Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease mainly caused by immune stimuli. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of ROCEN and to compare it with betamethasone (Beta) on mice subjected to AD.
Methods
First, the safety of topical ROCEN was tested to determine possible sensitization induction in vivo. Then, the mice were subjected to oxazolone (Oxa) to induce chronic AD. Consequently, they underwent treatment with ROCEN and Beta. Scratching and wiping behaviors related to dermatitis were evaluated in treated animals for 35 days. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) cytokines were performed on the dorsal skin of the treated mice.
Results
Topical administration of ROCEN and Beta to the dorsum of sensitized mice for 5 weeks significantly alleviated scratching and wiping symptoms and reduced erythema, scaling, and edema in the skin of the mice with AD. Moreover, histological indices showed that ROCEN effectively reduced leucocyte infiltration and improved skin healing parameters in treated AD mice. Application of ROCEN or Beta reduced IHC markers including IL-8 and TNF-α significantly.
Conclusion
ROCEN alleviated the AD symptoms similar to betamethasone in an experimental animal model.
Hinweise
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Introduction
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly prevalent, chronic, inflammatory skin disease [1] characterized by severe itching, a mild to severe rash, edema, hemorrhage, and erosion of the skin surface [2]. It is associated with a variety of immunological mechanisms and environmental and even neuropsychological factors may have a role in the development of this disease [3‐6].
One of the characteristic features of AD is the involvement of various inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils with a predominant Th2 cell response [7, 8]. An allergen exposure may stimulate keratinocytes and release cytokines like TNF-α, resulting in the excitation of proinflammatory cytokines production including IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-8 from other keratinocytes and dermal cells [8]. This process can be directed to the allergic phase via recruitment and activation of leukocytes and dendritic cells and presenting the allergen to specific T-cells. It has been shown that IL-8 cytokine production by Th2 cells activated by allergic contact response can contribute to activation and regulation of various immune cells in inflamed tissues [8, 9].
Anzeige
The skin barrier function is disrupted in AD, which is under the influence of lipids located within the stratum corneum (SC) in the epidermis. It is believed that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α decrease the level of long-chain free fatty acids and ceramides, which consequently affects the lipid organization distribution and results in skin injury [10]. Barrier dysfunctionality in AD accelerates the penetration of allergens into the skin layers, resulting in immune response stimulation [11].
Chronic AD, eczema, is mostly treated with corticosteroids like topical Beta [12] while its long-term use can cause serious side effects including hyperglycemia and dermal and epidermal injuries [13]. Therefore, new formulations and drugs are always of interest to improve the quality of life of AD patients.
Arthrocen (ASU), an oil extract of avocado and soybean, has been shown to downregulate inflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL8, and PE2 and increase the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and production of collagen and aggrecan in the connective tissue [14, 15]. Evidence [15, 16] suggests that topical ASU, ROCEN, may regulate inflammatory cells and cytokines and improve tissue injury due to eczema. However, because of the very low water solubility of ASU, the use of pharmaceutical carriers such as liposomes is recommended for effective skin delivery of lipophilic molecules of the drug [17‐19]. Liposome carriers not only are versatile tools in drug delivery, but also have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and wound repair properties [20‐22].
We recently used a topical formulation of liposomal ASU to enhance the drug efficacy in terms of wound healing, inflammation reduction, and pain alleviation in animal models [16, 19]. In a study by Goudarzi et al., ROCEN formulation potentially caused TGF-β1 production in burnt tissues of rats, resulting in wound healing acceleration and thermal pain alleviation with a long-lasting effect [16]. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of the topical.
Anzeige
Materials and methods
Drug preparation
Liposomal formulation of ASU was prepared according to our recent study [16]. Briefly, ASU (2% w/v) with the appropriate lipids were dissolved in ethanol. Then phosphate buffer saline was added to the mixture at 40 °C and under stirring condition (700 rpm). Eventually, the suspension was homogenized with mild power for 5 min to obtain ROCEN formulation. Oxazolone (Oxa) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA), ASU manufactured by Pharmin USA, LLC (USA). Beta %0.1 was prepared from Sobhan Daru Pharmaceutical Company (Iran).
Animal
The female BALB/c mice (mean weight 30 ± 2 g) were procured from Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran). The animals were placed under controlled environmental conditions at 23 ± 1 °C with 50% humidity and 12 h dark/light cycles. The animals were subjected to acclimatization for at least 1 week before the experiment.
Safety evaluation of ROCEN
In our study, a primary delayed-type contact hypersensitivity test, mouse ear swelling test (MEST), was done for evaluation of possible allergic contact dermatitis due to ROCEN application. Briefly, mice were divided randomly into 3 groups consisted of 10 mice. The groups included control, ROCEN, formaldehyde (positive control). The test substance was judged to be a non-irritant agent before the hypersensitivity test and then the experiment was followed by a standard protocol that has been depicted briefly in Fig. 1. A positive sensitization response was concerned to happen if the one or more ear test of mice was at least 20% thicker than the control ear [23].
Fig. 1
The line chart of the MEST protocol for allergenicity assessment of the drug
×
Experimental design
The mice were randomly divided into the four groups with 6 animals in each experiment and defined as follows: Sham group: vehicel, Oxa group: Oxa 60 μg/ day + Water 100 μl/ day, ROCEN group: Oxa 60 μg/ day + ROCEN 100 μl/ day, Beta group: Oxa 60 μg/ day + Beta 1%, 100 μl/ day. In all experimental days (0–35), skin severity and behavior of animals due to skin dermatitis were evaluated according to the below sections. One day after the last dose of the drug (36th day), animals were euthanized with CO2 and then their dorsal skins were separated for histopathology and IHC analysis. A brief description of the experimental is individual in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
Summary of experimental dermatitis protocol investigated on AD mice
×
Induction of dermatitis and treatment
In this study, AD was induced in mice according to the Goindi et al. method [24]. Firstly, female BALB/c mice were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) and the hair on the upper back of each animal was shaved 1 day before the experiments. Topical application of 10 μl Oxa (5% w/v in ethanol) on the shaved dorsal skin was continued daily for 1 week. Then, the same experiments were followed daily by gently rubbing of 60 μl Oxa (0.5% w/v in ethanol) with a frequency of 30× per min on the dorsal skin for the 4 weeks. 90 min after Oxa application, drug was administered topically by rubbing with a frequency of 50× per min on the animals’ dorsum in treated groups. In the sham group, only 60 μl ethanol (without Oxa) was applied to the dorsum of mice.
Evaluation of skin severity
The severity of AD on the dorsal skin was scored according to the mean of total symptoms including erythema, scarring/dryness, edema, and excoriation/erosion once a week. The symptom of erythema was scored as 0 (none), 1 (very slight (light pink)), 2 (well-defined (dark pink)), 3 (moderate to severe (light red)), 4 (severe (dark red)). The other relative symptoms were scored by numbers of 0 (none), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), 3 (severe) [25].
Measurement of scratching/wiping behavior
Mice were placed individually in the acrylic cages with the four cells in dimensions of 15 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm. Small openings were created in each cell to allow air circulation. The camera recorder was embedded in the front of the cages to record animals’ behavior. The adaptation of mice to the experimental conditions was done by handling, restraining, and placing them in containers several times before the experiments began on each experimental day. On the 7th, 14th, 28th, and 35th days of the experiment, the animals’ behavior at 90th min after drug application was recorded by the camera for 20 min. Scratching, grooming, and licking behaviors were assessed according to the frequency of each behavior during 20 min experiment counted from video records [26].
Histopathology and immunohistochemistry
Tissue samples were taken from dermatitis areas of mice dorsum on the 36th day of the experiment. Skin samples were fixed in 10% (v/v) formalin buffer with PBS and then dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. The section of samples was prepared with 5 μm thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathology analyses. An expert pathologist assessed as blindness the sections for epithelial thickness, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, leukocyte infiltration, mononuclear cells (MCs), lymphocytes (Lymphs)/Plasma cells (PCs) using a light photomicroscope.
