Introduction
Myricetin in plants
Cranberry | 6600 |
Dock | 5700 |
Sweet potato leaves | 4400 |
Chard, swiss | 3100 |
Broadbeans, immature seeds | 2600 |
Rutabagas | 2100 |
Garlic | 1600 |
Blueberry | 1300 |
Peppers, hot chili, green | 1200 |
Blackberry | 700 |
Lotus root | 600 |
Lemon | 500 |
Preclinical pharmacological activities of Myricetin
Antimicrobial activities
Strains | Results | References |
---|---|---|
Antiviral | ||
HIV Reverse Transcriptase | 0.08 a | [43] |
HIV Reverse Transcriptase, Moloney murine leukemia virus | 0.08 b | [53] |
Antimicrobial | ||
Gram positive | ||
Actinomyces viscosus | 20 b | [54] |
Burkholderia cepacia | >512 b | [55] |
Corynebacterium diphtheriticum | 18.2 e | [56] |
Enterococcus faecalis | 17.0 e | [56] |
Enterococcus faecalis 2400 | 17.0 e | [56] |
Enterococcus faecium | 16.8 e | [56] |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 256 b | [55] |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538p | > 300 c | [57] |
Staphylococcus aureus | > 2000 b | [58] |
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC14490 | 64 b | [55] |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | > 2000 b | [58] |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 17.4 e | [56] |
Staphylococcus saprophyticus | 17.6 e | [56] |
Streptococcus mutans | 20 b | [54] |
Streptococcus pneumoniae 49 | 128 b | [55] |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 17.4 e | [56] |
Streptococcus pyogenes | 16.4 e | [56] |
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) | 512 | [55] |
Gram negative | ||
Burkholderia cepacia | 64 b | [55] |
Enterobacter aerogenes | 256 b | [55] |
Escherichia coli | > 2000 b | [58] |
Escherichia coli WT | 12.2 e | [56] |
Escherichia coli BU40 | 12.6 e | [56] |
Escherichia coli FPL5014 | 11.6 e | [56] |
Escherichia coli DnaB helicase | 11.3 d | [42] |
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13883 | 64 b | [55] |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 128 b | [59] |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | > 2000 b | [58] |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 16.6 e | [56] |
Porphyromonas gingivalis | 2500 b | [54] |
Prevotella intermedia | 1250 b | [54] |
Proteus mirabilis | 16.5 e | [56] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 | 256 b | [55] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | > 2000 b | [58] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO286 | 15.6 e | [56] |
Salmonella paratyphi A | 14.4 e | [56] |
Salmonella paratyphi B | 14.4 e | [56] |
Salmonella typhi | 14.4 e | [56] |
Shigella dysenteriae | 15.5 e | [56] |
Shigella flexneri | 13.4 e | [56] |
Shigella sonnei | 14.6 e | [56] |
Anti-chlamydial | ||
Chlamydia pneumoniae | 29 c | [60] |
Antioxidant activities
Assay | Model | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Density functional theory | in silico | The bond dissociation enthalpy computed and the compound showed ionization potentials 161.4 kcal/mol. | [64] |
Antioxidant response element (ARE) activation | in vitro | Activates Nrf2 antioxidant response element pathways and is involved in myricetin-induced expression profiling in hepatic cells. | [65] |
Deoxyribose degradation | in vitro | Significant antioxidant activity (complex with iron) in the presence of ascorbic acid. | [8] |
DPPH | in vitro | Myricetin/HP-β-CD inclusion complex formation enhances antioxidant activity of drugs. | [66] |
DPPH | in vitro | Significant RSA dose-dependently | [50] |
DPPH, ABTS | in vitro | Inhibition activity from 13.3 to 99.8% at doses of 0.03 to 1 mg/ml during 5 to 20 min. | [67] |
DPPH, FRAP | in vitro | High RSA in DPPH assay, and intermediate ferric reducing ability in FRAP assay. | [68] |
DPPH, FRAP, ABTS | in vitro | Mean activity for FRAP (27.2, 26.7) mmol Fe2+/L, DPPH (7.9, 9.3) mmol TEAC/L, and ABTS (9.3, 11.5) mmol TEAC/L. | [69] |
DPPH, FRAP, ORAC | in vitro | EC50 value of DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays were recorded as 7.60 μg, 8.86 and 12.99 mmol Trolox equivalents per gram. | [70] |
DPPH, TPTZ, superoxide | in vitro | Myricetin and its derivatives showed IC50 value from 1.82 to 3.27 μg/mL in DPPH assay and 1.86 to 3.83 μg/mL in superoxide assay however, 1.38 to 2.89 μM equivalent to Fe2+ /mL for TPTZ assay. | [71] |
H2O2 | in vitro | Increases hydrogen peroxide resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | [72] |
DPPH, ROS | in vitro | 21–54% scavenging activity in DPPH assay (5–10 μg/mL) and 35–73% intracellular ROS scavenging activity (1–10 μg/mL). Significantly inhibits H2O2-induced cell death and activated antioxidant enzymes. | [73] |
NO | in vitro | Mean scavenging activity compared to hydrophilic antioxidants. | [74] |
ROS | in vitro | Inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated DNA damage in primary astrocytes at 5 μM. | [75] |
ROS | in vitro | The IC30 value for inhibitory effect on triglyceride and ROS were recorded as > 150 μM and 122.7 μM. | [76] |
ROS | in vitro | Inhibits H2O2-induced cell death and increases cell survival (65%). | [77] |
DCFH-DA | in vivo | Inhibits ROS production in normal individuals and in patients with sickle cell anemia. | [78] |
Neurobiological activities
Model | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Anxiety | ||
In vitro and in vivo | Dose-dependent reduction in lithium-induced head twitches and anxiolytic activity by altering 5-hydroxytryptamine transmission. | [80] |
Alzheimer disease | ||
In vitro | Pro-oxidant agent and reduced the formation of ordered amyloid beta (Aβ)42 aggregation. | [81] |
