Introduction
Methods
Data sources
Categories | Indicators/survey questions | |
---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||
Non-use of outpatient services | =1, Reported non-use of outpatient services =0, No reported non-use of outpatient services | Questions: Have you been ill in the last two weeks? What was the main reason for not seeking outpatient treatment? |
Non-use of inpatient services | =1, Reported non-use of inpatient services =0, No reported non-use of inpatient services | Question: In the past year, did a doctor suggest that you needed inpatient care but you were not hospitalized? What was the main reason for not seeking inpatient treatment? |
Non-use of physical examinations | =1, Did not undergo physical examination =0, Underwent physical examination | Question: Have you had a physical examination in the past 12 months? |
Early discharge from the hospital | =1, Reported early discharge from the hospital =0, No reported early discharge from the hospital | Question: In the year before the survey, were you ever discharged early from hospital? What was the main reason for your self-discharge? |
Independent variables | ||
Predisposing factors | ||
Sex | = 1, Male, = 2, Female | Question: What is your sex? |
Age (years) | =1, if ≤30; =2, 30–45; =3, 45–60; =4, if ≥60 | Question: Year of birth. |
Marital status | =1, not married;=2, married | Question: What is your marital status? (Widowhood and divorce both belong to “not married”.) |
Employment/retirement status | =1, employed; =2, not employed; =3, retired | Question: What is your employment status? |
Education level | =1, less than lower secondary; =2, upper secondary & vocational training; =3, tertiary | Question: What is your education level? |
Family size | =1, if ≤2 persons in household; =2, if ≥3 persons in household | Number of household members |
Enabling factors | ||
Social health insurance | =1, have insurance; =0, have no insurance | Question: Do you have any social health insurance? |
Income level | =1, ≤¥13,334; =2, ¥13,334–24,915; =3, ¥24,915–39,967; =4, ≥¥39,967 | Yearly household income divided by the number of household members; first household member with a weight of 1, all following household members with a weight of 0.5. |
Area of residence | =1, urban; =2, rural | Question: What is your registered type? |
Financial subsidies | =1, financial subsidies from government =2, no financial subsidies from government | Whether the respondent was a Medicaid recipient or in a poor household or low-income household |
Need variables | ||
Self-reported health status(Value on VAS) | =1, excellent (80–100); =2, good (70–80); =3, fair (50–70); =4, poor (≤49) | Question: Which score best represents your health today? |
Chronic diseases | =0, no chronic; =1, one chronic; =2, multiple chronic diseases | Questions: Do you have confirmed hypertension? Do you have confirmed diabetes? Do you have other chronic diseases diagnosed? |
Depression | =1, depressed; =0, not depressed | Question: What is the extent of your anxiety or depression? |
