Background
Methods
Study populations
Statistical analysis
Venn diagrams
Ethical approval
Results
Chad
Attended EPI
(expected)
| P-value | Did not attend EPI
(expected)
| P-value | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attended ANC
(expected)
| 1104
(736)
| < 0.0001 | 528
(896)
| < 0.0001 | 1632 |
Did not attend ANC
(expected)
| 299
(667)
| < 0.0001 | 1180
(812)
| < 0.0001 | 1479 |
Total
| 1403 | 1708 | 3111 |
Variable | Attended neither % (n) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Wald | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Wald |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-value | p-value | ||||
Region
| < 0.0001 | 0.001 | |||
South | 31.3 (263) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
East | 79.6 (341) | 8.5 (4.9-15.0) | 2.6 (1.3-5.0) | ||
North | 51.4 (167) | 2.3 (1.2-4.5) | 1.1 (0.5-2.3) | ||
Central | 59.8 (142) | 3.3 (1.5-7.0) | 1.0 (0.4-2.6) | ||
West | 50.3 (267) | 2.2 (1.4-3.6) | 2.4 (0.3-4.4) | ||
Residence
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
Rural | 54.5 (991) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Urban | 12.6 (189) | 0.1 (0.08-0.2) | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | ||
Mother's education
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
None | 55.9 (1110) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Primary | 16.8 (62) | 0.2 (0.1-0.2) | 0.4 (0.3-0.6) | ||
Secondary | 6.3 (8) | 0.1 (0.02-0.1) | 0.4 (0.2-1.0) | ||
Higher | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Partner's education
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
None | 60.0 (998) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Primary | 31.2 (128) | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | ||
Secondary | 11.7 (48) | 0.1 (0.05-0.1) | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | ||
Higher | 0.9 (1) | 0.01 (0.001-0.05) | --- | ||
Partner's occupation
| < 0.0001 | 0.004 | |||
Professional | 50.3 (1041) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Unemployed | 17.3 (11) | 0.2 (0.1-0.5) | 1.5 (0.5-4.5) | ||
Agriculture/manual labour | 28.4 (117) | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | 0.6 (0.4-0.8) | ||
Clerical, sales, services | 16.6 (3) | 0.2 (0.1-0.6) | 1.0 (0.4-2.2) | ||
Number of children under 5
| 0.08 | 0.001 | |||
1 | 47.1 (1126) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
2 | 37.2 (33) | 0.7 (0.4-1.2) | 1.2 (0.6-2.5) | ||
3 | 14.5 (1) | 0.2 (0.05-0.8) | 0.2 (0.1-0.4) | ||
Wealth index
| < 0.0001 | 0.1 | |||
Poorest | 82.2 (432) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Second | 50.8 (242) | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 0.7 (0.4-1.0) | ||
Middle | 45.3 (179) | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 0.6 (0.4-1.0) | ||
Fourth | 38.0 (178) | 0.1 (0.1-0.2) | 0.5 (0.3-0.9) | ||
Least poor | 16.8 (149) | 0.04 (0.02-0.1) | 0.4 (0.2-0.8) | ||
Ethnicity
| < 0.0001 | 0.2 | |||
Others | 50.9 (694) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Arabic | 66.4 (253) | 1.9 (1.3-2.9) | 1.0 (0.6-1.6) | ||
Kanem-bornou | 47.8 (136) | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) | 0.6 (0.3-0.9) | ||
Sara | 26.1 (97) | 0.3 (0.2-0.6) | 0.9 (0.5-1.7) | ||
Religion
| < 0.0001 | 0.2 | |||
Muslim | 59.2 (954) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Catholic | 30.9 (118) | 0.3 (0.2-0.5) | 0.5 (0.3-1.0) | ||
Protestant | 25.8 (69) | 0.2 (0.1-0.4) | 0.5 (0.3-1.0) | ||
Other | 42.7 (38) | 0.5 (0.3-1.0) | 0.7 (0.3-1.4) | ||
Mother's occupation
| < 0.0001 | 0.2 | |||
Agriculture/manual labour | 25.7 (109) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Unemployed | 40.1 (264) | 1.9 (1.2-3.0) | 1.3 (0.9-2.0) | ||
