Background
Methods
Data
Andersen healthcare utilization conceptual model
Econometric model: binary logistic regression
Results
Sample characteristics
Descriptive analysis of single factor impact
Health services utilization and perceived health | Physical examinations in the last 18 months | Inpatient care in the last year | Seeing a doctor in the last month | Good perceived health |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 36.7 | 11.9 | 21.5 | 23.8 |
Age 45–54 | 30.9 | 8.9 | 19.4 | 27.9 |
Age 55–64 | 33.7 | 11.0 | 20.6 | 22.9 |
Age 65–74 | 47.3 | 14.7 | 25.0 | 20.5 |
Age 75+ | 44.8 | 18.5 | 24.0 | 20.3 |
Male | 36.5 | 12.4 | 19.0 | 26.5 |
Female | 37.1 | 11.7 | 23.7 | 21.5 |
Under primary school | 33.2 | 12.7 | 23.0 | 20.7 |
School without degree | 38.4 | 11.6 | 20.3 | 25.9 |
College and above degrees | 73.5 | 11.2 | 17.4 | 44.3 |
Communist party member | 53.2 | 16.1 | 21.8 | 28.9 |
Not Communist party member | 34.7 | 11.4 | 21.4 | 23.2 |
Married with spouse presented | 36.8 | 11.8 | 20.7 | 24.8 |
Married with spouse away | 28.2 | 9.1 | 19.5 | 22.3 |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 40.7 | 15.0 | 26.4 | 20.7 |
Single | 30.7 | 7.0 | 23.4 | 11.7 |
Han | 37.5 | 12.1 | 21.7 | 24.1 |
Minority | 28.7 | 11.6 | 17.7 | 22.2 |
Agricultural household registration | 31.8 | 11.6 | 21.3 | 23.0 |
Non-agricultural household registration | 53.0 | 13.3 | 21.5 | 26.9 |
Other household registration | 50.5 | 7.9 | 19.6 | 32.0 |
Rural resident | 31.1 | 11.3 | 21.5 | 22.0 |
Urban resident | 45.0 | 13.2 | 21.2 | 26.7 |
Better living standard | 51.1 | 12.1 | 19.7 | 42.9 |
About same living standard | 42.3 | 11.7 | 20.5 | 28.6 |
Worse living standard | 34.0 | 11.6 | 22.3 | 19.6 |
Average or above household expenditure | 44.3 | 14.3 | 22.7 | 25.6 |
Lower than average household expenditure | 33.2 | 11.0 | 20.8 | 23.2 |
Government insurance | 63.8 | 16.2 | 22.4 | 31.5 |
Urban employee insurance | 60.7 | 14.5 | 24.0 | 28.0 |
Urban resident insurance | 42.6 | 12.1 | 20.6 | 25.0 |
New rural cooperative insurance | 31.9 | 11.8 | 21.4 | 22.1 |
Commercial insurance | 49.1 | 9.4 | 16.0 | 38.9 |
Other type of insurance | 45.6 | 12.7 | 23.2 | 26.9 |
No insurance | 25.5 | 9.1 | 15.8 | 28.8 |
No chronic disease | 30.6 | 7.7 | 14.6 | 35.2 |
One chronic disease | 35.5 | 12.0 | 22.1 | 21.4 |
Two chronic diseases | 39.2 | 14.3 | 24.4 | 13.8 |
Three and more chronic diseases | 47.5 | 20.0 | 32.5 | 10.0 |
Diseases not reported | 37.3 | 10.5 | 19.5 | 30.0 |
Any physical disability | 38.5 | 16.9 | 26.7 | 10.3 |
No physical disability | 36.8 | 11.9 | 21.3 | 24.8 |
Any functional loss | 41.4 | 18.0 | 27.8 | 12.9 |
No functional loss | 36.2 | 11.3 | 20.6 | 25.3 |
Good perceived health | 36.2 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 100.0 |
Fair perceived health | 36.2 | 9.6 | 19.3 | |
Poor perceived health | 38.2 | 21.2 | 35.3 | |
Very poor perceived health | 39.2 | 26.7 | 38.2 | |
With any ADL | 41.8 | 25.4 | 32.5 | 5.8 |
