Background
Methods
Data source
Contents of survey questionnaire
Measurement of CHE
Variables selection
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Variables extraction and computation
Statistical analyses
Results
Variable description | Observation (N) | Weighted | Unweighted | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion | Mean | SD | Proportion | Mean | SD | ||
Extracted Variables | |||||||
Individual Level | |||||||
Individuals reporting chronic illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 28,474 | 10.2% | 11.4% | ||||
Individuals reporting acute illness and injuries a [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 28,474 | 18.7% | 19.4% | ||||
Individual who sought care for their acute illness and injuries [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5518 | 70.7% | 69.3% | ||||
Individual weights | 28,670 | 5891.5 | 3717.9 | ||||
Household Level | |||||||
Household expenditure b (NRs c) (in 1000) | 5988 | 30 | 82 | 33 | 99 | ||
Out of pocket health expenditure (NRs) | 5988 | 1187 | 4657 | 1175 | 4743 | ||
Household size | 5988 | 4.9 | 2.3 | 4.8 | 2.3 | ||
Household has under 5-years children [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 41.7% | 39.9% | ||||
Household has elderly (60 years and above) population [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 33.2% | 31.8% | ||||
Household head is male [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 73.4% | 73.3% | ||||
Literate household head [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 22.8% | 25.9% | ||||
Settlement area is urban [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 20.9% | 34.9% | ||||
Geographical belts | 5988 | ||||||
Mountain | 6.9% | 6.8% | |||||
Hill | 47.4% | 53.5% | |||||
Tarai | 45.7% | 39.7% | |||||
Administrative regions | 5988 | ||||||
Eastern | 23.5% | 21.3% | |||||
Central | 35.7% | 38.1% | |||||
Western | 20.1% | 19.2% | |||||
Mid-western | 12.2% | 12.6% | |||||
Far-western | 8.5% | 8.8% | |||||
Commute time to the nearest health facility is less than 1 h [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 73.1% | 63.4% | ||||
Households reporting chronic illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 43.0% | 41.7% | ||||
Households reporting acute illness and injuries [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 59.4% | 56.9% | ||||
Household weights | 5988 | 964.6 | 348.3 | ||||
Computed Variables | |||||||
Individual Level | |||||||
Individuals reporting both chronic and acute illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 28,670 | 30.5% | 26.3% | ||||
Household Level | |||||||
Capacity to Pay (NRs) (in 1000) | 5988 | 18 | 82 | 22 | 99 | ||
OOP share of household expenditure (%) | 5988 | 3.9 | 8.0 | 3.7 | 7.8 | ||
OOP share of household capacity to pay | 5988 | 44.6 | 17.4 | 42.1 | 17.2 | ||
Equivalent household size for each household | 5988 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.6 | ||
Households reporting both chronic and acute illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 5988 | 27.2% | 25.6% | ||||
Number of family members with chronic illness episodes | 5988 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | ||
Number of family members reporting acute illness and injuries episodes | 5988 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | ||
Ratio of acute illness and injuries episodes to household size | 5988 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||
Ratio of chronic illness episodes to household size | 5988 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||
Ratio of total illness episodes to household size | 5988 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||
Expenditure quartiles d | 5988 | ||||||
1 | 25.0% | 22.6% | |||||
2 | 25.0% | 22.8% | |||||
3 | 25.0% | 24.9% | |||||
4 | 25.0% | 29.7% | |||||
Households with CHE (> = 40% of CTP) [yes = 1; otherwise,0] e | 5988 | 10.3% | 9.1% |
Household Characteristics | CHE | |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Equivalent household size | 0.97(0.83–1.14) | 0.736 |
Household has under 5-years children [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 1.22(1.00–1.49) | 0.048 |
Household has elderly (60 years and above) population [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 1.60(1.34–1.92) | < 0.001 |
Household head is male [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 0.90(0.72–1.11) | 0.334 |
Settlement area is urban [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 0.46(0.35–0.60) | < 0.001 |
Literate household head [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 0.51(0.39–0.68) | < 0.001 |
Commute time to the nearest health facility is less than 1 h [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 1.85(1.46–2.34) | < 0.001 |
Households reporting at least one member with chronic illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 2.48(2.04–3.03) | < 0.001 |
Households reporting at least one member with acute illness and injuries [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 4.68(3.64–6.01) | < 0.001 |
Chronic illness ratio | 4.14 (2.89–5.77) | < 0.001 |
Acute illness and injuries ratio | 6.49 (4.94–8.52) | < 0.001 |
Expenditure quartiles | ||
1 | 3.02(2.24–4.08) | < 0.001 |
2 | 3.40(2.59–4.47) | < 0.001 |
3 | 1.16(0.52–1.64) | 0.374 |
4 | 1.00 | |
Geographical belts | ||
Mountain | 1.00 | |
Hill | 0.66(0.45–0.98) | 0.040 |
Tarai | 0.98(0.67–1.44) | 0.925 |
Administrative regions | ||
Central | 1.00 | |
Eastern | 1.28(0.97–1.69) | 0.075 |
Western | 0.94(0.69–1.29) | 0.718 |
Mid-western | 1.14(0.83–1.57) | 0.398 |
Far-western | 1.40(0.99–2.00) | 0.055 |
Household Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Equivalent household size | 0.87(0.71–1.07) | 0.88(0.72–1.08) |
Household has under 5-years children [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 1.11(0.87–1.41) | 0.87(0.54–1.41) |
Household has elderly (60 years and above) population [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 1.37(1.13–1.66)** | 1.34(0.96–1.87)* |
Household head is male [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 1.00(0.79–1.27) | 1.00(0.79–1.27) |
Settlement area is Urban [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 0.79(0.58–1.06) | 0.79(0.58–1.06) |
Literate household head [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 0.73(0.54–1.00)* | 0.61(0.34–1.10)* |
Commute time the nearest health facility less than 1 h [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 1.05(0.79–1.38) | 1.03(0.78–1.36) |
Households having member with chronic illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 2.40(1.78–3.24)*** | 2.37(1.72–3.29)*** |
Households having member with acute illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0] | 3.41(2.53–4.58)*** | 3.07(2.15–4.37)*** |
Acute illness ratio | 2.33(1.48–3.67)*** | 2.39(1.52–3.76)*** |
Chronic illness ratio | 1.27(0.65–2.48) | 1.25(0.64–2.44) |
Expenditure quartiles | ||
1 | 3.15(2.21–4.49)*** | 2.91(1.98–4.27)*** |
2 | 3.29(2.42–4.49)*** | 3.14(2.23–4.45)*** |
3 | 1.05(0.73–1.52) | 1.07(0.71–1.59) |
4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Geographical belts | ||
Mountain | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Hill | 0.92(0.62–1.38) | 0.92(0.62–1.38) |
Tarai | 1.21(0.81–1.80) | 1.21(0.81–1.80) |
Administrative regions | ||
Central | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Eastern | 1.02(0.76–1.37) | 1.03(0.77–1.37) |
Western | 0.93(0.68–1.27) | 0.93(0.68–1.27) |
Mid-western | 0.86(0.63–1.16) | 0.86(0.63–1.16) |
Far-western | 1.46(1.02–2.11)* | 1.47(1.02–2.11)* |
Interaction terms | ||
Household with at least one under 5-years child x Household reporting acute illness and injuries | 1.32(0.78–2.21) | |
Household with at least one 60-years and above elderly x Household reporting chronic illness | 1.02(0.67–1.57) | |
Expenditure quartiles x Literate household head | ||
Poorest (1) x Yes | 1.89(0.02–4.38) | |
Quartile 2 x Yes | 1.20(0.57–2.54) | |
Quartile 3 x Yes | 0.83(0.34–2.06) | |
Wealthiest (4) x Yes | 1.00 |