Background
Methods
Design
Instrument
Variables | Sample Items |
---|---|
Social Distancing | |
Non-adherence | In the past 2 weeks, how many times have you gone out for groceries and come within two metres (approx. 3 steps) of someone (e.g. cashier, other shoppers) you don’t live with? |
Intentional non-adherence (unpermitted meeting of others) | In the past 2 weeks, how many times have you broken social distancing rules to meet friends that don’t live with you? |
Intentional non-adherence (unpermitted leaving of the house) | In the past 2 weeks, how many times have you gone out for reasons other than to work, to buy groceries, for medical reasons (e.g. to collect a prescription) to enjoy parks or public spaces or to exercise? |
Health Factors | |
Perceived Susceptibility | There is a good chance that I will get coronavirus (COVID-19) |
Political Factors | |
Trust in Government | I trust the UK Government in their response to COVID-19 |
Psychological Factors | |
COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge | Wearing latex gloves is more effective than hand washing at protecting against coronavirus (COVID-19) |
Social Responsibility | Before I act, I think about how my actions might have a negative effect on others |
Self-Interest | I do what I want, regardless of what others want me to do |
Intention to Socially Distance | I will only leave my home for permitted reasons for as long as the lockdown measures are in place |
Control over Leaving the House | During lockdown, I do not need to leave my home if I don’t want to |
Control over Others’ Distancing | When I go out for permitted reasons, I cannot stop others from coming within two metres of mea |
Control over Responsibilities | I have responsibilities (e.g., work, childcare) for which I cannot avoid coming into contact with others that I do not live witha |
Family Normative Pressure | My family support staying at home and social distancing |
Friends Normative Pressure | My friends are keen to meet up in person, despite the lockdowna |
Neighbours Normative Pressure | I see my neighbours keeping social distancing rules when they are out in my street |
Social Factors | |
Support from a Special Person | During lockdown, there is a special person who is around when I am in need |
Support from Family | During lockdown, my family really tries to help me |
Support from Friends | During lockdown, I can talk about my problems with my friends |
SD behaviours
Demographic factors
Housing factors
Health factors
Political factors
Psychological factors
Social factors
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants
Explanatory Variables | n | % | Mean | S.D. | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Factors | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Female | 564 | 82.8 | ||||
Male | 111 | 16.3 | ||||
Other | 6 | 0.9 | ||||
Age | 42.43 | 13.62 | 19 | 77 | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||
White | 583 | 85.6 | ||||
BAME | 98 | 14.4 | ||||
Language | ||||||
English as First Language | 582 | 85.5 | ||||
English Not as First Language | 99 | 14.5 | ||||
Religion | ||||||
No Religion | 420 | 61.7 | ||||
Christian | 154 | 22.6 | ||||
Buddhist | 9 | 1.3 | ||||
Hindu | 3 | 0.4 | ||||
Jewish | 53 | 7.8 | ||||
Muslim | 14 | 2.1 | ||||
Sikh | 2 | 0.3 | ||||
Other | 26 | 3.8 | ||||
