Background
Methods
Data source and study population
Socioeconomic status and covariates
Assessment of oral hygiene and periodontal status
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) | Examination protocol | Buccal surfaces of teeth 16, 11, 26 |
Lingual surfaces of teeth 31, 36, 46 | ||
Score | 0: no plaque | |
1: plaque on the gingival third of the surface | ||
2: plaque on the middle third of the surface | ||
3: plaque on the occlusal third of the surface | ||
Definition | Plaque-free was defined as all index teeth had OHI-S = 0 | |
Pocket Depth Index (PDI) | Examination protocol | Random half–mouth protocol |
Buccal surfaces of upper jaw | ||
Lingual surfaces of lower jaw | ||
Score | 0: < 3.5 mm | |
1: 3.5 – 5.5 mm | ||
2: > 5.5 mm | ||
Definition | (1) Periodontal health was defined as all assessed teeth had pocket depth < 3.5 mm (PDI = 0) | |
(2) Deep pockets was defined as any assessed tooth had pocket depth > 5.5 mm (PDI = 2) |
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
1995 | 2002 | 2007 | 2013 | P valueb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 917) | (n = 795) | (n = 669) | (n = 702) | ||
Age year, mean (SD) | 38.1 (8.1) | 40.7 (8.0) | 41.1 (8.5) | 40.2 (8.6) | .000 |
Age group, n (%) | .000 | ||||
25–34 y | 353 (38.5) | 211 (26.5) | 177 (26.5) | 217 (30.9) | |
35–44 y | 317 (34.6) | 310 (39.0) | 227 (33.9) | 235 (33.5) | |
45–54 y | 247 (26.9) | 274 (34.5) | 265 (39.6) | 250 (35.6) | |
Gender, n (%) | .000 | ||||
Male | 450 (49.1) | 318 (40.0) | 304 (45.4) | 284 (40.5) | |
Female | 467 (50.9) | 477 (60.0) | 365 (54.6) | 418 (59.5) | |
Ethnicity, n (%) a | .000 | ||||
Native | 831 (91.1) | 639 (80.8) | 576 (86.5) | 636 (90.6) | |
Non-native | 81 (8.9) | 152 (19.2) | 90 (13.5) | 66 (9.4) | |
Socioeconomic status, n (%) | .000 | ||||
Low | 579 (63.1) | 601 (75.6) | 309 (46.2) | 264 (37.6) | |
High | 338 (36.9) | 194 (24.4) | 360 (53.8) | 438 (62.4) | |
Time since the last dental visit, n (%)a | .009 | ||||
More than 1 year | 57 (6.2) | 71 (8.9) | 73 (10.9) | 63 (9.0) | |
Less than 1 year | 859 (93.8) | 723 (91.1) | 595 (89.1) | 638 (91.0) | |
Toothbrushing frequency, n (%)a | .000 | ||||
< Once per day | 254 (27.7) | 218 (27.4) | 122 (18.3) | 182 (26.0) | |
> Twice per day | 663 (72.3) | 577 (72.6) | 545 (81.7) | 517 (74.0) | |
Floss usage, n (%) a | .000 | ||||
Non-daily | 821 (89.5) | 717 (90.2) | 561 (84.4) | 533 (75.9) | |
Daily | 96 (10.5) | 78 (9.8v | 104 (15.6) | 169 (24.1) | |
Tooth pick usage, n (%)a | .000 | ||||
Non-daily | 768 (83.8) | 676 (85.0) | 541 (81.5) | 486 (69.2) | |
Daily | 149 (16.2) | 119 (15.0) | 123 (18.5) | 216 (30.8) | |
Number of teeth present, mean (SD) | 24.1 (5.3) | 24.0 (5.4) | 25.3 (4.1) | 26.4 (3.1) | .000 |
Simplified oral hygiene index and pocket depth index from 1995 to 2013
Age-standardized percentage (95% CI) | 1995 (n = 917) | 2002 (n = 795) | 2007 (n = 669) | 2013 (n = 702) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral hygiene | ||||
OHI-S = 0 | 12.7 (10.5–14.9) | 8.9 (7.0–10.9) | 20.6 (17.5–23.7) | 28.1 (24.8–31.5) |
OHI-S = 1 | 46.2 (42.9–49.4) | 49.8 (46.4–53.3) | 56.8 (53.0–60.6) | 60.9 (57.3–64.5) |
OHI-S = 2, 3 | 41.1 (37.9–44.4) | 41.2 (37.8–44.6) | 22.6 (19.4–25.8) | 10.9 (8.6–13.2) |
Periodontal status | ||||
PDI = 0 | 51.4 (48.1–54.7) | 46.5 (43.0–49.9) | 56.3 (52.6–60.0) | 60.6 (57.0–64.1) |
PDI = 1 | 42.0 (38.8–45.3) | 45.0 (41.6–48.5) | 36.8 (33.1–40.5) | 34.0 (30.5–37.5) |
PDI = 2 | 6.5 (4.9–8.2) | 8.5 (6.6–10.4) | 6.9 (5.1–8.7) | 5.4 (3.7–7.0) |
Relative and absolute socioeconomic inequality of oral hygiene and periodontal status
Estimate (95% confidence interval) | 1995 (n = 917) | 2002 (n = 795) | 2007 (n = 669) | 2013 (n = 702) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plaque-free | ||||
Regression-based absolute effect index a | 2.6 (− 1.7 to 6.9) | 1.9 (− 2.1 to 6.0) | 8.4 (2.1 to 14.7) | 8.6 (1.5 to 15.7) |
Regression-based relative effect index b | 1.308 (0.819 to 2.090) | 1.292 (0.674 to 2.477) | 1.698 (1.124 to 2.565) | 1.561 (1.080 to 2.257) |
Periodontal health | ||||
Regression-based absolute effect index a | 3.7 (− 3.5 to 10.8) | 10.0 (1.6 to 18.4) | 4.0 (− 3.8 to 11.8) | 9.6 (1.8 to 17.4) |
Regression-based relative effect index b | 1.163 (0.873 to 1.549) | 1.516 (1.080 to 2.126) | 1.188 (0.852 to 1.656) | 1.516 (1.092 to 2.106) |
Deep pockets | ||||
Regression-based absolute effect index a | − 4.2 (− 7.1 to − 1.3) | − 2.3 (− 5.9 to 1.3) | − 3.1 (− 5.4 to 0.7) | − 2.6 (− 5.6 to 0.3) |
Regression-based relative effect index b | 0.433 (0.216 to 0.869) | 0.730 (0.382 to 1.396) | 0.618 (0.325 to 1.176) | 0.585 (0.290 to 1.177) |
Trends in socioeconomic inequality of oral hygiene and periodontal status
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Plaque-free | Periodontal health | Deep pockets |
---|---|---|---|
Total population | |||
Survey year | |||
1995 | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] |
2002 | 0.752 (0.539 to 1.048) | 0.893 (0.733 to 1.090) | 1.155 (0.792 to 1.686) |
2007 | 2.073 (1.546 to 2.779) | 1.289 (1.043 to 1.593) | 1.102 (0.728 to 1.669) |
2013 | 3.158 (2.372 to 4.206) | 1.542 (1.242 to 1.913) | 0.883 (0.562 to 1.388) |
P for temporal trend a | .000 | .000 | .652 |
Low-SES population | |||
Survey year | |||
1995 | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] |
2002 | 0.754 (0.506 to 1.123) | .817 (0.645 to 1.036) | 1.071 (0.703 to 1.631) |
2007 | 1.730 (1.136 to 2.634) | 1.248 (0.935 to 1.665) | 1.038 (0.626 to 1.722) |
2013 | 2.915 (1.914 to 4.438) | 1.259 (0.922 to 1.718) | 0.882 (0.502 to 1.548) |
P for temporal trend a | .000 | .083 | .893 |
High-SES population | |||
Survey year | |||
1995 | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] |
2002 | 0.669 (0.353 to 1.266) | 1.075 (0.741 to 1.559) | 1.633 (0.690 to 3.865) |
2007 | 2.525 (1.644 to 3.879) | 1.359 (0.988 to 1.869) | 1.410 (0.646 to 3.080) |
2013 | 3.501 (2.316 to 5.292) | 1.793 (1.312 to 2.449) | 1.061 (0.470 to 2.397) |
P for temporal trend a | .000 | .000 | .787 |
P for interaction b | .198 | .490 | .678 |