Clerical, sales, services | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Professional | 53.3 (803) | 3.3 (2.1-5.3) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) |
Mali
Attended EPI
(expected)
| P-value | Did not attend EPI
(expected)
| P-value | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attended ANC
(expected)
| 4643
(4195)
| < 0.0001 | 1078
(1526)
| < 0.0001 | 5721 |
Did not attend ANC
(expected)
| 1298
(1746)
| < 0.0001 | 1083
(635)
| < 0.0001 | 2381 |
Total
| 5941 | 2161 | 8102 |
Variable | Attended neither % (n) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Wald | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Wald |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-value | p-value | ||||
Region
| < 0.0001 | 0.0002 | |||
Western | 14.6 (298) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Central | 11.5 (265) | 0.8 (0.5-1.1) | 0.7 (0.5-1.2) | ||
Eastern | 20.6 (184) | 1.5 (0.8-2.7) | 1.4 (0.7-2.8) | ||
Northern | 30.4 (174) | 2.5 (1.5-4.4) | 2.0 (1.1-3.7) | ||
Southern | 6.5 (162) | 0.4 (0.2-0.7) | 0.6 (0.3-1.0) | ||
Wealth index
| < 0.0001 | 0.03 | |||
Poorest | 14.5 (221) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Second | 16.3 (301) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 1.0 (0.7-2.8) | ||
Middle | 17.0 (344) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | ||
Fourth | 10.2 (184) | 0.7 (0.5-0.8) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | ||
Least poor | 2.7 (33) | 0.1 (0.09-0.2) | 0.4 (0.2-0.8) | ||
Ethnicity
| < 0.0001 | 0.001 | |||
Other | 14.2 (658) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Bambara | 8.3 (152) | 0.6 (0.4-0.8) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | ||
Peulh | 16.4 (180) | 1.2 (0.9-0.6) | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | ||
Sarkole | 10.2 (92) | 0.7 (0.4-1.1) | 0.7 (0.4-1.1) | ||
Mother's education
| < 0.0001 | 0.04 | |||
None | 13.8 (1020) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Primary | 5.2 (52) | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | 0.5 (0.3-0.9) | ||
Secondary | 1.8 (11) | 0.1 (0.07-0.2) | 0.3 (0.1-1.0) | ||
Higher | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Partner's education
| < 0.0001 | 0.05 | |||
None | 14.0 (979) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Primary | 7.7 (59) | 0.5 (0.4-0.7) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | ||
Secondary | 5.1 (26) | 0.3 (0.1-1.1) | 0.8 (0.4-1.6) | ||
Higher | 0.7 (2) | 0.2 (0.1-0.6) | 0.2 (0.02-2.4) | ||
Don't know | 3.5 (5) | 0.8 (0.3-2.6) | 0.3 (0.1-0.9) | ||
Mother's occupation
| < 0.0001 | 0.001 | |||
Agriculture/manual labour | 14.4 (461) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Unemployed | 13.4 (520) | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | ||
Clerical, sales, services | 5.6 (93) | 0.4 (0.2-0.5) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | ||
Professional | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Other | 52.5 (1) | 6.6 (0.6-78.1) | 23.0 (2.5-209.4) | ||
Don't know | 3.5 (6) | 0.2 (0.1-0.9) | 0.3 (0.1-1.5) | ||
Age
| 0.07 | 0.06 | |||
15-19 | 14.9 (123) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
20-29 | 11.7 (514) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | ||
30-39 | 12.7 (351) | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | ||
40-49 | 10.3 (95) | 0.7 (0.5-0.9) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | ||
Residence
| < 0.0001 | 0.1 | |||
Rural | 15.2 (970) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Urban | 5.0 (113) | 0.3 (0.2-0.5) | 0.7 (0.5-1.1) | ||
Religion
| 0.06 | 0.3 | |||
Muslim | 12.4 (1007) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Christian | 6.4 (21) | 0.5 (0.3-0.9) | 0.6 (0.3-1.2) | ||