Highest Qualification Obtained | ||||||
Doctoral Degree | 39 | 5.7 | ||||
Masters Degree | 198 | 29.1 | ||||
Professional Qualification | 81 | 11.9 | ||||
Bachelors Degree | 236 | 34.7 | ||||
Vocational / Work-related Qualification | 40 | 5.9 | ||||
A Levels or equivalent | 44 | 6.5 | ||||
GCSEs or equivalent | 30 | 4.4 | ||||
No Qualifications | 13 | 1.9 | ||||
Employment Status | ||||||
Long-term sick or disabled | 28 | 4.1 | ||||
Retired | 56 | 8.2 | ||||
Working as an employee from home | 268 | 39.4 | ||||
Self-employed or freelance from home | 66 | 9.7 | ||||
Looking after home or family | 29 | 4.3 | ||||
Unemployed | 36 | 5.3 | ||||
A furloughed employee | 64 | 9.4 | ||||
A student | 20 | 2.9 | ||||
Working as an employee in my normal place of work (not home) | 67 | 9.8 | ||||
Self-employed or freelance in my normal place of work (not home) | 16 | 2.3 | ||||
Other | 31 | 4.6 | ||||
Key Worker Status | ||||||
Not Key Worker | 528 | 77.5 | ||||
Key Worker | 153 | 22.5 | ||||
Deprivation (1–10) | 4.42 | 2.126 | 1 | 10 | ||
Housing Factors | ||||||
Housing Situation | ||||||
Live in Own Home | 349 | 51.2 | ||||
Live in Rented Home | 250 | 36.7 | ||||
Live in Rented Room of Multiple Occupancy House | 82 | 12 | ||||
Number of People Living With | 2.57 | 1.368 | 0 | 9 | ||
Living with a Vulnerable Person | ||||||
Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | 104 | 15.3 | ||||
Not Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | 577 | 84.7 | ||||
Health Factors | ||||||
Health | ||||||
Vulnerable | 102 | 15 | ||||
Not Vulnerable | 579 | 85 | ||||
COVID-19 Symptoms | ||||||
Not Had | 472 | 69.3 | ||||
Had | 209 | 30.7 | ||||
Perceived Susceptibility (1–7) | 4.74 | 1.557 | 1 | 7 | ||
Political Factors | ||||||
2019 General Election | ||||||
Voted for Government | 61 | 9 | ||||
Did Not Vote for Government | 620 | 91 | ||||
Trust in Government (1–7) | 2.96 | 1.541 | 1 | 7 | ||
Lockdown Phase | ||||||
Total Lockdown | 259 | 38 | ||||
Overlap of Total and First Relaxation | 255 | 37.4 | ||||
First Relaxation | 167 | 24.5 | ||||
Psychological Factors | ||||||
COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge (out of 9) | 7.03 | 1.055 | 3 | 9 | ||
Self-Control (1–7) | 6.19 | 1.012 | 1 | 7 | ||
Self-Interest (1–7) | 1.81 | 1.13 | 1 | 7 | ||
Intention to Socially Distance (1–7) | 5.95 | 1.16 | 1.67 | 7 | ||
Control over Leaving the House (1–7) | 5.34 | 1.891 | 1 | 7 | ||
Control over Others’ Distancing (1–7) | 5.48 | 1.558 | 1 | 7 | ||
Control over Responsibilities (1–7) | 2.81 | 2.197 | 1 | 7 | ||
Family Normative Pressure (1–7) | 6.29 | 1.075 | 1 | 7 | ||
Friends Normative Pressure (1–7) | 5.52 | 1.699 | 1 | 7 | ||
Neighbours Normative Pressure (1–7) | 4.69 | 1.825 | 1 | 7 | ||
Social Factors | ||||||
Financial Support | ||||||
Getting Financial Support if Needed | 545 | 80 | ||||
Not Getting Financial Support If Needed | 136 | 20 | ||||
Community Support | ||||||
Getting Community Support if Needed | 599 | 88 | ||||
Not Getting Community Support If Needed | 82 | 12 | ||||
Support from a Special Person (1–7) | 5.52 | 1.846 | 1 | 7 | ||
Support from Family (1–7) | 5.35 | 1.665 | 1 | 7 | ||
Support from Friends (1–7) | 5.41 | 1.44 | 1 | 7 |
Non-adherence of SD rules
Adherence (n) | Adherence (%) | Non-Adherence (n) | Non- Adherence (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
