Background
Methods
Study setting
Data source
Data collection
Country | Survey (data collection) period | Total women (aged 15–49 years) interviewed | Sample size by designa | Selected women sampleb | % of completed responses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nigeria | August 14–December 29, 2018 | 41,821 | 6857 | 6761 | 98.5 |
Mali | August 6–November 18, 2018 | 10,519 | 2049 | 1973 | 96.3 |
Guinea | March 27–June 28, 2018 | 10,874 | 1708 | 1690 | 98.9 |
Zambia | July 17–January 24, 2019 | 13,683 | 1637 | 1570 | 95.9 |
Variables
Data analyses
Ethical consideration
Results
Description of study sample
Variable | Nigeria (N=6761) | Mali (N=1973) | Guinea (N=1690) | Zambia (N=1570) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n(%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Demographic | ||||
Number of antenatal visits | ||||
< 8 | 5555(82.2) | 1903(96.5) | 1642(97.2) | 1547(98.5) |
≥ 8 | 1206(17.8) | 69(3.5) | 48(2.8) | 23(1.5) |
Time of first antenatal visit | ||||
≤ 3 months of gestation | 1188(17.6) | 701(35.5) | 445(26.3) | 604(38.5) |
> 3 months of gestation | 5573(82.4) | 1272(64.5) | 1245(73.6) | 966(61.5) |
Age at child birth (years) | ||||
< 19 | 614(9.1) | 246(12.5) | 233(13.8) | 171(10.9) |
20–24 | 1530(22.6) | 498(25.2) | 357(21.1) | 420(37.6) |
25–29 | 1966(29.1) | 516(26.2) | 461(27.3) | 371(23.6) |
30–34 | 1402(20.7) | 362(18.4) | 314(18.6) | 307(19.5) |
35–39 | 848(12.5) | 254(12.9) | 211(12.5) | 211(13.4) |
≥40 | 399(5.9) | 97(4.9) | 114(6.8) | 90(5.8) |
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 2511(37.1) | 391(19.8) | 432(25.6) | 513(32.7) |
Rural | 4250(62.9) | 1582(80.2) | 1258(74.4) | 1057(67.4) |
Religion | ||||
Christians | 2298(34.0) | 62(3.1) | 158(9.3) | 1531(97.5) |
Muslims | 4424(65.4) | 1827(92.6) | 1502(88.9) | 13(0.8) |
Others | 40(0.6) | 84(4.3) | 30(1.8) | 26(1.7) |
Birth order | ||||
1–2 | 2384(35.3) | 643(32.6) | 573(33.9) | 598(38.1) |
3–4 | 1946(28.8) | 578(29.3) | 565(33.4) | 460(29.3) |
≥5 | 2430(36.0) | 753(38.1) | 552(33.7) | 511(32.6) |
Pregnancy wanted | ||||
No (later/no more) | 764(11.3) | 347(17.6) | 272(16.1) | 557(35.5) |
Yes | 5997(88.7) | 1626(82.4) | 1418(83.9) | 1013(64.5) |
Polygyny | ||||
Monogamous | 4728(69.9) | 1303(66.1) | 1038(61.4) | 1397(89.0) |
Polygamous as first wife | 743(11.0) | 254(12.9) | 220(13.0) | 69(4.4) |
Polygamous as 2nd or more | 1290(19.1) | 416(21.0) | 433(25.6) | 104(6.6) |
Wealth quintiles | ||||
Poorest | 1440(21.3) | 417(21.2) | 451(26.7) | 405(25.8) |
Poorer | 1563(23.1) | 432(21.9) | 379(22.5) | 377(24.0) |
Middle | 1434(21.2) | 424(21.5) | 337(19.9) | 301(19.2) |
Richer | 1250(18.5) | 360(18.3) | 318(18.8) | 227(14.5) |
Richest | 1074(15.9) | 339(17.2) | 205(12.1) | 260(16.5) |