None | 11.2 (28) | 0.9 (0.5-1.7) | 0.9 (0.5-1.6) | ||
Other | 15.2 (21) | 1.3 (0.7-2.1) | 1.3 (0.8-2.3) | ||
Partner's occupation
| 0.0004 | 0.7 | |||
Agriculture/manual labour | 13.6 (884) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Clerical, sales, services | 8.4 (114) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | ||
Professional | 7.8 (13) | 0.5 (0.1-2.8) | 1.8 (0.3-9.1) | ||
Other | 12.2 (25) | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) | 1.0 (0.6-1.8) | ||
Don't know | 3.4 (24) | 0.4 (0.2-0.8) | 0.7 (0.4-1.2) | ||
Healthcare autonomy
| 0.02 | 0.3 | |||
Husband/partner only | 12.7 (850) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Respondent alone | 10.8 (100) | 0.8 (0.6-1.2) | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | ||
Respondent & husband | 8.8 (46) | 0.7 (0.4-1.1) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | ||
Respondent & other | 5.0 (1) | 0.4 (0.05-2.6) | 0.8 (0.1-6.5) | ||
Someone else | 11.7 (80) | 0.9 (0.6-1.3) | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | ||
Other | 41.9 (5) | 5.0 (1.4-17.4) | 4.7 (1.1-20.2) | ||
Age at first birth
| 0.05 | 0.09 | |||
11-12 | 12.9 (17) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
13-19 | 12.7 (768) | 1.0 (0.5-1.8) | 1.2 (0.6-2.7) | ||
20-29 | 10.5 (280) | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) | 1.1 (0.5-2.3) | ||
30-39 | 20.3 (18) | 1.7 (0.7-4.0) | 2.3 (0.9-6.1) | ||
40-49 | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Household size
| 0.04 | 0.1 | |||
1-5 | 13.1 (469) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
6-10 | 12.7 (496) | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) | ||
11+ | 9.2 (118) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) |
Niger
Attended EPI
(expected)
| P-value | Did not attend EPI
(expected)
| P-value | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attended ANC
(expected)
| 2435
(1819)
| < 0.0001 | 694
(1310)
| < 0.0001 | 3129 |
Did not attend ANC
(expected)
| 732
(1348)
| < 0.0001 | 1587
(971)
| < 0.0001 | 2319 |
Total
| 3167 | 2281 | 5448 |
Variable | Attended neither % (n) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Wald | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Wald |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-value | p-value | ||||
Region
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
Southern | 49.5 (640) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Northern | 18.4 (71) | 0.2 (0.1-0.4) | 0.3 (0.2-0.6) | ||
Eastern | 35.3 (144) | 0.6 (0.3-0.9) | 0.3 (0.2-0.6) | ||
Western | 23.3 (448) | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | 0.4 (0.3-0.7) | ||
Central | 32.5 (284) | 0.5 (0.3-0.8) | 0.4 (0.3-0.7) | ||
Wealth index
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
Poorest | 47.3 (465) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Second | 43.2 (347) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | ||
Middle | 40.6 (322) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | ||
Fourth | 38.2 (348) | 0.7 (0.5-0.9) | 0.8 (0.5-1.1) | ||
Least poor | 9.0 (105) | 0.1 (0.08-0.02) | 0.2 (0.2-0.4) | ||
Residence
| < 0.0001 | 0.004 | |||
Rural | 41.3 (1464) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Urban | 8.2 (123) | 0.1 (0.08-0.2) | 0.5 (0.3-0.8) | ||
Ethnicity
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
Hausa | 35.9 (712) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Djerma | 16.9 (183) | 0.4 (0.2-0.6) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | ||
Tuareg | 48.7 (295) | 1.7 (1.2-2.3) | 1.7 (1.1-1.6) | ||
Other | 52.2 (396) | 1.9 (1.3-2.8) | 2.1 (1.4-3.3) | ||
Religion
| 0.01 | 0.04 | |||
Muslim | 35.7 (1548) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Christian | 48.4 (13) | 1.7 (0.8-3.4) | 1.7 (0.9-3.2) | ||