Anzeige
The tissue slides were also subjected to the immunohistochemical assay of TNF-α (orb39299, biorbyt, Cambridge (United Kingdom)), and IL-8 (orb39299, biorbyt, Cambridge (United Kingdom)) using commercially available antibodies according to the manufacturers’ instructions and then analyzed by the pathologist [27]. All slides were analyzed in a blinded fashion by an expert pathologist and cytokines level of brain samples were scored as follows: negative (0–1), weak (2–3), moderate (4–6), and severe (7–8). The presence of brown cells in the stained sections indicated the expression of the relative cytokine markers [28].
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis of data was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the significant differences among each group. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
Safety of ROCEN
The allergenicity potential of ROCEN was assessed using the MEST protocol (Fig. 3a, b, c). In the positive control group, topical application of formaldehyde caused a significant increase in ear thickness and redness of mice (p<0.0001) (Fig. 3a). ROCEN did not cause any sensitive reaction in the ear thickness and redness of mice (Fig. 3c).
Fig. 3
The demonstration of ROCEN allergenicity evaluation using MEST. A Swelling measurement of the left ear of the mice did not show any changes via ROCEN application. n = 10 for all groups (#P< 0.0001, formaldehyde group compared to control group). B The induction stage through intradermal injections of the relative substances on the mice abdomen that were applied topically by rubbing gently. The lesion site was observable in the formaldehyde group on the 5th day of the experiment. C The representative mice ear shows a considerable ear redness in the formaldehyde group (sensitized mice) but without erythema or swelling in mice receiving ROCEN on the 12th day
×
Skin severity reduction by ROCEN
After repeated use of Oxa, skin dryness occurred with mild erythema and edema in AD mice followed by thick scars. These symptoms were not detectable in the sham group (Fig. 4a and b). As shown in Fig. 4Aa′b′c′d′, the dermatitis scores of the Oxa group were significantly higher compared to the control group at each time of the experiment (p<0.0001). In contrast, topical ROCEN significantly improved the dermatitis lesions and symptoms, even better than Beta (p<0.05). In addition, according to Fig. 4a, application of Beta as a standard drug caused a significant improvement in dermatitis only on the 28th (p<0.05) and 35th (p<0.01) days compared to the Oxa group. The details of the data scores related to the experiments are also shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4
Indicative skin severity data of AD-like skin lesions and treatment effect by ROCEN in mice. A skin severity score of relative time points indicated a significant dermatitis healing by topical ROCEN rather than Beta in AD mice. The severity score was achieved by the sum of the relative dermatitis data (a’ (excoriation/erosion), b’ (scarring/dryness), c’ (edema), and d’ (erythema/ hemorrhage) scores) at 5 periods of experiment. B. Macroscopic features indicate that Oxa administration causes severe AD lesions at the different time intervals while ROCEN and Beta treatments recovered the lesion progress in mice. All data represented by mean ± SEM. A, B, C, D: treated groups compared with Oxa group. a, b, c, d: Oxa group compared with control group. 1, 2, 3, 4: ROCEN group compared with Beta group. Aa1; p<0.05, Bb2; p<0.01, Cc3; p<0.001, Dd4; p<0.0001
×
Anzeige
Itching control by ROCEN
The behavior of the animals was analyzed on days 7, 14, 28, and 35 of the experimentation. The Oxa group showed a significant increase in scratching, grooming, and licking often 30 min after the Oxa application compared to the sham group (p<0.05) (Table 1). The scores of scratching and wiping were significantly lower in the ROCEN group versus the untreated Oxa group at all measurement times (p<0.05). Moreover, the results showed that ROCEN significantly improved the symptoms of eczema, even better than Beta (Table 1). Other findings are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Scratching/wiping frequency data in treated AD mice. Data defined are as the mean ± SEM; n = 6 for all groups