Covered by health insurance | ||||
No | 6624 (98.0) | 1875(95.0) | 1673(99.0) | 1537(97.9) |
Yes | 137 (2.0) | 98(5.0) | 17(1.0) | 33.2(2.1) |
Husband level of education | ||||
No education | 2515(37.2) | 1396(70.8) | 1254(74.2) | 103(6.6) |
Primary | 871(12.9) | 218(11.1) | 114(6.8) | 583(37.2) |
Secondary | 2311(34.2) | 265(13.4) | 210(12.4) | 749(47.5) |
Higher | 1063(15.7) | 94(4.8) | 111(6.6) | 138(8.8) |
Difference in age between husband and wife | ||||
Wife older or same age | 104(1.5) | 34(1.7) | 25(1.5) | 77(4.9) |
Husband 1–5 years older | 1627(24.1) | 417(21.1) | 273(16.2) | 849(54.1) |
Husband 6–10 years older | 2445(36.2) | 663(33.6) | 530(31.3) | 480(30.6) |
Husband > 10 years older | 2585(38.2) | 860(43.6) | 862(51.0) | 164(10.5) |
Prevalence of ≥ 8 ANC visits and early timing of first ANC visit
Variable | Nigeria (N=6761) | Mali (N=1973) | Guinea (N=1690) | Zambia (N=1570) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(%) | visit >=8 | <=3 months | n(%) | visit >=8 | <=3 months | n(%) | visit >=8 | <=3 months | n(%) | visit >=8 | <=3 months | |
Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | |||||
17.8(16.4–19.3) | 17.6(16.3–18.9) | 3.5(2.7–4.6) | 35.5(32.8–38.3) | 2.8(2.1–3.9) | 26.3(23.5–29.4) | 1.5(0.9–2.4) | 38.5(35.0–42.1) | |||||
Getting permission to visit the health facility | p = 0.318 | p = 0.059 | p= 0.003 | p< 0.001 | p=0.006 | p=0.002 | p=0.223 | p=0.034 | ||||
Big Problem | 757(11.2) | 0.16(0.12–0.20) | 0.14(0.02–0.18) | 570(28.9) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.28(0.23–0.33) | 494(29.2) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.20(0.16–0.25) | 88(5.6) | 0.03(0.01–0.10) | 0.50(0.38–0.61) |
Not a big problem | 6004(88.8) | 0.18(0.16–0.20) | 0.18(0.17–0.19) | 1403(71.1) | 0.04(0.03–0.06) | 0.39(0.36–0.42) | 1196(70.8) | 0.04(0.03–0.05) | 0.29(0.26–0.32) | 1482(94.4) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.38(0.34–0.41) |
Getting money needed for treatment | p< 0.001 | p< 0.001 | p< 0.001 | p< 0.001 | p=0.068 | p=0.143 | p=0.411 | p=0.340 | ||||
Big Problem | 3169(46.9) | 0.14(0.12–0.16) | 0.15(0.14–0.17) | 838(42.5) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.27(0.23–0.31) | 1076(63.6) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.25(0.22–0.29) | 358(22.5) | 0.02(0.01–0.05) | 0.41(0.34–0.41) |
Not a big problem | 3592(53.1) | 0.21(0.19–0.23) | 0.20(0.18–0.21) | 1135(57.5) | 0.05(0.04–0.07) | 0.42(0.39–0.45) | 614(36.4) | 0.03(0.02–0.04) | 0.29(0.25–0.33) | 1217(77.5) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.38(0.35–0.42) |
Distance to health facility | P = 0.005 | P = 0.014 | P= 0.001 | p< 0.001 | p< 0.001 | p=0.007 | p=0.257 | p=0.056 | ||||