None | 69.4 (35) | 4.1 (1.7-10.0) | 3.0 (1.1-8.11) | ||
Other | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Mother's education
| < 0.0001 | 0.001 | |||
None | 39.3 (1508) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Primary | 19.1 (77) | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | ||
Secondary | 0.1 (2) | 0.02 (0.003-0.1) | 0.1 (0.01-0.6) | ||
Higher | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Partner's education
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
None | 40.3 (1464) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Primary | 19.5 (80) | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | 0.5 (0.3-0.7) | ||
Secondary | 7.3 (19) | 0.1 (0.06-0.2) | 0.3 (0.1-0.5) | ||
Higher | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Don't know | 15.9 (16) | 0.3 (0.1-0.6) | 0.6 (0.2-1.6) | ||
Household size
| 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
1-5 | 38.4 (517) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
6-10 | 37.2 (735) | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | ||
11-15 | 41.7 (230) | 0.7 (0.5-0.9) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | ||
16-20 | 48.6 (60) | 0.7 (0.5-1.2) | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | ||
21+ | 40.8 (45) | 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | 1.6 (0.9-2.9) | ||
Healthcare autonomy
| 0.0003 | 0.04 | |||
Husband/partner only | 38.9 (1186) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Respondent alone | 28.9 (237) | 0.6 (0.4-0.8) | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | ||
Respondent & husband | 26.9 (84) | 0.6 (0.4-0.8) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | ||
Respondent & other | 19.9 (8) | 0.4 (0.2-0.9) | 0.6 (0.2-1.4) | ||
Someone else | 33.7 (65) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | ||
Other | 12.5 (5) | 0.2 (0.07-0.7) | 0.3 (0.1-0.9) | ||
Marital status
| 0.05 | 0.3 | |||
Currently married | 36.3 (1542) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Never married | 21.0 (5) | 0.5 (0.2-1.3) | --- | ||
Formerly married | 26.0 (40) | 0.6 (0.4-1.0) | 0.8 (0.4-1.3) | ||
Mother's occupation
| 0.03 | 0.06 | |||
Agriculture/manual labour | 37.5 (426) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Unemployed | 37.8 (942) | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | ||
Clerical, sales, services | 30.0 (213) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) | ||
Professional, army | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Other | 51.6 (3) | 1.8 (0.3-12.3) | 3.0 (0.3-27.4) | ||
Partner's occupation
| < 0.0001 | 0.7 | |||
Agriculture/manual labour | 41.3 (1117) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Unemployed | 8.0 (2) | 0.1 (0.03-0.6) | 1.0 (0.1-8.9) | ||
Clerical, sales, services | 27.7 (388) | 0.5 (0.4-0.7) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | ||
Professional, army | 5.4 (11) | 0.1 (0.02-0.3) | 1.5 (0.5-4.6) | ||
Other | 39.0 (56) | 0.9 (0.5-1.6) | 0.9 (0.5-1.7) | ||
Age at first birth
| 0.02 | 0.9 | |||
12 | 34.5 (12) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
13-19 | 37.4 (1224) | 1.1 (0.5-2.5) | 1.0 (0.4-2.6) | ||
20-29 | 31. (342) | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | 1.0 (0.4-2.8) | ||
30-39 | 39.3 (9) | 1.2 (0.4-3.9) | 1.7 (0.4-7.7) | ||
40-49 | 0 (0) | --- | --- | ||
Total number of children
| 0.03 | 0.3 | |||
1-3 | 32.9 (613) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
4-6 | 38.5 (564) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 1.2 (1.0-1.4) | ||
7-9 | 38.3 (306) | 1.3 (1.0-1.6) | 1.1 (0.9-1.4) | ||
10+ | 35.7 (104) | 1.1 (0.8-1.5) | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) |