All | 49 | 7.2% | 632 | 92.8% |
Unintentional | 63 | 9.3% | 618 | 90.7% |
Intentional | 350 | 51.4% | 331 | 48.6% |
Unpermitted Leaving of House | 454 | 66.7% | 227 | 33.3% |
Unpermitted Meeting of Others | 485 | 71.2% | 196 | 28.8% |
Factors associated with non-adherence of all SD rules
Univariate analysis
Explanatory Variables | Adherence (n) | Adherence (%) | Non-Adherence (n) | Non- Adherence (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 49 | 7% | 632 | 93% |
Demographic Factors | ||||
Gender | ||||
Female | 42 | 7.4% | 522 | 92.6% |
Male | 5 | 4.5% | 106 | 95.5% |
Other | 2 | 33.3% | 4 | 66.7% |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | 41 | 7% | 542 | 93% |
BAME | 8 | 8.2% | 90 | 91.8% |
Language | ||||
English as First Language | 43 | 7.4% | 539 | 92.6% |
English Not as First Language | 6 | 6.1% | 93 | 93.9% |
Religion | ||||
No Religion | 24 | 5.7% | 396 | 94.3% |
Christian | 15 | 9.7% | 139 | 90.3% |
Buddhist | 1 | 11.1% | 8 | 88.9% |
Hindu | 1 | 33.3% | 2 | 66.7% |
Jewish | 4 | 7.5% | 49 | 92.5% |
Muslim | 1 | 7.1% | 13 | 92.9% |
Sikh | 0 | 0% | 2 | 100% |
Other | 3 | 11.5% | 23 | 88.5% |
Highest Qualification Obtained | ||||
Doctoral Degree | 1 | 2.6% | 38 | 97.4% |
Masters Degree | 11 | 5.6% | 187 | 94.4% |
Professional Qualification | 7 | 8.6% | 74 | 91.4% |
Bachelors Degree | 22 | 9.3% | 214 | 90.7% |
Vocational / Work-related Qualification | 6 | 15% | 34 | 85% |
A Levels or equivalent | 0 | 0% | 44 | 100% |
GCSEs or equivalent | 1 | 3.3% | 29 | 96.7% |
No Qualifications | 1 | 7.7% | 12 | 92.3% |
Employment Statusa | ||||
Long-term sick or disabled | 5 | 17.9% | 23 | 82.1% |
Retired | 13 | 23.2% | 43 | 76.8% |
Working as an employee from home | 13 | 4.9% | 255 | 95.1% |
Self-employed or freelance from home | 5 | 7.6% | 61 | 92.4% |
Looking after home or family | 4 | 13.8% | 25 | 86.2% |
Unemployed | 1 | 2.8% | 35 | 97.2% |
A furloughed employee | 3 | 4.7% | 61 | 95.3% |
A student | 1 | 5% | 19 | 95% |
Working as an employee in my normal place of work (not home) | 1 | 1.5% | 66 | 98.5% |
Self-employed or freelance in my normal place of work (not home) | 0 | 0% | 16 | 100% |
Other | 3 | 9.7% | 28 | 90.3% |
Key Worker Status | ||||
Not Key Worker | 43 | 8.1% | 485 | 91.9% |
Key Worker | 6 | 3.9% | 147 | 96.1% |
Housing Factors | ||||
Housing Situationa | ||||
Live in Own Home | 34 | 9.7% | 315 | 90.3% |
Live in Rented Home | 13 | 5.2% | 237 | 94.8% |
Live in Rented Room of Multiple Occupancy House | 2 | 2.4% | 80 | 97.6% |
Living with a Vulnerable Persona | ||||
Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | 14 | 13.5% | 90 | 86.5% |
Not Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | 35 | 6.1% | 542 | 93.9% |
Health Factors | ||||
Vulnerable Healtha | ||||
Vulnerable | 19 | 18.6% | 83 | 81.4% |
Not Vulnerable | 30 | 5.2% | 549 | 94.8% |
COVID-19 Symptoms | ||||
Not Had | 37 | 7.8% | 435 | 92.2% |
Had | 12 | 5.7% | 197 | 94.3% |
Political Factors | ||||
2019 General Election | ||||
Voted for Government | 6 | 9.8% | 55 | 90.2% |
Did Not Vote for Government | 43 | 6.9% | 577 | 93.1% |
Lockdown Phase | ||||
Total Lockdown | 17 | 6.6% | 242 | 93.4% |
Overlap of Total and First Relaxation | 14 | 5.5% | 241 | 94.5% |
First Relaxation | 18 | 10.8% | 149 | 89.2% |
Social Factors | ||||