Big Problem | 1929(28.5) | 0.15(0.13–0.17) | 0.15(0.13–0.17) | 596(30.3) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.28(0.24–0.32) | 858(50.8) | 0.02(0.1–0.03) | 0.23(0.19–0.26) | 584(37.2) | 0.02(0.01–0.04) | 0.42(0.37–0.48) |
Not a big problem | 4832(71.5) | 0.19(0.17–0.21) | 0.19(0.17–0.20) | 1374(69.7) | 0.05(0.03–0.06) | 0.39(0.36–0.42) | 832(49.2) | 0.05(0.03–0.07) | 0.30(0.26–0.35) | 986(62.8) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.36(0.32–0.40) |
Not wanting to go alone | P = 0.261 | P = 0.208 | P= 0.051 | P=0.002 | p= 0.013 | p=0.022 | P=0.448 | p=0.158 | ||||
Big Problem | 1106(16.4) | 0.16(0.14–0.19) | 0.16(0.13–0.19) | 427(21.6) | 0.02(0.01–0.04) | 0.28(0.23–0.33) | 542(32.1) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.22(0.18–0.27) | 240(15.3) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.44(0.36–0.52) |
Not a big problem | 5655(83.7) | 0.18(0.16–0.19) | 0.18(0.17–0.19) | 1546(78.4) | 0.04(0.03–0.05) | 0.38(0.35–0.41) | 148(67.9) | 0.04(0.03–0.05) | 0.28(0.25–0.32) | 1330(84.7) | 0.02(0.01–0.03) | 0.38(0.34–0.41) |
Factors associated with ≥ 8 ANC visits
Variable | Nigeria (N=6761) | Mali (N=1973) | Guinea (N=1690) | Zambia (N=1570) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | cOR(95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | cOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | cOR(95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Getting permission to visit the health facility | ||||||||
Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Not a big problem | 1.16(0.47–0.91) | 0.71(0.51–1.02) | 3.89(1.50–10.11)*** | 2.20(0.61–7.91) | 3.49(1.35–8.99)** | 2.99(0.89–10.01) | 0.43(0.11–1.73) | 0.22(0.06–0.79)** |
Getting money needed for treatment | ||||||||
Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Not a big problem | 1.38(1.10–1.72)** | 1.38(1.11–1.73)** | 3.75(1.92–7.33)*** | 1.33(0.52–3.44) | 1.89(0.94–3.79) | 0.54(0.22–1.29) | 0.63(00.21–1.92) | 0.97(0.34–2.79) |
Distance to health facility | ||||||||
Big Problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Not a big problem | 0.66(0.51–0.86)** | 0.73(0.55–0.97)** | 3.55(1.56–8.04)** | 1.85(0.87–3.93) | 4.86(2.21–10.8)*** | 2.96(0.96–9.07) | 0.61(0.26–1.45) | 0.25(0.06–1.06) |
Not wanting to go alone | ||||||||
Big Problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Not a big problem | 1.14(0.91–1.44) | 0.77(0.57–1.04) | 2.22(0.98–5.07) | 0.42(0.20–0.90)** | 2.91(1.21–699)** | 0.72(0.23–2.28) | 1.64(0.45–6.03) | 2.58(0.55–12.00) |
Age at child birth (years) | ||||||||
≤19 | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
20–24 | 1.62(1.09–2.39)** | 1.61(1.09–2.38)** | 0.80(0.36–1.79) | 0.72(0.30–1.70) | 1.54(0.62–3.83) | 1.59(0.64–3.98) | 0.51(0.14–1.86) | 0.42(0.13–1.34) |