Drinking | =1, yes; =2, no | Whether the respondent ever drank alcoholic beverages or is presently a drinker |
Smoking | =1, yes; =2, no | Whether the respondent reports ever having smoked or is presently a smoker |
Statistical analysis
Descriptive analysis
Regression analysis
Variable selection
Dependent variables
Independent variables
Total | Urban | Rural | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 25,048 | n = 10,973 (43.81%) | n = 14,075 (56.19%) | value | |
Year | 0.000 | |||
2008 | 23.95% | 12.73% | 32.69% | |
2013 | 36.82% | 42.61% | 32.31% | |
2018 | 39.23% | 44.66% | 35.00% | |
Predisposing factors | ||||
Sex | 0.055 | |||
Male | 48.85% | 48.16% | 49.39% | |
Female | 51.15% | 51.84% | 50.61% | |
Age (years) | 0.000 | |||
≤ 30 | 17.45% | 16.99% | 17.80% | |
30–45 | 21.10% | 20.39% | 21.66% | |
45–60 | 30.32% | 26.34% | 33.42% | |
> 60 | 31.13% | 36.28% | 27.11% | |
Family size | 0.000 | |||
≤ 2 | 25.71% | 30.75% | 21.79% | |
> 2 | 74.29% | 69.25% | 78.21% | |
Marital status | 0.006 | |||
Married | 80.70% | 79.92% | 81.31% | |
Not married | 19.30% | 20.08% | 18.69% | |
Education level | 0.000 | |||
Less than lower secondary | 68.63% | 53.71% | 80.26% | |
Upper secondary & vocational training | 18.36% | 23.48% | 14.37% | |
Tertiary | 13.01% | 22.81% | 5.37% | |
Employment status | 0.000 | |||
Employed | 64.94% | 48.55% | 77.71% | |
Not employed | 19.53% | 19.02% | 19.94% | |
Retired | 15.53% | 32.43% | 2.35% | |
Enabling factors | ||||
Income level | 0.000 | |||
≤ ¥13,334 | 25.44% | 8.38% | 38.74% | |
¥13,334–24,915 | 24.60% | 19.45% | 28.61% | |
¥24,915–39,967 | 25.10% | 32.39% | 19.42% | |
> ¥39,967 | 24.86% | 39.78% | 13.23% | |
Financial subsidies | 0.000 | |||
Yes | 3.78% | 2.83% | 4.53% | |
No | 96.22% | 97.17% | 95.47% | |
Social health insurance | 0.000 | |||
Yes | 96.47% | 96.14% | 96.74% | |
No | 3.53% | 3.86% | 3.26% | |
Need factors | ||||
Depression | 0.000 | |||
Not depressed | 94.83% | 96.26% | 93.71% | |
Depressed | 5.17% | 3.74% | 6.29% | |
Self-reported health status (value on VAS) | 0.000 | |||
Excellent (80–100) | 75.95% | 75.19% | 76.53% | |
Good (70–80) | 12.84% | 14.01% | 11.93% | |
Fair (50–70) | 9.78% | 9.63% | 9.90% | |
Poor (< 50) | 1.43% | 1.17% | 1.64% | |
Smoking | 0.056 | |||
Yes | 26.05% | 25.45% | 26.52% | |
No | 73.95% | 74.55% | 73.48% | |
Drinking | 0.024 | |||
Yes | 22.67% | 21.99% | 23.20% | |
No | 77.33% | 78.01% | 76.80% | |
Chronic diseases | 0.000 | |||
0 | 69.06% | 63.56% | 73.34% | |
One | 23.55% | 26.60% | 21.17% | |
Multiple | 7.39% | 9.84% | 5.49% |
Results
Sample characteristics
Prevalence of, reasons for, and trends in unmet healthcare needs
total | urban | rural | P值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-use of outpatient services | 8.99%(2252) | 11.63%(1276) | 6.93%(976) | 0.000 |
2008 | 3.00% | 2.15% | 3.26% | |
2013 | 28.35% | 26.43% | 17.62% | |
2018 | 0.36% | 0.20% | 0.51% | |
Reasons for not seeking outpatient services | 0.000 | |||
Illness is not serious | 11.68% | 7.94% | 16.56% | |
Financial difficulties | 2.76% | 0.79% | 5.35% | |