Without ADL | 36.9 | 13.3 | 24.8 | 16.7 |
ADL not reported | 35.6 | 6.9 | 12.5 | 41.7 |
No depression | 37.9 | 10.4 | 19.6 | 26.9 |
Moderate/mild depression | 32.8 | 15.9 | 31.7 | 7.4 |
Major depression | 30.1 | 18.7 | 39.7 | 3.6 |
Depression not reported | 35.0 | 16.0 | 21.6 | 22.6 |
Fair/poor memory | 36.3 | 11.8 | 23.0 | 18.6 |
Good memory | 41.0 | 10.8 | 14.7 | 48.3 |
No pain | 37.7 | 10.3 | 16.9 | 30.5 |
A little pain | 36.5 | 13.5 | 27.8 | 14.9 |
Some pain | 36.4 | 14.9 | 31.6 | 10.7 |
Quite a lot pain | 34.1 | 16.1 | 33.8 | 5.1 |
A lot pain | 35.0 | 15.6 | 36.5 | 5.5 |
Current a smoker | 30.7 | 8.8 | 18.0 | 26.4 |
Former a smoker | 43.7 | 21.4 | 21.3 | 19.6 |
Never a smoker | 37.7 | 11.4 | 22.9 | 23.2 |
Drinking alcohol more than once per month | 33.7 | 7.8 | 16.1 | 29.8 |
Drinking alcohol less than once per month | 38.2 | 9.0 | 21.1 | 26.4 |
Not drinking alcohol | 37.9 | 14.1 | 23.6 | 21.3 |
Regular physical exercises | 38.2 | 12.1 | 23.3 | 22.3 |
Less than regular physical exercises | 32.4 | 10.0 | 21.8 | 23.2 |
No physical exercise | 33.6 | 18.9 | 18.4 | 19.1 |
Not reported | 37.5 | 12.1 | 21.0 | 24.7 |
Multivariate regression analysis of joint impacts
Health services utilization | Physical examinations | Inpatient care | Visiting doctors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | P > z | Coefficient | P > z | Coefficient | P > z | |
Age 45–54 | ||||||
Age 55–64 | 0.137 | 0.023 | 0.096 | 0.322 | −0.119 | 0.107 |
Age 65–74 | 0.691 | 0.000 | 0.199 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.570 |
Age 75+ | 0.733 | 0.000 | 0.405 | 0.003 | −0.095 | 0.429 |
Male | ||||||
Female | 0.102 | 0.165 | −0.290 | 0.004 | −0.048 | 0.578 |
Under primary school | ||||||
School without degree | 0.142 | 0.006 | −0.032 | 0.704 | 0.018 | 0.780 |
College and above degrees | 0.886 | 0.000 | −0.201 | 0.388 | 0.014 | 0.940 |
Communist party member | 0.355 | 0.000 | 0.228 | 0.022 | 0.047 | 0.616 |
Not communist party member | ||||||
Married with spouse presented | ||||||
Married with spouse away | −0.239 | 0.108 | −0.186 | 0.289 | 0.024 | 0.847 |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.152 | 0.064 | 0.185 | 0.059 | 0.259 | 0.017 |
Single | 0.460 | 0.079 | −0.331 | 0.514 | 0.055 | 0.848 |
Han | ||||||
Minorities | −0.410 | 0.000 | −0.132 | 0.253 | −0.424 | 0.000 |
Agricultural household registration | ||||||
Non-agricultural household registration | 0.220 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.923 | −0.043 | 0.700 |
Other household registration | 0.347 | 0.096 | −0.298 | 0.380 | −0.146 | 0.512 |
Urban resident | 0.227 | 0.000 | 0.166 | 0.082 | 0.044 | 0.540 |
Rural resident | ||||||
Better living standard | ||||||
About same living standard | −0.216 | 0.083 | 0.026 | 0.887 | −0.046 | 0.762 |
Worse living standard | −0.360 | 0.003 | −0.084 | 0.643 | −0.118 | 0.425 |
Not reported | −0.300 | 0.027 | −0.123 | 0.538 | −0.049 | 0.763 |
Average or above household expenditure | 0.209 | 0.000 | 0.294 | 0.000 | 0.139 | 0.000 |