25–29 | 2.26(1.50–3.41)*** | 2.26(1.50–3.40)*** | 0.58(0.27–1.24) | 0.68(0.27–1.76) | 1.62(0.63–4.14) | 2.41(0.84–6.87) | 0.24(0.06–0.91)* | 0.55(0.11–2.78) |
30–34 | 3.04(1.96–4.70)*** | 3.02(1.95–4.67)*** | 0.38(0.15–0.97)** | 0.59(0.16–2.14) | 1.31(0.47–3.63) | 2.29(0.62–8.43) | 0.49(0.11–2.18) | 1.88(0.55–6.42) |
35–39 | 2.92(1.82–4.68)*** | 2.90(1.81–4.64)*** | 0.73(0.27–1.93) | 1.78(0.43–7.41) | 0.33(0.06–1.70) | 1.30(0.117–9.79) | 0.02(0.03–0.19)** | 0.26(0.02–4.15) |
≥40 | 3.01(1.67–5.40)*** | 3.00(1.67–5.39)*** | 0.35(0.07–1.79) | 1.15(0.14–9.29) | 0.71(0.14–3.70) | 3.74(0.43–32.48) | 0.46(0.09–2.38) | 17.94(2.94–109.29)** |
Place of residence | ||||||||
Urban | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Rural | 0.24(0.20–0.29)*** | 0.24(0.14–0.42)*** | 0.25(0.14–0.45)*** | 0.87(0.40–1.88) | 0.14(0.07–0.28)*** | 0.56(0.20–1.58) | 0.90(0.32–2.54) | 0.89(0.19–4.11) |
Religion | ||||||||
Christians | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Muslim | 0.20(0.16–0.24)*** | 0.44(0.34–0.56)*** | 1.83(0.27–12.55) | 2.86(0.46–17.70) | 0.45(0.20–0.99)*** | 0.24(0.11–0.52)*** | 2.44(0.27–21.80) | 4.59(0.56–37.99) |
Others | 0.18(0.03–0.91)** | 0.30(0.07–1.64) | 0.83(0.05–12.82) | 3.56(0.20–62.39) | 1.00(0.33–3.02) | 0.85(0.19–3.89) | 0.42(0.05–3.40) | 0.40(0.03–5.62) |
Birth order | ||||||||
1–2 | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
3–4 | 0.75(0.62–0.90)** | 0.67(0.54–0.84)*** | 0.65(0.34–1.24) | 0.79(0.36–1.76) | 0.94(0.51–1.72) | 0.77(0.48–1.58) | 0.13(0.03–0.55)** | 0.04(0.10–0.20)*** |
≥5 | 0.36(0.29–0.44)*** | 0.42(0.30–0.60)*** | 0.22(0.10–0.48)*** | 0.25(0.06–0.98)** | 0.18(0.07–0.51)*** | 0.23(0.06–0.88)** | 0.09(0.02–0.36)** | 0.01(0.002–0.07)*** |
Pregnancy intention | ||||||||
No (later/no more) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Yes (then) | 0.68(0.55–0.85)** | 1.04(0.79–1.35) | 1.23(0.56–2.73) | 0.94(0.40–2.18) | 3.70(1.06–12.86)** | 3.13(0.84–11.66) | 0.91(0.35–2.36) | 0.58(0.22–1.54) |
Polygyny | ||||||||
Monogamous | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Polygamous as first wife | 0.23(0.15–0.34)*** | 0.67(0.43–1.05) | 0.55(0.23–1.32) | 1.51(0.49–4.66) | 0.14(0.02–1.04) | 0.26(0.03–2.30) | 4.42(0.94–2.89) | 40.35(6.65–244.75) |
Polygamous as 2nd or higher | 0.37(0.29–0.46)*** | 0.93(0.71–1.23) | 1.01(0.50–2.03) | 1.79(0.81–3.96) | 1.07(0.48–2.40) | 1.44(0.57–3.65) | 11.32(3.33–18.30)*** | 15.6(0.50–23.10)*** |
Wealth quintiles | ||||||||
Poorest | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Poorer | 2.01(1.32–3.07)** | 1.54(1.00–2.06) | 1.23(0.27–5.51) | 1.10(0.24–5.06) | 0.32(0.04–2.89) | 0.29(0.03–2.73) | 1.78(0.41–7.8) | 0.88(0.22–3.52) |
Middle | 4.57(3.01–6.95)*** | 2.35(1.50–3.69)*** | 1.38(0.33–5.77) | 1.09(0.22–5.41) | 1.75(0.49–6.23) | 1.17(0.31–4.38) | 1.60(0.41–6.3) | 0.95(0.24–3.81) |