In silico | Destabilizes the β-sheet ordered amyloid oligomers formed by the undecapeptide Aβ (25–35) model. | [82] |
In vitro | Marked modulation of metal-induced Aβ aggregation, more than metal-free Aβ aggregation. Increase cell survival rate of Aβ (with metal ions). | [83] |
In vitro | Increases α-secretase (ADAM10) enzyme activity and decreases of β-secretase (BACE-1). It also exerts neuroprotective activity against Aβ (1–42) with multifunctional role in counteracting AD progress. | [84] |
In vitro | Dose-dependent inhibition of α-synuclein fibrils formation and destabilization (EC50 = 0.21–1.8 μM). | [85] |
In vitro | Dose-dependent inhibition of Aβ fibrils formation from fresh Aβ (1–40) and Aβ (1–42). The EC50 value for formation, extension and destabilization Aβ fibrils ranges from 0.13–1.8 μM. | [86] |
In vivo | Increases the number of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and survival in a rat model (10 mg/kg). Improved learning and memory in a rat model with AD. | [87] |
CNS | ||
In vitro | Reduces the aggregation of different abnormal proteins and eliminates various toxic proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases. Improves physiological functions of Hsp70 molecular chaperone and reduces mis-folded proteins. | [88] |
In vitro and in vivo | Increases GABA receptor activity via calcium channel/ CaMK-II dependent mechanism, which is distinctively different from that of most existing benzodiazepine binding site agonists of GABA receptor. | [89] |
In vivo | Increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of male C57BL/6 mice at 10 and 20 mg/kg (7 days). | [90] |
In vivo | Increases BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus of male C57BL/6 mice at 50 mg/kg (21 days). | [91] |
In vivo | Enhances expression and activity of ERK1/2-CREB pathway and Na+, K+-ATPase while reduces oxidative stress level in hippocampus. Improves learning and memory when compared with D-galactose. | [92] |
Epilepsy | ||
In vivo | Reduces seizure severity and mortality rates in mouse models and signaling pathways (BDNF-TrkB) and regulates GAD65/GABA with MMP-9 expression. | [93] |
Huntington disease | ||
In vivo | Interacts with RNA, especially CAG motif, and decreases the huntingtin protein translation and sequestration. Reduces cytotoxicity in HD and other polyQ disease models. | [94] |
Parkinson disease | ||
In vitro | Suppresses intracellular ROS production, re-establishes mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, and inhibits MKK4 and JNK activation. | [95] |
In vitro and in vivo | Inhibits activation of microglia (neuroinflammation), expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and reduces the number of dopaminergic neurons. | [96] |
In vivo | Dose-dependent delay in climbing ability loss, but increases the life span of flies expressing human α-synuclein in brain. | [97] |
In vivo | Prevents the loss of dopaminergic neurons and dopamine content in brain of Parkinson flies. | [98] |
In vivo | Dose-dependent inhibitory activity on α-synuclein aggregation. | [99] |
In vivo | Diminishes dopamine neuron degeneration, which is induced by 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium in substantia nigra-striatum. | [100] |
Antidiabetic activities
Compound / Plant species | Model | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Myricetin | in vivo | Enhanced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system and showed protective effects against oxidative damage in liver and kidney of streptozotocin-cadmium-induced diabetic model. | [109] |
Myricetin | in vivo | Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 414 μM) in dose dependent manner. | [110] |
Myricetin | in vivo | Anti-hyperglycemic and renoprotective effects at 1.0 mg/kg. | [111] |
Myricetin | in vivo | Improved and re-established renal functions and activities of the glutathione peroxidase and xanthine oxidase enzymes in diabetic rat model. | [112] |
Myricetin | in vivo | Antidiabetic activity against t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. | [113] |
Myricetin | in vivo | Reduced glycemia in diabetic rats up to 50% after 2 days of treatment at 3 mg/12 h. | [114] |
Myricetin | in vivo | Stimulated lipogenesis in rat adipocytes and enhanced the stimulatory effect of insulin (EC50 = 65 μM). | [115] |
Myricetin | in vitro | Inhibited intestinal α-glucosidase (29%) and porcine α-amylase (64%) with IC50 vale of 0.38 mM. | [116] |
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. (aerial part) | in vivo | Improved insulin sensitivity in rats. | [117] |
Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W.T. Wang (leaves) | in vivo | Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 319.3 μM). | [118] |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (leaves) | in vivo | Enhanced insulin signaling pathway and glucose utilization in skeletal muscle. | [119] |
Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (seeds) | in vitro | Inhibited intestinal α-glucosidase with IC50 = 3 μg/mL and α-amylase with IC50 = 662 μg/mL. | [120] |
Myrtus communis L. (leaves) | in vivo | Significant antidiabetic activity in diabetic models. | [121] |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (seeds) | in vitro | Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.7 μg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 = 7.62 μg/mL). | [122] |
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (leaves) | in vitro | Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 15.52 μg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 = 147.30 μg/mL). | [123] |