Financial Support | ||||
Getting Financial Support if Needed | 38 | 7% | 507 | 93% |
Not Getting Financial Support If Needed | 11 | 8.1% | 125 | 91.9% |
Community Support | ||||
Getting Community Support if Needed | 43 | 7.2% | 556 | 92.8% |
Not Getting Community Support If Needed | 6 | 7.3% | 76 | 92.7% |
Explanatory Variables | Adherence (Mean) | Adherence (S.D.) | Non-Adherence (Mean) | Non- Adherence (S.D.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Factors | ||||
Agea | 52.04 | 14.016 | 41.69 | 13.313 |
Deprivation | 4.84 | 2.418 | 4.39 | 2.1 |
Housing Factor | ||||
Number of People Living With | 2.43 | 1.242 | 2.59 | 1.378 |
Health Factor | ||||
Perceived Susceptibilitya | 4 | 1.568 | 4.79 | 1.543 |
Political Factor | ||||
Trust in Government | 3.05 | 1.626 | 2.96 | 1.535 |
Psychological Factors | ||||
COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge | 6.98 | .946 | 7.03 | 1.064 |
Social Responsibility | 6.37 | .859 | 6.18 | 1.022 |
Self-Interest | 1.8 | 1.258 | 1.81 | 1.12 |
Intention to Socially Distancea | 6.42 | .924 | 5.91 | 1.168 |
Control over Leaving the Housea | 6.08 | 1.187 | 5.28 | 1.923 |
Control over Others’ Distancinga | 3.41 | 1.813 | 2.45 | 1.516 |
Control over Responsibilitiesa | 6.35 | 1.284 | 5.1 | 2.228 |
Normative Pressure from Family | 6.53 | .793 | 6.27 | 1.092 |
Normative Pressure from Friendsa | 6.24 | 1.234 | 5.47 | 1.718 |
Normative Pressure from Neighbours | 5.12 | 1.728 | 4.66 | 1.83 |
Social Factors | ||||
Support from a Special Person | 5.63 | 1.811 | 5.51 | 1.85 |
Support from Family | 5.44 | 1.691 | 5.34 | 1.664 |
Support from Friends | 5.37 | 1.32 | 5.42 | 1.45 |
Multivariate analysis
Explanatory Variables | Exp (B) | 95% Wald Confidence Interval for Exp (B) | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Constant | 24,481,821.0 | .996 | ||
Demographic Factors | ||||
Gender | .047 | |||
Female | ||||
Male | 1.305 | .388 | 4.389 | .667 |
Otherb | .047 | .004 | .592 | .018 |
Age | .977 | .933 | 1.023 | .322 |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | ||||
BAME | 1.19 | .37 | 3.832 | .77 |
Language | ||||
English as First Language | ||||
English Not as First Language | .613 | .182 | 2.068 | .43 |
Religion | .488 | |||
No Religion | ||||
Christian | .504 | .203 | 1.252 | .14 |
Buddhist | 6.469 | .208 | 201.301 | .287 |
Hindu | .099 | .003 | 3.111 | .188 |
Jewish | 1.641 | .298 | 9.043 | .569 |
Muslim | 1.171 | .07 | 19.652 | .913 |
Sikh | 5.882E+ 9 | .000 | .999 | |
Other | .414 | .071 | 2.407 | .326 |
Highest Qualification Obtained | .306 | |||
Doctoral Degree | ||||
Masters Degree | .353 | .029 | 4.343 | .416 |
Professional Qualification | .21 | .016 | 2.811 | .238 |
Bachelors Degree | .166 | .014 | 2.028 | .16 |
Vocational / Work-related Qualification | .133 | .008 | 2.121 | .153 |
A Levels or equivalent | 28,639,096.0 | .000 | .997 | |
GCSEs or equivalent | 1.272 | .042 | 38.118 | .89 |
No Qualifications | 2.406 | .041 | 141.664 | .673 |
Employment Status | .586 | |||
Long-term sick or disabled | ||||
Retired | .787 | .136 | 4.567 | .79 |
Working as an employee from home | 3.579 | .682 | 18.774 | .132 |
Self-employed or freelance from home | 2.24 | .36 | 13.947 | .387 |
Looking after home or family | .721 | .075 | 6.904 | .777 |
Unemployed | 3.303 | .23 | 47.51 | .38 |
A furloughed employee | 3.573 | .451 | 28.315 | .228 |
A student | 1.313 | .071 | 24.42 | .855 |
Working as an employee in my normal place of work (not home) | 2.605 | .136 | 49.896 | .525 |
Self-employed or freelance in my normal place of work (not home) | 121,440,088 | .000 | .998 | |
Other | 3.414 | .363 | 32.075 | .283 |
Key Worker Status | ||||
Not Key Worker | ||||
Key Worker | .511 | .154 | 1.694 | .272 |
Deprivation | 1.016 | .841 | 1.227 | .873 |
Housing Factors | ||||
Housing Situation | .909 | |||
Live in Own Home | ||||
Live in Rented Home | 1.054 | .374 | 2.971 | .920 |
Live in Rented Room of Multiple Occupancy House | 1.553 | .214 | 11.276 | .664 |
Number of People Living With | .849 | .619 | 1.166 | .312 |
Living With a Vulnerable Person | ||||
Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | ||||
Not Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | .998 | .385 | 2.586 | .997 |
Health Factors | ||||
Vulnerable Healtha | ||||
Vulnerable | ||||
Not Vulnerablea | 4.506 | 1.799 | 11.285 | .001 |
COVID-19 Symptoms | ||||
Not Had | ||||
Had | .87 | .341 | 2.215 | .77 |
Perceived Susceptibility | 1.102 | .823 | 1.477 | .514 |
Political Factors | ||||
2019 General Election | ||||
Voted for Government | ||||
Did Not Vote for Government | 1.522 | .361 | 6.41 | .567 |
Trust in Government | 1.005 | .76 | 1.328 | .974 |
Lockdown Phasea | .009 | |||
Total Lockdown | ||||
Overlap of Total and First Relaxation | 1.204 | .465 | 3.114 | .702 |
First Relaxationa | .261 | .096 | .711 | .009 |
Psychological Factors | ||||
COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge | 1.273 | .864 | 1.877 | .223 |
Social Responsibility | .966 | .63 | 1.482 | .875 |
Self-Interest | .985 | .707 | 1.372 | .927 |
Intention to Socially Distance | .688 | .433 | 1.094 | .114 |
Control over Leaving the House | .821 | .634 | 1.063 | .135 |
Control over Others’ Distancinga | .724 | .573 | .916 | .007 |
Control over Responsibilitiesa | .642 | .474 | .869 | .004 |
Normative Pressure from Family | .931 | .577 | 1.5 | .768 |
Normative Pressure from Friends | .739 | .526 | 1.037 | .08 |
Normative Pressure from Neighbours | 1.062 | .824 | 1.369 | .643 |
Social Factors | ||||
Financial Support | ||||
Getting Financial Support if Needed | ||||
Not Getting Financial Support If Needed | .731 | .241 | 2.22 | .58 |
Community Support | ||||
Getting Community Support if Needed | ||||
Not Getting Community Support If Needed | 1.166 | .27 | 5.039 | .837 |
Support from a Special Person | .912 | .674 | 1.234 | .551 |
Support from Family | .903 | .596 | 1.366 | .628 |
Support from Friends | 1.18 | .758 | 1.838 | .464 |
Mapping analysis
Factors associated with intentional non-adherence of SD rules
Univariate analysis
Explanatory Variables | Intentional Adherence (n) | Intentional Adherence (%) | Intentional Non-Adherence (n) | Intentional Non- Adherence (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 350 | 51.4% | 331 | 48.6% |
Demographic Factors | ||||
Gender | ||||
Female | 292 | 51.8% | 272 | 48.2% |
Male | 55 | 49.5% | 56 | 50.5% |
Other | 3 | 50% | 3 | 50% |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | 302 | 51.8% | 281 | 48.2% |
BAME | 48 | 49% | 50 | 51% |
Language | ||||
English as First Language | 307 | 52.7% | 275 | 47.3% |
English Not as First Language | 43 | 43.4% | 56 | 56.6% |
Religion | ||||
No Religion | 210 | 50% | 210 | 50% |
Christian | 79 | 51.3% | 75 | 48.7% |
Buddhist | 5 | 55.6% | 4 | 44.4% |
Hindu | 2 | 66.7% | 1 | 33.3% |
Jewish | 27 | 50.9% | 26 | 49.1% |
Muslim | 7 | 50% | 7 | 50% |
Sikh | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0% |
Other | 18 | 69.2% | 8 | 30.8% |
Highest Qualification Obtained | ||||
Doctoral Degree | 14 | 35.9% | 25 | 64.1% |
Masters Degree | 105 | 53% | 93 | 47% |
Professional Qualification | 46 | 56.8% | 35 | 43.2% |
Bachelors Degree | 117 | 49.6% | 119 | 50.4% |
Vocational / Work-related Qualification | 26 | 65% | 14 | 35% |
A Levels or equivalent | 23 | 52.3% | 21 | 47.7% |
GCSEs or equivalent | 11 | 36.7% | 19 | 63.3% |
No Qualifications | 8 | 61.5% | 5 | 38.5% |
Employment Statusa | ||||
Long-term sick or disabled | 19 | 67.9% | 9 | 32.1% |
Retired | 30 | 53.6% | 26 | 46.4% |
Working as an employee from home | 146 | 54.5% | 122 | 45.5% |
Self-employed or freelance from home | 36 | 54.5% | 30 | 45.4% |
Looking after home or family | 12 | 41.4% | 17 | 58.6% |
Unemployed | 17 | 47.2% | 19 | 52.8% |
A furloughed employee | 26 | 40.6% | 38 | 59.4% |
A student | 6 | 30% | 14 | 70% |
Working as an employee in my normal place of work (not home) | 37 | 55.2% | 30 | 44.8% |
Self-employed or freelance in my normal place of work (not home) | 3 | 18.8% | 13 | 81.3% |
Other | 18 | 58.1% | 13 | 41.9% |
Key Worker Status | ||||
Not Key Worker | 276 | 52.3% | 252 | 47.7% |
Key Worker | 74 | 48.4% | 79 | 51.6% |
Housing Factors | ||||
Housing Situationa | ||||
Live in Own Home | 181 | 51.9% | 168 | 48.1% |
Live in Rented Home | 138 | 55.2% | 112 | 44.8% |
Live in Rented Room of Multiple Occupancy House | 31 | 37.8% | 51 | 62.2% |
Living with Vulnerable Person | ||||
Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | 62 | 59.6% | 42 | 40.4% |
Not Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | 288 | 49.9% | 289 | 50.1% |
Health Factors | ||||
Healtha | ||||
Vulnerable | 64 | 62.7% | 338 | 37.3% |
Not Vulnerable | 286 | 49.4% | 293 | 50.6% |
COVID-19 Symptoms | ||||
Not Had | 247 | 52.3% | 225 | 47.7% |
Had | 103 | 49.3% | 106 | 50.7% |
Political Factors | ||||
2019 General Election | ||||
Voted for Government | 26 | 42.6% | 35 | 57.4% |
Did Not Vote for Government | 324 | 52.3% | 296 | 47.7% |
Lockdown Phase | ||||
Total Lockdown | 137 | 52.9% | 122 | 47.1% |
Overlap of Total and First Relaxation | 133 | 52.2% | 122 | 47.8% |
First Relaxation | 80 | 47.9% | 87 | 52.1% |
Social Factors | ||||
Financial Support | ||||
Getting Financial Support if Needed | 287 | 52.7% | 258 | 47.3% |
Not Getting Financial Support If Needed | 63 | 46.3% | 73 | 53.7% |
Community Support | ||||
Getting Community Support if Needed | 308 | 51.4% | 291 | 48.6% |
Not Getting Community Support If Needed | 42 | 51.2% | 40 | 48.8% |
Explanatory Variables | Adherence (Mean) | Adherence (S.D.) | Non-Adherence (Mean) | Non- Adherence (S.D.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Factors | ||||
Age | 43.31 | 13.67 | 41.5 | 13.525 |
Deprivation | 4.43 | 2.117 | 4.42 | 2.138 |
Housing Factor | ||||
Number of People Living With | 2.51 | 1.317 | 2.64 | 1.418 |
Health Factor | ||||
Perceived Susceptibilitya | 4.61 | 1.562 | 4.87 | 1.543 |
Political Factor | ||||
Trust in Government | 3.03 | 1.56 | 2.89 | 1.519 |
Psychological Factors | ||||
COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge | 7.1 | 1.002 | 6.95 | 1.105 |
Social Responsibilitya | 6.29 | 1.015 | 6.1 | 1.001 |
Self-Interesta | 1.69 | 1.118 | 1.93 | 1.131 |
Intention to Socially Distancea | 6.38 | .875 | 5.49 | 1.248 |
Control over Leaving the Housea | 5.51 | 1.815 | 5.16 | 1.955 |
Control over Others’ Distancinga | 2.68 | 1.632 | 2.34 | 1.457 |
Control over Responsibilitiesa | 5.42 | 2.138 | 4.95 | 2.236 |
Normative Pressure from Familya | 6.47 | .923 | 6.09 | 1.186 |
Normative Pressure from Friendsa | 5.84 | 1.568 | 5.19 | 1.772 |
Normative Pressure from Neighbours | 4.62 | 1.902 | 4.76 | 1.741 |
Social Factors | ||||
Support from a Special Person | 5.52 | 1.89 | 5.52 | 1.801 |
Support from Family | 5.33 | 1.713 | 5.37 | 1.615 |
Support from Friends | 5.32 | 1.505 | 5.53 | 1.36 |
Multivariate analysis
Explanatory Variables | Exp (B) | 95% Wald Confidence Interval for Exp (B) | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Constant | 51.866 | .999 | ||
Demographic Factors | ||||
Gender | .649 | |||
Female | ||||
Male | .795 | .475 | 1.328 | .38 |
Other | .708 | .114 | 4.382 | .71 |
Age | 1.001 | .98 | 1.022 | .942 |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | ||||
BAME | 1.204 | .68 | 2.132 | .523 |
Language | ||||
English as First Language | ||||
English Not as First Language | 1.484 | .851 | 2.587 | .164 |
Religion | .73 | |||
No Religion | ||||
Christian | 1.164 | .725 | 1.868 | .529 |
Buddhist | .831 | .159 | 4.33 | .826 |
Hindu | 1.264 | .085 | 18.815 | .865 |
Jewish | .872 | .414 | 1.838 | .719 |
Muslim | .521 | .132 | 2.050 | .351 |
Sikh | .000 | .000 | .999 | |
Other | .423 | .156 | 1.141 | .089 |
Highest Qualification Obtaineda | .02 | |||
Doctoral Degree | ||||
Masters Degreea | .332 | .147 | .749 | .008 |
Professional Qualificationa | .307 | .123 | .765 | .011 |
Bachelors Degreea | .361 | .161 | .807 | .013 |
Vocational / Work-related Qualificationa | .174 | .057 | .531 | .002 |
A Levels or equivalent | .353 | .12 | 1.037 | .058 |
GCSEs or equivalent | 1.125 | .325 | 3.891 | .853 |
No Qualifications | .221 | .037 | 1.335 | .1 |
Employment Status | .052 | |||
Long-term sick or disabled | ||||
Retired | 1.309 | .384 | 4.461 | .667 |
Working as an employee from home | .638 | .219 | 1.854 | .409 |
Self-employed or freelance from home | .693 | .215 | 2.233 | .539 |
Looking after home or family | 1.548 | .401 | 5.975 | .526 |
Unemployed | 1.007 | .286 | 3.541 | .992 |
A furloughed employee | 1.321 | .41 | 4.253 | .641 |
A student | 1.02 | .223 | 4.669 | .979 |
Working as an employee in my normal place of work (not home) | .358 | .101 | 1.275 | .113 |
Self-employed or freelance in my normal place of work (not home) | 3.184 | .551 | 18.401 | .196 |
Other | .367 | .096 | 1.399 | .142 |
Key Worker Status | ||||
Not Key Worker | 1.559 | .91 | 2.672 | .106 |
Key Worker | ||||
Deprivation | 1.019 | .929 | 1.118 | .684 |
Housing Factors | ||||
Housing Situation | .155 | |||
Live in Own Home | ||||
Live in Rented Home | .902 | .569 | 1.431 | .662 |
Live in Rented Room of Multiple Occupancy House | 1.737 | .845 | 3.571 | .133 |
Number of People Living With | 1.007 | .862 | 1.178 | .926 |
Living With a Vulnerable Person | ||||
Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | ||||