The procedure of seeing a doctor is complex | 0.40% | 0.39% | 0.41% | |
Having no time | 0.76% | 0.16% | 1.34% | |
Transportation problems | 0.09% | 0.08% | 0.10% | |
No effective treatment | 2.41% | 0.55% | 44.84% | |
Other | 82.00% | 90.09% | 71.40% | |
Non-use of inpatient services | 1.37%(343) | 1.10%(121) | 1.58%(222) | 0.001 |
2008 | 1.20% | 1.15% | 1.22% | |
2013 | 1.05% | 0.88% | 1.23% | |
2018 | 1.77% | 1.31% | 2.23% | |
Reasons for not seeking inpatient services | 0.000 | |||
It is unnecessary | 27.38% | 39.17% | 21.15% | |
No effective treatment | 4.32% | 5.00% | 3.96% | |
Financial difficulties | 35.73% | 25.00% | 41.41% | |
Poor service of hospital | 0.86% | 1.67% | 0.44% | |
Having no time | 15.56% | 5.83% | 20.70% | |
There is no bed available | 2.59% | 5.83% | 0.88% | |
Other | 13.54% | 17.50% | 11.45% | |
Non-use of physical examination | 53.37%(13,369) | 43.69%(4794) | 60.92%(8575) | 0.000 |
2008 | 71.87% | 51.11% | 78.18% | |
2013 | 47.59% | 44.14% | 51.13% | |
2018 | 47.51% | 44.14% | 53.85% | |
Early discharge from hospital | 13.16%(268) | 8.43%(85) | 17.80%(183) | 0.000 |
2008 | 22.01% | 12.79% | 26.59% | |
2013 | 17.65% | 10.88% | 24.86% | |
2018 | 7.84% | 6.06% | 9.78% | |
Reasons for Early discharge from hospital | 0.000 | |||
Cannot recover from illness | 10.19% | 13.25% | 8.79% | |
Think oneself recovered | 27.92% | 39.76% | 22.53% | |
Financial difficulties | 20.00% | 9.64% | 24.73% | |
Cost too much | 12.45% | 9.64% | 13.74% | |
Poor hospital facilities | 1.51% | 0.00% | 2.20% | |
Poor medical technology at the hospital | 3.02% | 3.61% | 2.75% | |
Other | 24.91% | 24.10% | 25.27% |
Multivariate regression results
Logistic regression of unmet healthcare needs
Non-use of outpatient services | Non-use of inpatient services | Non-use of physical examination | Early discharge from hospital | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | SD | OR | SD | OR | SD | OR | SD | |
Predisposing factors | ||||||||
Sex, ref.: male | 1.283 | 0.193 | 1.210 | 0.498 | 1.125 | 0.181 | 1.156 | 0.191 |
Age (years), ref.:≤30 | ||||||||
30–45 | 1.705*** | 0.258 | 1.006 | 0.745 | 0.909* | 0.051 | 1.110 | 0.491 |
45–60 | 2.451*** | 0.153 | 1.465*** | 0.309 | 0.617* | 0.139 | 1.906 | 0.874 |
> 60 | 2.045*** | 0.359 | 1.672** | 0.295 | 0.337*** | 0.024 | 2.187* | 1.188 |
Marital status, ref.: not married | 1.293 | 0.288 | 1.408 | 0.507 | 1.920 | 0.086 | 1.047 | 0.339 |
Education level, ref.: less than lower secondary | ||||||||
Upper secondary & vocational training | 1.287 | 0.404 | 0.788 | 0.453 | 0.763*** | 0.048 | 0.907* | 0.276 |
Tertiary | 0.693* | 0.218 | 0.457*** | 0.121 | 0.392** | 0.111 | 0.521** | 0.104 |
Employment status, ref.: employment | ||||||||
Unemployment | 1.406 | 0.339 | 1.266 | 0.581 | 1.507* | 0.431 | 1.751 | 1.157 |
Retired | 1.375 | 0.239 | 1.373** | 0.208 | 1.298 | 0.209 | 1.443 | 0.998 |
Family size, ref.: ≤2 | 0.954* | 0.168 | 0.905** | 0.176 | 1.030 | 0.200 | 0.774 | 0.259 |
Enabling factors | ||||||||