Richer | 9.71(6.38–14.79)*** | 3.35(2.08–5.38)*** | 3.31(0.90–12.14) | 1.82(0.37–9.08) | 5.11(1.65–15.82)** | 1.90(0.48–7.52) | 0.93(0.17–5.06) | 0.56(0.09–3.64) |
Richest | 21.31(14.06–32.29)*** | 4.77(2.91–7.82)*** | 11.40(3.29–39.53)*** | 4.00(0.68–23.36) | 11.46(4.15–31.63)*** | 3.28(0.77–13.98) | 2.82(0.67–11.80) | 0.58(0.07–4.68) |
Covered by Health Insurance | ||||||||
No | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Yes | 3.27(2.15–4.98)*** | 1.36(0.86–2.16) | 6.30(2.88–13.80)*** | 1.68(0.63–4.52) | 2.11(0.26–16.94) | 0.50(0.04–6.55) | 9.36(3.87–53.67)** | 8.27(1.34–51.01)** |
Husband level of education | ||||||||
No education | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Primary | 4.28(3.04–6.03)*** | 2.06(1.41–3.09)*** | 2.67(1.24–5.74)** | 1.96(0.88–4.36) | 0.57(0.12–2.59) | 0.47(0.09–2.33) | 3.88(0.42–35.44) | 1.14(0.10–13.32) |
Secondary | 7.79(5.73–10.60)*** | 2.04(1.43–2.92)*** | 4.34(2.18–8.65)*** | 1.97(0.84–4.61) | 2.11(0.90–4.91) | 1.21(0.48–3.11) | 10.51(1.34–82.3)** | 5.54(0.65–47.35) |
Higher | 10.59(7.60–14.75)*** | 2.09(1.41–3.08)*** | 12.77(5.28–30.90)*** | 3.49(1.16–10.49)* | 4.49(1.90–10.62)** | 1.18(0.48–2.91) | 33.49(3.62–309.03)** | 18.67(1.31–267.00)** |
Difference in age between husband and wife | ||||||||
Wife older or same age | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | 5.36(0.09–15.2)*** | 13.3(5.93–48.7)*** | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Husband 1–5 years older | 1.01(0.61–1.71) | 1.29(0.75–2.22) | 0.40(0.11–1.41) | 0.43(0.10–1.86) | 0.96(0.43–2.17) | 1.80(0.402.95) | 1.39(0.29–6.77) | 0.69(0.10–4.64) |
Husband 6–10 years older | 0.60(0.35–1.02) | 1.05(0.60–1.84) | 0.31(0.08–1.13) | 0.33(0.08–1.36) | 0.82(0.42–1.61) | 0.86(0.39–1.90) | 0.86(0.16–4.70) | 0.46(0.06–3.26) |
Husband > 10 years older | 0.40(0.23–0.70)** | 0.97(0.55–1.74) | 0.36(0.11–1.21) | 0.32(0.08–1.30) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | 0.52(0.05–5.98) | 0.50(0.05–5.43) |
Factors associated with early timing of first ANC visit
Variable | Nigeria (N=6709) | Mali (N=1973) | Guinea (N=1690) | Zambia (N=1570) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Getting permission to visit the health facility | ||||||||
Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Not a big problem | 1.32(0.99–1.18) | 1.02(0.74–1.39) | 1.62(1.25–2.12)*** | 1.05(0.73–1.52) | 1.63(1.20–2.22)** | 1.62(1.15–2.33)** | 0.62(0.40–0.97)** | 0.67(0.42–1.07) |
Getting money needed for treatment | ||||||||
Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Not a big problem | 1.36(1.16–1.59)*** | 1.14(0.95–1.37) | 1.94(1.55–2.43)*** | 1.38(1.03–1.92)** | 1.20(0.94–1.54) | 0.77(0.58–1.03) | 0.87(0.65–1.16) | 1.10(0.80–1.51) |