Not Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | 1.26 | .723 | 2.195 | .415 |
Health Factors | ||||
Health | ||||
Vulnerable | ||||
Not Vulnerable | 1.335 | .773 | 2.308 | .3 |
COVID-19 Symptoms | ||||
Not Had | ||||
Had | 1.041 | .684 | 1.583 | .852 |
Perceived Susceptibility | 1.077 | .939 | 1.235 | .289 |
Political Factors | ||||
2019 General Election | ||||
Voted for Government | ||||
Did Not Vote for Governmenta | .461 | .222 | .954 | .037 |
Trust in Government | .907 | .794 | 1.036 | .149 |
Lockdown Phase | .444 | |||
Total Lockdown | ||||
Overlap of Total and First Relaxation | .769 | .501 | 1.182 | .232 |
First Relaxation | .792 | .487 | 1.289 | .348 |
Psychological Factors | ||||
COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge | .871 | .726 | 1.044 | .136 |
Social Responsibility | .96 | .79 | 1.168 | .685 |
Self-Interest | 1.07 | .891 | 1.284 | .472 |
Intention to Socially Distancea | .468 | .381 | .575 | .000 |
Control over Leaving the House | .992 | .895 | 1.1 | .877 |
Control over Others’ Distancinga | .829 | .73 | .942 | .004 |
Control over Responsibilities | .91 | .819 | 1.011 | .079 |
Normative Pressure from Family | .872 | .716 | 1.061 | .171 |
Normative Pressure from Friends | .942 | .834 | 1.063 | .331 |
Normative Pressure from Neighboursa | 1.121 | 1.004 | 1.253 | .042 |
Social Factors | ||||
Financial Support | ||||
Getting Financial Support if Needed | ||||
Not Getting Financial Support If Needed | 1.596 | .938 | 2.714 | .085 |
Community Support | ||||
Getting Community Support if Needed | ||||
Not Getting Community Support If Needed | .764 | .396 | 1.473 | .422 |
Support from a Special Person | .991 | .861 | 1.141 | .904 |
Support from Family | .853 | .694 | 1.05 | .133 |
Support from Friendsa | 1.465 | 1.152 | 1.864 | .002 |
Mapping analysis
Discussion
Non-Adherence All Rules | Intentional Non-Adherence | ||
---|---|---|---|
Univariate Predictor | Multivariate Predictor | Univariate Predictor | Multivariate Predictor |
• Lower Age • Employment Status of Not Retired or Long-term Sick or Disabled • Not Living With a Person of Vulnerable Health Status vs. Living With a Person of Vulnerable Health Status • Lower Intention to Socially Distance | Not Vulnerable vs. Vulnerable Health | • Not Vulnerable vs. Vulnerable Health • Lower Social Responsibility • Higher Self-Interest • Lower Control over Leaving the House • Lower Control over Responsibilities • Lower Normative Pressure from Family • Lower Normative Pressure from Friends | Lower Intention to Socially Distance |
• Living in a Rented Room in a Multiple Occupancy House vs. Owning Own Home • Higher Perceived Susceptibility | Lower Control over Others’ Distancing | • Living in a Rented Room in a Multiple Occupancy House vs. Owning Own Home • Higher Perceived Susceptibility | Lower Control over Others’ Distancing |
• Lower Control over Leaving the House • Higher Normative Pressure from Friends | Lower Control over Responsibilities | • Employment Status of Self-employed or Freelance in Normal Place of Work or Student | Having a Doctoral Degree vs. a Masters, Professional Qualification, Bachelors Degree or Work-related Qualification |
First Relaxation Phase vs. Total Lockdown | Voted for the Government | ||
Higher Normative Pressure from Neighbours | |||
Greater Support from Friends |