Behavior type
Date
Oxa
Sham
Rocen + Oxa
Beta + Oxa
No. of scratching
(per 20 min)
7th day
42.8 ± 6.8C
9.6 ± 3.8
14 ± 4.3b
18 ± 0.3a
14th day
18.2 ± 4.1B
9 ± 4.5
10.5 ± 3.5a
13 ± 3.2
28th day
108 ± 16.1D
7.5 ± 1
29.6 ± 6.1d
54.25 ± 18.5b
35th day
113.6 ± 14D
10 ± 3
32.6 ± 10.3d
50.7 ± 15.3c
No. of grooming
(per 20 min)
7th day
29.8 ± 8.8A
9.6 ± 3.8
8.2 ± 3.9b1
16.3 ± 2.1a
14th day
21.2 ± 1.9A
14 ± 1.8
18.4 ± 2.7
18 ± 1.4
28th day
67.4 ± 6.5D
6 ± 7
10.5 ± 1.9d1
30.5 ± 2.7d
35th day
78 ± 12.5D
12.5 ± 2.5
53.6 ± 10.3a
39.7 ± 8.2b
Time of licking (s)
(per 20 min)
7th day
341.8 ± 7D
74 ± 12.1
115 ± 41.3d2
229.4 ± 71.3
14th day
174 ± 29.5
107 ± 48.6
129.6 ± 25.1
214.3 ± 131
28th day
294.6 ± 39.2D
34.3 ± 4.5
40.3 ± 1.9d3
234.2 ± 19.5a
35th day
340 ± 40.4D
12.5 ± 2.5
58.1 ± 22.3c2
229.5 ± 8.5
A,B,C,D: Oxa compared with control group. a,b,c,d: treated groups compared with Oxa group. 1,2,3,4: ROCEN compared with Beta group. Aa1; p<0.05, Bb2; p<0.01, Cc3; p<0.001, Dd4; p<0.0001
Histological and immunohistochemical analysis
Histological changes of the dorsal skin of the mice were evaluated on the 36th day of the experiment. The lesion skin showed a significant (p<0.05) epithelial thickness, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and leukocyte infiltration in the Oxa group (Table 2 & Fig. 5a). ROCEN significantly improved the histological parameters via increasing epithelial thickness and reducing collagen deposition and angiogenesis compared to the untreated Oxa group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as MCs (Fig. 5b) and Lymphs/PCs (Fig. 5c) was reduced significantly (p<0.05) by topical ROCEN, indicating more inflammation improvement compared to the Beta group.
Table 2
The histological parameters of mice skin subjected to AD in different experiments. Data showed are as mean ± SEM
Experiment
Epithelial thickness (μm)
Collagen deposition %
Angiogenesis No./ mm2
Leucocyte infiltration No./mm2
Oxa
67.74 ± 7.68C
52.49 ± 4.4B
4.8 ± 0.54A
1250 ± 85.63C
Sham
159.5 ± 33.84
37.01 ± 3.98
3.63 ± 0.66
913.33 ± 76.88
ROCEN+ Oxa
139.8 ± 12.42b
34.11 ± 3.74b
3.8 ± 0.23a
806 ± 51.92d2
Beta + Oxa
107.77 ± 9.77
43.9 ± 4.14
6.05 ± 1.1
1045 ± 51.85a
A,B,C,D: Oxa compared with control group. a,b,c,d: treated groups compared with Oxa group. 1,2,3,4: ROCEN compared with Beta group. Aa1; p<0.05, Bb2; p<0.01, Cc3; p<0.001, Dd4; p<0.0001
Fig. 5
A Histopathological sections of Oxa-induced dermatitis and treated groups. The inflammatory cells were assessed under a light microscope. B. The number of MCs (B) and Lymphs/ plasma cells (C) were defined as the mean ± SEM; n = 6 for all groups. * When Oxa compared with sham group, and + treated group compared to Oxa group. *& + p< 0.05, **&++ p< 0.01, +++ p< 0.001
×
In addition, immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 6a) revealed a significant overproduction of TNF-α (Fig. 6b) and IL-8 (Fig. 6c) in the sensitized dermis after topical application of Oxa compared to the control (p< 0.001). Similar to Beta, topical ROCEN application significantly decreased TNF-α and IL-8 staining compared to the Oxa group (p<0.05), as shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6
Data immunohistochemistry of cytokines related to topical treatment of AD mice by the drugs. A Representative sections of IHC evaluation related to IL-8 and TNF-α cytokines on the dorsal skin of AD mice. Photographs of TNF-α (B) and IL-8 (C) IHC analysis were defined as mean ± SEM. * Oxa compared with control group, + treated group compared with Oxa group. + p< 0.05, ++p< 0.01, ***p < 0.001
×
Discussion
AD or eczema as a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder is associated with chronic pruritus, inflammation, and cell proliferation [1]. AD patients with systemic oral corticosteroid or even topical corticosteroid treatment like Beta may be potentially at risk of side effects of the drug [13, 29]. In this study, we compared the effect of topical Beta with ROCEN, a new anti-AD formulation, on a murine model.