Distance to health facility | ||||||||
Big problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Not a big problem | 1.26(1.04–1.52)** | 0.90(0.70–1.14) | 1.67(1.31–2.12)*** | 1.04(0.71–1.51) | 1.48(1.11–1.98)** | 1.08(0.73–1.60) | 0.78(0.61–1.01) | 0.94(0.69–1.27) |
Not wanting to go alone | ||||||||
Big Problem | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Not a big problem | 1.16(0.92–1.45) | 0.90(0.69–1.18) | 1.57(1.18–2.10)** | 0.87(0.58–1.32) | 1.39(1.05–1.84)** | 1.06(0.73–1.53) | 0.77(0.54–1.11) | 1.02(0.66–1.57) |
Age at child birth (years) | ||||||||
≤19 | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
20–24 | 1.33(1.02–1.74)** | 1.20(0.90–1.58) | 0.99(0.71–1.37) | 1.21(0.84–1.74) | 1.33(0.87–2.04) | 1.31(0.83–2.08) | 1.09(0.72–1.65) | 1.13(0.73–1.75) |
25–29 | 1.42(1.08–1.86)** | 1.32(0.96–1.82) | 0.79(0.55–1.12) | 1.21(0.78–1.86) | 1.17(0.80–1.72) | 1.19(0.75–1.88) | 0.73(0.47–1.12) | 0.86(0.49–1.53) |
30–34 | 1.46(1.09–1.95)** | 1.48(0.98–2.24) | 0.65(0.45–0.95)** | 1.17(0.69–2.01) | 1.39(0.94–2.07) | 1.55(0.94–2.56) | 0.71(0.46–1.10) | 0.96(0.51–1.78) |
35–39 | 1.13(0.82–1.56) | 1.33(0.88–2.01) | 0.84(0.55–1.27) | 1.69(0.95–3.01) | 1.04(0.67–1.61) | 1.13(0.63–2.02) | 0.51(0.29–0.91)** | 0.74(0.38–1.44) |
≥40 | 0.72(0.47–1.10) | 1.11(0.65–1.90) | 0.51(0.29–0.92)** | 1.10(0.55–2.22) | 0.93(0.48–1.79) | 0.99(0.40–2.45) | 0.64(0.37–1.11) | 0.81(0.36–1.79) |
Residence | ||||||||
Urban | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Rural | 0.55(0.46–0.66)*** | 0.34(0.83–1.24) | 0.43(0.33–0.55)*** | 1.53(1.03–2.26)** | 0.53(0.49–0.74)*** | 1.30(0.81–2.08) | 1.75(1.30–2.42)*** | 1.99(1.29–3.08)** |
Religion | ||||||||
Christians | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Muslim | 0.35(0.29–0.42)*** | 0.56(0.44–0.71)*** | 1.12(0.65–1.93) | 1.30(0.71–2.37) | 4.04(2.04–8.03)*** | 3.80(1.94–7.45)*** | 0.76(0.18–3.12) | 0.73(0.17–3.06) |
Others | 0.25(0.05–1.22) | 0.35(0.08–1.62) | 0.68(0.32–1.43) | 1.32(0.61–2.82) | 1.63(0.53–5.02) | 1.53(0.50–4.68) | 1.30(0.34–4.99) | 1.60(0.35–7.31) |
Birth order | ||||||||
1–2 | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
3–4 | 0.74(0.62–0.88)** | 0.76(0.61–0.94)** | 0.68(0.53–0.88)** | 0.73(0.53–1.01) | 0.95(0.73–1.25) | 0.93(0.66–1.30) | 0.73(0.56–0.95)** | 0.78(0.56–1.009) |
≥5 | 0.42(0.34–0.51)*** | 0.56(0.41–0.78)** | 0.46(0.35–0.59)*** | 0.61(0.40–0.93)** | 0.96(0.73–1.25) | 1.07(0.69–1.66) | 0.61(0.45–0.84)** | 0.66(0.39–1.11) |
Pregnancy intention | ||||||||
No (later/no more) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Yes (then) | 1.13(0.88–1.46) | 1.54(1.19–1.99)** | 1.77(1.33–2.37)*** | 1.70(1.27–2.29)*** | 1.10(0.79–1.54) | 1.10(0.78–1.54) | 1.08(0.83–1.40) | 1.00(0.77–1.30) |
Polygyny | ||||||||