Social health insurance, ref.: have no insurance | 0.492*** | 0.094 | 0.586** | 0.097 | 1.251 | 0.417 | 0.943* | 0.327 |
Income level, ref.: ≤¥13,334 | ||||||||
¥13,334–24,915 | 1.210 | 0.309 | 0.804 | 0.313 | 0.902*** | 0.011 | 1.094 | 0.469 |
¥24,915–39,967 | 0.902** | 0.183 | 0.512*** | 0.092 | 0.496*** | 0.020 | 1.336 | 0.764 |
> ¥39,967 | 0.783* | 0.093 | 0.483** | 0.102 | 0.410*** | 0.030 | 0.689** | 0.244 |
Financial subsidies: ref.: have financial subsidies | 0.695 | 0.288 | 0.581* | 0.131 | 0.958 | 0.141 | 0.904* | 0.180 |
Area of residence, ref.: urban | 1.417*** | 0.093 | 1.408** | 0.111 | 1.573* | 0.057 | 2.804** | 0.571 |
Need factors | ||||||||
Self-reported health status (value on VAS), ref.: excellent | ||||||||
Good | 1.223 | 0.223 | 1.435** | 0.217 | 1.032 | 0.061 | 1.508 | 0.991 |
Fair | 0.931 | 0.147 | 1.207 | 0.413 | 1.370 | 0.099 | 1.349 | 0.409 |
Poor | 1.309** | 0.109 | 2.509** | 0.509 | 1.234 | 0.155 | 2.097 | 1.518 |
Depression, ref.: not depressed | 1.437** | 0.200 | 1.234 | 0.495 | 1.003** | 0.063 | 1.093* | 0.209 |
Smoking, ref.: smoked | 1.237 | 0.313 | 1.496 | 0.190 | 0.926 | 0.095 | 0.682 | 0.209 |
Drinking, ref.: drank | 0.601* | 0.134 | 0.957 | 0.310 | 1.008 | 0.058 | 1.588 | 0.970 |
Chronic disease, ref.: 0 | ||||||||
One chronic disease | 1.985*** | 0.433 | 1.973** | 0.259 | 0.744*** | 0.038 | 1.210 | 0.506 |
Multiple chronic diseases | 3.063*** | 0.908 | 2.522* | 0.648 | 0.253** | 0.021 | 1.606 | 0.974 |
Year, ref.: 2008 | ||||||||
2013 | 0.861*** | 1.032 | 0.909 | 0.280 | 0.773** | 0.148 | 1.107 | 0.579 |
2018 | 0.603*** | 0.243 | 0.547** | 0.109 | 0.581* | 0.230 | 0.487* | 0.105 |
Year2013* Social health insurance | 0.609** | 0.083 | 1.064 | 0.896 | 0.896 | 0.287 | 0.541* | 0.078 |
Year2018* Social health insurance | 0.235** | 0.131 | 0.432** | 0.090 | 0.609 | 0.172 | 0.309** | 0.091 |
Non-use of outpatient services | Non-use of inpatient services | Non-use of physical examination | Early discharge from hospital | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | SD | OR | SD | OR | SD | OR | SD | |
Predisposing factors | ||||||||
Sex, ref.: male | 1.148 | 0.427 | 0.829 | 0.391 | 0.892 | 0.532 | 0.804 | 0.290 |
Age (years), ref.: ≤30 | ||||||||
30–45 | 1.709 | 0.743 | 1.096 | 0.413 | 0.934 | 0.561 | 2.484 | 1.509 |
45–60 | 1.937** | 0.418 | 1.579 | 0.735 | 0.839** | 0.211 | 2.299 | 1.280 |
> 60 | 1.897*** | 0.502 | 1.227** | 0.186 | 0.320*** | 0.094 | 1.927 | 1.142 |
Marital status, ref.: not married | 0.749* | 0.158 | 1.177* | 0.230 | 0.801** | 0.227 | 0.876 | 0.298 |
Education level, ref.: less than lower secondary | ||||||||
Upper secondary & vocational training | 0.902 | 0.416 | 0.901** | 0.187 | 0.810*** | 0.235 | 0.892* | 0.208 |
Tertiary | 0.528** | 0.201 | 0.473*** | 0.104 | 0.407*** | 0.103 | 0.533* | 0.118 |
Employment status, ref.: employment | ||||||||
Unemployment | 1.311** | 0.198 | 1.307*** | 0.311 | 1.630* | 0.413 | 1.191 | 0.413 |
Retired | 1.505 | 0.479 | 1.028 | 0.279 | 1.419*** | 0.211 | 1.485 | 0.290 |
Family size, ref.:≤2 | 0.884 | 0.517 | 0.955 | 0.618 | 0.997 | 0.359 | 0.908 | 0.305 |
Enabling factors | ||||||||