Anzeige
ROCEN is prepared from natural oil [14] and lecithin in the liposomal structure and is well-known as a drug supplementation without any adverse effects in pharmacy [16]. ROCEN not only has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in experimental reports but also may play role in barrier homeostasis of the skin due to its permeability property [16, 19]. The safety of topical ROCEN hydrogel is an important factor for its long-term application in allergic dermatitis. However, pharmaceutical criteria recommend more clinic studies on possible sensitization by this drug.
In the current study, treatment with topical ROCEN was associated with an improvement in all important dermatitis symptoms and ameliorated itching and wiping behaviors in mice subjected to eczema. Itching is the major symptom of inflammatory AD that impairs life quality in the patients. Itching stimulates the scratch reflex and increases the desire to scratch, resulting in exacerbation of the skin lesions, secondary infections, and sleep disturbances [30, 31]. Therefore, attenuation of itching is believed to be one of the fundamental approaches in controlling skin lesion progression in an eczematous state [32].
Histopathologically, eczematous lesions are characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and dermal inflammatory cell infiltration with increased numbers of monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils [33, 34] as well as neutrophils in the early inflammatory reaction [35]. Angiogenesis occurs physiologically in the wound healing process and also during inflammatory diseases [36]. In addition, mast cells may stimulate angiogenesis via the release of proangiogenic factors in AD lesions [37]. Besides, fibrocystic accumulation in skin fibrogenesis may lead to the production of cytokines that induce collagen deposition in the lesion site [38‐40]. It has been shown that suppression of fibrogenesis reduces proangiogenic mediators, resulting in decreased angiogenesis and activation of T cells [41].
In this study, daily application of ROCEN significantly modulated angiogenesis and collagen deposition and reduced the infiltration of leucocytes such as eosinophils in the skin tissue of AD mice compared to Beta.
In the present study, TNF-α [42] and IL-8 [1, 43], as proinflammatory cytokines involved in allergic contact dermatitis, were evaluated histochemically after 36 days treatment with ROCEN. It has been proposed that IL-8 is a non-specific mediator with mitogenic activity in keratinocytes that induces inflammation or immunogenic factors after stimulation with contact sensitizers and irritants [43]. Moreover, the upregulation of TNF-α along with other inflammatory cytokines contributes to epidermal abnormality and skin barrier dysfunctionality, resulting in thickened skin and scale formation [1, 10]. Danso et al. proposed that barrier disruption in AD increased skin susceptibility to penetration of allergens through the skin layers, initiating a Th2 immune response and TNF-α in the epidermis [10].
Our findings suggest a hypothesis that topical ROCEN can potentially reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-8, resulting in lipid homeostasis of the skin barrier in the lesion site and improvement of dermatitis symptoms. However, further evaluation of other hallmarks or mechanisms involved in AD disease will be valuable to confirm anti-allergic properties of ROCEN.
Conclusion
The findings showed the therapeutic benefits of topical ROCEN in controlling AD, which was even better than Beta. ROCEN reduced tissue damage and dermatitis symptoms like pruritus, and downregulated inflammatory cytokines associated with a contact stimulus. Topical ROCEN may be applicable in the clinical setting instead of current AD drugs to minimize drug side effects.
Acknowledgments
Not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in agreement with the standards for the use of laboratory animals (No. 1398.226). These data were not subjected to clinical trial or involving human studies. It is confirmed that all methods have been performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Also, it is confirmed that the study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
No conflicts of interest exist.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