Monogamous | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Polygamous as first wife | 0.42(0.31–0.56)*** | 0.88(0.64–1.20) | 0.51(0.36–0.71)*** | 0.73(0.49–1.07) | 0.90(0.59–1.34) | 0.96(0.62–1.50) | 1.23(0.62–2.46) | 1.78(0.76–1.30) |
Polygamous as 2nd or higher | 0.54(0.43–0.68)*** | 0.89(0.69–1.15) | 1.05(0.83–1.33) | 1.29(0.99–1.69) | 0.88(0.64–1.22) | 0.85(0.60–1.20) | 1.23(0.63–2.39) | 1.19(0.60–2.35) |
Wealth quintiles | ||||||||
Poorest | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Poorer | 2.02(1.54–2.65)*** | 1.70(1.29–2.25)*** | 1.145(0.78–1.68) | 1.13(0.76–1.67) | 1.65(1.12–2.32)** | 1.62(1.1–2.37)** | 0.70(0.51–0.96)** | 0.72(0.52–1.01) |
Middle | 2.85(2.16–3.78)*** | 2.01(1.46–2.76)*** | 1.62(1.14–2.29)** | 1.51(1.05–2.18)** | 2.02(1.32–3.08)** | 1.99(1.29–3.07)** | 0.57(0.40–0.80)** | 0.73(0.51–1.04) |
Richer | 3.35(2.53–4.43)*** | 1.99(1.41–2.81)*** | 2.48(1.75–3.53)*** | 2.01(1.35–3.00)** | 2.93(1.93–4.46)*** | 2.68(1.62–4.44)** | 0.48(0.31–0.74)** | 0.83(0.48–1.44) |
Richest | 6.65(4.99–8.87)*** | 3.21(2.12–4.85)*** | 5.53(3.79–8.06)*** | 4.04(2.28–7.17)*** | 4.05(2.49–6.59)*** | 3.55(1.87–6.73)** | 0.64(0.44–0.94)** | 1.22(0.67–2.23) |
Covered by Health Insurance | ||||||||
No | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Yes | 1.59(0.98–2.57) | 0.88(0.53–1.47) | 5.24(2.83–9.71)*** | 1.77(0.92–3.39) | 2.10(0.67–6.52) | 0.92(0.26–3.30) | 0.81(0.32–2.04) | 0.71(0.26–1.97) |
Husband level of education | ||||||||
No education | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Primary | 2.32(1.72–3.13)*** | 1.60(1.16–2.21)** | 1.85(1.37–2.51)*** | 1.56(1.11–2.18)** | 0.96(0.56–1.65) | 0.85(0.50–1.47) | 0.83(0.49–1.41) | 0.79(0.47–1.35) |
Secondary | 3.52(2.70–4.58)*** | 1.72(1.24–2.38)** | 3.02(2.21–4.10)*** | 1.88(1.30–2.72)** | 1.52(1.09–2.11)** | 1.32(0.93–1.86) | 0.68(0.39–1.17) | 0.71(0.41–1.22) |
Higher | 3.68(2.73–4.96)*** | 1.56(1.05–2.31)** | 8.38(4.18–16.79)*** | 3.21(1.52–6.78)** | 2.71(1.74–4.23)*** | 1.94(1.23–3.07)** | 0.92(0.48–1.75) | 1.06(0.49–2.33) |
Difference in age between husband and wife | ||||||||
Wife older or same age | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | 0.94(0.38–2.36) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) | Reference (1.0) |
Husband 1–5 years older | 1.41(0.77–2.59) | 1.55(0.82–2.95) | 0.46(0.23–0.94)** | 0.48(0.23–0.99)** | 0.79(0.55–1.15) | 0.98(0.35–2.79) | 1.80(0.94–3.43) | 1.51(0.87–2.66) |
Husband 6–10 years older | 1.07(0.60–1.94) | 1.49(0.80–2.75) | 0.53(0.26–1.07)** | 0.58(0.28–1.21) | 0.84(0.63–1.11) | 0.77(0.51–1.15) | 1.51(0.78–2.91) | 1.39(0.78–2.48) |
Husband > 10 years older | 0.95(0.53–1.71) | 1.67(0.90–3.10) | 0.61(0.31–1.21) | 0.61(0.30–1.26) | Reference (1.0) | 0.80(0.60–1.09) | 2.17(1.06–4.48) | 2.02(1.05–3.86)** |