | 2.104 | 1.830 2.418 | 0.192 | < 0.001* |
Diabetes | 1.978 | 1.398 2.799 | 0.089 | 0.001* | 2.173 | 2.021 2.337 | 0.167 | < 0.001* | 1.544 | 1.345 1.773 | <.0.001 | 0.109 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 1.268 | 1.008 1.593 | 0.055 | 0.042* | 1.228 | 1.160 1.299 | 0.056 | < 0.001* | – | – | – | – |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 1.968 | 1.590 2.434 | 0.173 | < 0.001* | 1.490 | 1.409 1.577 | 0.108 | < 0.001* | 1.348 | 1.192 1.524 | 0.081 | < 0.001* |
Family history of cardiovascular diseases | – | – | – | – | 1.484 | 1.307 1.684 | 0.047 | < 0.001* | 1.470 | 1.061 2.036 | 0.042 | 0.021* |
Family history of stroke | 1.936 | 1.287 2.911 | 0.077 | 0.002* | 1.808 | 1.619 2.020 | 0.083 | < 0.001* | 1.688 | 1.243 2.292 | 0.064 | 0.001* |
Predictive value analysis of BMI, WC, and WHtR to hypertension
Fat index | Gender | Age group | Cut-off value | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | male | youth | 26.45 | 0.624 | 0.671 | 0.697 (0.664,0.731) |
middle-aged | 26.15 | 0.622 | 0.607 | 0.661 (0.650,0.673) | ||
elderly | 25.05 | 0.708 | 0.516 | 0.650 (0.627,0.673) | ||
female | youth | 26.05 | 0.615 | 0.765 | 0.747 (0.712,0.782) | |
middle-aged | 26.05 | 0.583 | 0.665 | 0.673 (0.664,0.681) | ||
elderly | 26.65 | 0.521 | 0.681 | 0.638 (0.617,0.660) | ||
WC | male | youth | 86.9 | 0.521 | 0.715 | 0.686 (0.653,0.719) |
middle-aged | 90.1 | 0.651 | 0.592 | 0.665 (0.653,0.676) | ||
elderly | 91.9 | 0.609 | 0.596 | 0.640 (0.617,0.664) | ||
female | youth | 83.5 | 0.593 | 0.753 | 0.731 (0.695,0.768) | |
middle-aged | 85.45 | 0.603 | 0.664 | 0.685 (0.676,0.693) | ||
elderly | 87.3 | 0.629 | 0.568 | 0.635 (0.614,0.656) | ||
WHtR | male | youth | 0.51 | 0.749 | 0.530 | 0.692 (0.659,0.725) |
middle-aged | 0.52 | 0.725 | 0.524 | 0.670 (0.658,0.681) | ||
elderly | 0.54 | 0.667 | 0.539 | 0.638 (0.615,0.662) | ||
female | youth | 0.52 | 0.593 | 0.775 | 0.730 (0.695,0.766) | |
middle-aged | 0.53 | 0.679 | 0.596 | 0.690 (0.682,0.698) | ||
elderly | 0.54 | 0.745 | 0.448 | 0.631 (0.610,0.653) |