Lower than average household expenditure | ||||||
Government insurance | ||||||
Urban employee insurance | 0.275 | 0.147 | −0.077 | 0.743 | −0.011 | 0.960 |
Urban resident insurance | −0.297 | 0.172 | −0.232 | 0.414 | −0.336 | 0.171 |
New rural cooperative insurance | −0.244 | 0.216 | −0.097 | 0.707 | −0.299 | 0.171 |
Commercial insurance | 0.170 | 0.452 | −0.151 | 0.632 | −0.472 | 0.071 |
Other types of insurance | 0.149 | 0.523 | −0.029 | 0.920 | −0.077 | 0.785 |
No medical insurance | −0.557 | 0.029 | −0.236 | 0.588 | −0.673 | 0.008 |
No chronic disease | ||||||
One chronic disease | 0.201 | 0.004 | 0.267 | 0.026 | 0.279 | 0.001 |
Two chronic diseases | 0.316 | 0.000 | 0.367 | 0.001 | 0.284 | 0.001 |
Three and more chronic diseases | 0.568 | 0.000 | 0.488 | 0.000 | 0.462 | 0.000 |
Disease not reported | 0.183 | 0.061 | 0.124 | 0.368 | 0.149 | 0.141 |
Any physical disability | 0.135 | 0.269 | 0.039 | 0.818 | −0.051 | 0.695 |
Not physical disability | ||||||
Any functional loss | 0.166 | 0.017 | 0.131 | 0.142 | 0.060 | 0.419 |
No functional loss | ||||||
Good perceived health | ||||||
Fair perceived health | 0.045 | 0.453 | 0.469 | 0.000 | 0.593 | 0.000 |
Poor perceived health | 0.183 | 0.012 | 1.262 | 0.000 | 1.202 | 0.000 |
Very poor perceived health | 0.224 | 0.108 | 1.435 | 0.000 | 1.213 | 0.000 |
With ADL | 0.043 | 0.697 | 0.130 | 0.291 | 0.188 | 0.079 |
Without ADL | ||||||
Not reported | 0.077 | 0.197 | −0.176 | 0.111 | −0.312 | 0.000 |
No depression | ||||||
Moderate/mild depression | −0.180 | 0.018 | 0.177 | 0.065 | 0.137 | 0.069 |
Major depression | −0.280 | 0.030 | 0.241 | 0.138 | 0.313 | 0.014 |
Not reported | −0.089 | 0.299 | 0.157 | 0.190 | 0.012 | 0.902 |
Fair/poor memory | 0.091 | 0.147 | 0.1262 | 0.166 | −0.1982 | 0.010 |
Good memory | ||||||
No pain | ||||||
A little pain | −0.044 | 0.501 | 0.033 | 0.762 | 0.360 | 0.000 |
Some pain | −0.008 | 0.924 | 0.076 | 0.486 | 0.448 | 0.000 |
Quite a lot pain | −0.099 | 0.276 | −0.051 | 0.671 | 0.371 | 0.000 |
A lot pain | −0.051 | 0.677 | −0.197 | 0.249 | 0.444 | 0.001 |
Not reported | −0.031 | 0.957 | −1.551 | 0.055 | −0.255 | 0.670 |
Current a smoker | ||||||
Former a smoker | 0.484 | 0.000 | 0.979 | 0.000 | −0.036 | 0.797 |
Never a smoker | 0.330 | 0.000 | 0.403 | 0.001 | 0.171 | 0.117 |
Not reported | 0.240 | 0.006 | 0.455 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.683 |
Drinking alcohol more than once per month | ||||||
Drinking alcohol less than once per month | 0.023 | 0.804 | 0.022 | 0.870 | 0.201 | 0.103 |
Not drinking alcohol | 0.107 | 0.095 | 0.513 | 0.000 | 0.218 | 0.004 |
Regular exercises | ||||||
Less than regular exercises | −0.071 | 0.360 | −0.149 | 0.225 | −0.061 | 0.523 |
No exercise | −0.134 | 0.253 | 0.301 | 0.054 | −0.542 | 0.000 |
Not reported | 0.032 | 0.603 | −0.094 | 0.349 | −0.109 | 0.160 |
Wald chi2(52) | 816.22 | 669.64 | 943.31 | |||
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |