Introduction
Objectives
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How do these views vary over time according to the proximity of the introduction of comprehensive smoking legislation at the time of data collection?
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How do these views vary by individual and school-level socioeconomic status?
Methods
Protocol and registration
Eligibility criteria
SPIDER Framework | Description |
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Sample | • Studies that sought school students (age 11–18), school staff, parents or other education professionals’ views and were focused on whole population, or students of a low socioeconomic status. • Studies that focused on special populations, for example, cannabis smokers were excluded. |
Phenomenon of Interest | • Studies that focused on friendship, peers, influence and selection. • Studies were excluded if they focused exclusively on waterpipe tobacco, e-cigarettes and other forms of nicotine inhalation as well as passive smoking and cessation studies. |
Design | • Qualitative or mixed methods studies with a qualitative element including interviews, focus groups, and observations. |
Evaluation | • Studies that sought participants’ views, perceptions or attitudes. |
Research Type | • Date: Papers published using data collected during or after 1997. This is the year that adolescent smoking peaked in the US (30). Corresponding authors were contacted directly to request this information, where this was omitted in papers. • Language: No language or geographical limits were set, but comparisons were made within the analyses according to whether the data were collected before or after the introduction of comprehensive smoking legislation covering bans on smoking in all work places and public places, including restaurants and bars, in each respective country. |
Information sources and searches
Study selection
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Synthesis
Results
Study selection
Overview of included studies
Author and year | Year of data collection | Participant characteristics | Country | Quality assessment | ||
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Age
|
Number
|
Socioeconomic status
| ||||
Amos et al. (2007) [25] | 2002 | Range 15–16 years | 46 ( 24 females and 22 males) | 4 focus groups from middle class (ABC1) and 4 from working class (C2DE) | UK (Scotland) | HIGH |
Arora et al. (2010) [26] | 2005 | Range 10–19 years | 37 (6 females and 31 males) | 2 low SES communities | India | MEDIUM |
Baheiraei et al. (2018) [27] | 2012 | Range 15–18 years | 11 females | Not recorded | Iran | MEDIUM |
Baillie et al. (2005) [28] | 2000-1 | Range 14–18 years, mean 16 years | 35 (17 females and 18 males) | Not recorded | Canada (British Columbia) | HIGH |
Craciun et al. (2008) [29] | 2005-6 | Range14-15 years | 30 (15 females and 15 males) | Not recorded | Romania | LOW |
Denscombe et al. (2001) [30] | 1997-8 | Range 15–16 years | 123 Focus groups, 20 interviews | Not recorded | UK (England) | HIGH |
Denscombe et al. (2001b) [31] | 1997-8 | Range 15–16 years | 123 Focus groups, 20 interviews | Not recorded | UK (England) | HIGH |
Dijk et al. (2007) [32] | 2003 | Range15-17 years | 101 | Not recorded | Netherlands | MEDIUM |
El Kazdouh et al. (2018) [33] | 2016 | Range 14–16 years | 100 | 2 schools - one classed as “advantaged”, the other as “disadvantaged” | Morocco | HIGH |
Fithria (2021) [34] | 2019 | Range 12–18 years | 24 male students | Schools located in regions with a poverty level of 15.41% | Indonesia | LOW |
Fraga et al. (2011) [35] | 2003-4 | Mean/range 13 years | 30 (15 females and 15 males) | Not recorded | Portugal | LOW |
Haines et al. (2009) [36] | 2005-6 | Range 16–19 years | 25 | No data collected but researchers say that most appeared to be mid to high SES | Canada (Toronto) | MEDIUM |
Hong et al. (2015) [37] | 2013 | Range 13–18 years | 12 | Not recorded | Taiwan | MEDIUM |
Ioannou et al. (2010) [38] | 2002 | Range 15–17 years | 25 (13 females and 12 males) | States ‘diverse socioeconomic backgrounds’ | Cyprus | MEDIUM |
Jafari (2022) [39] | 2020 | Mean 16 years | 20 females | Not recorded | Iran | MEDIUM |
Johnson et al. (2003) [40] | 2000-1 | 1st phase mean = 16, range 14–18; 2nd and 3rd phases mean = 16, range 13–19 years | 1st phase 47 (29 females and 18 males); 2nd and 3rd phases − 25 (14 females and 11 males). | Not recorded | Canada (Vancouver) | HIGH |
Lewis et al. (2013) [41] | 2009 | Range 11–18 years | 52 (30 females and 22 males) | ‘Disadvantaged community’ - “The youth club featured is situated in a former coal-mining village which, according to the index of multiple deprivation score (North East Public Health Observatory 2007), is amongst the 10 per cent most deprived wards in a county that is one of the most deprived in England. Unemployment levels are in the highest quintile (Durham County Council 2012) for the county.” | UK (England) | HIGH |
Milton et al. (2008) [42] | 2001 | Range 9–11 years | 76 | Over half of the cohort lived in low-income families, and 82% lived in the most deprived quartile (the poorest quarter of addresses) in the northwest of England as calculated using Townsend’s indices of deprivation. | UK (England) | HIGH |
Mishra et al. (2005) [43] | 2002 | Range 10–16 years | 435 (181 females and 254 males) | Government run schools with low-medium SES; private schools with medium-high SES were included. | India | HIGH |
Mitschke et al. (2008) [44] | 2006 | Range 10–14 years | 54 (35 females and 19 males) | Not recorded | USA (Hawaii) | MEDIUM |
Mutaz (2020) [45] | unknown | Range 12–16 years | 103 males | Not recorded | Saudi Arabia | MEDIUM |
Niknami et al. (2008) [46] | 2004-5 | Range 10–47 years | 62 (92% male) | Not recorded | Iran | HIGH |
Nwafor et al. (2012) [47] | 2008 | Not recorded | 40 male | Not recorded | Nigeria | LOW |
Perez-Milena et al. (2011) [48] | 2008-9 | Range 12–18 years | 44 (6 focus groups ranging from 17-78% female) | Within the six focus groups, there were between 0–33% composition of the lowest socioeconomic group, between 42–83% middle and 11–50% highest. | Spain | MEDIUM |
Peterson et al. (2019) [49] | 2012-13 | Range 12–16 years | 81 | Students are rated high/medium/low SES but no info on how this has been done. | Uruguay | MEDIUM |
Plano Clark et al. (2002) [50] | 1999 | Mean 16 years | 205 (plus 66 student co-researchers) | Not recorded | USA (Newbraska) | HIGH |
Plumridge et al. (2002) [51] | 1999 | Range 14–15 years | 42 | School of relatively high socio-economic catchment (decile 8 ranking) | New Zealand | MEDIUM |
Povlsen et al. (2018) [52] | 2013 | Range 13–16 years | 71 (36 females and 35 males) | 2 public and 2 private schools/castes recorded | Nepal | MEDIUM |
Rothwell et al. (2011) [53] | 2007 | Mean 17 years, range 14–17 years | 28 | Not recorded | USA (Utah) | MEDIUM |
Sanchez Martinez et al. (2008) [54] | 2005 | Range 16–17 years | 14 | Not recorded | Mexico | LOW |
Schreuders et al. (2019) [55] | 2016-17 | Ranges: focus groups: 14–17 years old; interviews 15–18 years old | 22 for focus groups; 14 for interviews | 1 vocational school and one mid-level theoretical school | Netherlands | HIGH |
Stewart-Knox et al. (2005) [56] | 1997–2000 | Ranges: Year 1: 11–12 years old; year 2: 12–13 years old; year 3: 13–14 + years | Year 1: 102 (52 females;50 males); Year 2: 51 (28 females;23 males); Year 3: 39 (22 females; 17 males) | Not recorded | UK (Northern Ireland) | HIGH |
Stjerna et al. (2004) [57] | 1999 | Range 14–15 years | 43 (25 females and 18 males) | Schools had ‘average SES structure’ | Sweden | MEDIUM |
Talip et al. (2016) [58] | 2015 | Mean 14 years, range 13–17 years | 43 males | Not recorded | Brunei | MEDIUM |
Tamvakas et al. (2010) [59] | 2009 | Mean 15 years, range 14–16 years | 31 (14 females and 17 males) | Not recorded | Greece | MEDIUM |
Tohid et al. (2011) [60] | 2008-10 | Mean/range 16 years | 26 (3 females and 23 males) | Not recorded | Malaysia | MEDIUM |
Treacy et al. (2007) [61] | 1997 | Longitudinal - yearly from 11–12 to 15–16 years | 1st round 78(44 females and 34 males); 2nd round 48; 3rd round 19; 4th rounds 33 | Most of sample from working-class areas of Dublin | Republic of Ireland | HIGH |
Turner et al. (2006) [62] | 2000-1 | Mean/range 13 years | 136 | Both schools served disadvantaged populations | UK (Scotland) | HIGH |
Vasquez et al. (2018) [63] | 2015 | Range 9–19 years | 49 (60% males) | 90% eligible for free school lunch | USA (Texas) | HIGH |
Woodgate et al. (2015) [64] | 2007-10 | Mean 14.5 years, range 11–19 years | 75 | 72% identified as middle class | Canada (Western Canadian Province) | HIGH |
Yuksel et al. (2005) [65] | 2001-2 | Median 16 years | 52 youth (19 females and 33 males) + 24 adults (teachers/school counsellors/parents) | Not reported | Turkey | MEDIUM |
Author and year | Data collection methods | Analysis | Substance focus | Country and year of smoking ban | Synthesis category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amos et al. (2007) [25] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Scotland (UK) 2006 | 0–4 years before |
Arora et al. (2010) [26] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking and smoke-free tobacco | India no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
Baheiraei et al. (2018) [27] | Telephone semi-structured interviews | Thematic (constant comparative analysis/content analysis) | Smoking only | Iran 2007 | After |
Baillie et al. (2005) [28] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (narrative enquiry) | Smoking only | Canada (British Columbia) 2008 | 5–9 years before |
Craciun et al. (2008) [29] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Romania 2016 | 10 + years before |
Denscombe et al. (2001) [30] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | England (UK) 2007 | 5–9 years before |
Denscombe et al. (2001b) [31] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | England (UK) 2007 | 5–9 years before |
Dijk et al. (2007) [32] | Face to face group interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | Netherlands 2008 | 5–9 years before |
El Kazdouh et al. (2018) [33] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic (inductive) | Substance use | Morocco no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
Fithria (2021) [34] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic (inductive content analysis) | Smoking only | Indonesia no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
Fraga et al. (2011) [35] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Portugal no comprehensive ban | 0–4 years before |
Haines et al. (2009) [36] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking and other substances | Canada (Toronto) 2015 | 0–4 years before |
Hong et al. (2015) [37] | Face to face semi-structured interviews and focus groups | Thematic (Colaixxi’s method) | Smoking only | Taiwan 2009 | After |
Ioannou et al. (2010) [38] | Face to face unstructured interviews | Thematic (content analysis/grounded theory) | Smoking only | Cyprus 2010 | 5–9 years before |
Jafari (2022) [39] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Iran 2007 | After |
Johnson et al. (2003) [40] | Face to face semi-structured interviews (secondary analysis and primary data collection) + free pile and sort | Thematic | Smoking only | Canada (Vancouver) 2015 | 10 + years before |
Lewis et al. (2013) [41] | Ethnography | Thematic (open coding approach) | Smoking only | UK (England) 2007 | After |
Milton et al. (2008) [42] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | UK (England) 2007 | 5–9 years before |
Mishra et al. (2005) [43] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Tobacco in various forms | India, no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
Mitschke et al. (2008) [44] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 2006 | 0–4 years before |
Mutaz (2020) [45] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Saudi Arabia, no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
Niknami et al. (2008) [46] | Face to face semi-structured interviews, focus groups and written narratives | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Iran 2007 | 0–4 years before |
Nwafor et al. (2012) [47] | Face to face focus groups | Not stated clearly | Smoking only | Nigeria no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
Perez-Milena et al. (2011) [48] | Face to face focus groups | Content analysis | Smoking only | Spain 2011 | 0–4 years before |
Peterson et al. (2019) [49] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic (constant comparison) | Smoking only | Uruguay 2006 | After |
Plano Clark et al. (2002) [50] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Primarily smoking, but also included smokeless tobacco | USA (Newbraska) 2009 | 5–9 years before |
Plumridge et al. (2002) [51] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | New Zealand 2004 | 5–9 years before |
Povlsen et al. (2018) [52] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Nepal 2011 | After |
Rothwell et al. (2011) [53] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking and chewing tobacco | USA (Utah) 2007 | 0–4 years before |
Sanchez Martinez et al. (2008) [54] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Mexico 2008 | 10 + years before |
Schreuders et al. (2019) [55] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic (framework analysis) | Smoking only | The Netherlands 2008 | After |
Stewart-Knox et al. (2005) [56] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis/grounded theory) | Smoking only | UK (Northern Ireland) 2007 | 5–9 years before |
Stjerna et al. (2004) [57] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic (inductive/discursive analysis) | Tobacco, including snuff | Sweden 2005 | 10 + years before |
Talip et al. (2016) [58] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Brunei 2017 | 0–4 years before |
Tamvakas et al. (2010) [59] | Face to face semi-structured interviews with small groups (2/3 people) | Thematic | Smoking only | Greece 2010 | 0–4 years before |
Tohid et al. (2011) [60] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | Malaysia 2019 | 10 + years before |
Treacy et al. (2007) [61] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic (inductive analysis) | Smoking only | Ireland 2004 | 5–9 years before |
Turner et al. (2006) [62] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | UK (Scotland) 2006 | 0–4 years before |
Vasquez et al. (2018) [63] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | USA (Texas) No comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
Woodgate et al. (2015) [64] | Face to face semi-structured interviews, participatory method ‘Photovoice’ and focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Canada (Western Canadian Province, unclear which) 2004, 2005, 2008, 2008 | After |
Yuksel et al. (2005) [65] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic and content analysis | Smoking only | Turkey 2009 | 10 + years before |