Social health insurance, ref.: have no social medical health insurance | 0.637** | 0.210 | 0.610** | 0.204 | 0.953* | 0.249 | 0.793** | 0.238 |
Income level, ref.: ≤¥13,334 | ||||||||
¥13,334–24,915 | 0.811 | 0.167 | 0.807 | 0.492 | 0.992 | 0.475 | 1.138 | 0.523 |
¥24,915–39,967 | 0.774 | 0.225 | 0.906 | 0.298 | 0.758 | 0.343 | 0.872 | 0.503 |
> ¥39,967 | 0.804** | 0.174 | 0.588** | 0.104 | 0.479*** | 0.213 | 0.849* | 0.176 |
Financial subsidies: ref.: have financial subsidies | 1.100 | 0.590 | 0.905* | 0.228 | 1.381 | 0.509 | 0.871* | 0.203 |
Need factors | ||||||||
Self-reported health status (value on VAS), ref.: excellent | ||||||||
Good | 1.588 | 0.530 | 1.843 | 0.998 | 1.227 | 0.589 | 1.408 | 0.690 |
Fair | 0.990 | 0.491 | 1.266 | 0.680 | 1.183 | 0.391 | 1.249 | 0.754 |
Poor | 1.098*** | 0.199 | 1.320* | 0.388 | 1.909 | 0.998 | 1.907 | 0.904 |
Depression, ref.: not depressed | 1.554** | 0.379 | 1.579** | 0.193 | 1.202* | 0.236 | 1.190* | 0.183 |
Smoking, ref.: smoked | 1.073 | 0.405 | 1.379 | 0.590 | 0.838 | 0.455 | 1.093 | 0.158 |
Drinking, ref.: drank | 0.805** | 0.217 | 0.821* | 0.303 | 1.384 | 0.849 | 0.953 | 0.418 |
Chronic disease, ref.: 0 | ||||||||
One chronic disease | 1.326*** | 0.126 | 2.075** | 0.310 | 0.522*** | 0.109 | 0.973 | 0.381 |
Multiple chronic disease | 1.182** | 0.321 | 1.912*** | 0.274 | 0.256*** | 0.071 | 1.278 | 0.671 |
Year, ref.:2008 | ||||||||
2013 | 0.891 | 0.391 | 0.933 | 0.438 | 0.917** | 0.208 | 0.923 | 0.293 |
2018 | 0.502* | 0.179 | 0.827 | 0.311 | 0.718** | 0.124 | 0.809** | 0.243 |
Year2013*Social health insurance | 0.722 | 0.439 | 1.079 | 0.591 | 1.145 | 0.516 | 0.917 | 0.448 |
Year2018*Social health insurance | 0.689** | 0.173 | 0.805 | 0.388 | 0.947* | 0.207 | 0.675 | 0.289 |
Non-use of outpatient services | Non-use of inpatient services | Non-use of physical examination | Early discharge from hospital | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | SD | OR | SD | OR | SD | OR | SD | |
Predisposing factors | ||||||||
Sex, ref.: male | 1.447 | 0.293 | 1.191 | 0.610 | 0.822** | 0.119 | 1.384 | 0.475 |
Age (years), ref.: ≤30 | ||||||||
30–45 | 1.822* | 0.410 | 1.906 | 1.238 | 0.815 | 0.260 | 1.191 | 0.549 |
45–69 | 2.022*** | 0.605 | 1.508* | 0.709 | 0.944* | 0.128 | 1.527** | 0.318 |
> 60 | 2.833** | 0.874 | 2.193** | 0.944 | 0.410** | 0.091 | 2.299** | 0.904 |
Marital status, ref.: not married | 1.407 | 0.830 | 1.310 | 0.855 | 1.380 | 0.473 | 1.138 | 0.710 |
Education level, ref.: less than lower secondary | ||||||||
Upper secondary & vocational training | 1.190 | 0.268 | 1.105 | 0.488 | 0.699*** | 0.102 | 1.135 | 0.487 |
Tertiary | 1.038 | 0.409 | 0.653** | 0.179 | 0.544*** | 0.099 | 0.909* | 0.232 |
Employment status, ref.: employment | ||||||||
Unemployment | 0.984 | 0.191 | 1.470* | 0.333 | 1.903* | 0.336 | 1.705 | 0.933 |
Retired | 1.122 | 0.287 | 1.277* | 0.184 | 1.190** | 0.181 | 1.134 | 0.574 |
Family size, ref.: ≤2 | 0.810* | 0.180 | 0.739*** | 0.210 | 1.163 | 0.719 | 1.209 | 0.484 |
Enabling factors | ||||||||
Social health insurance, ref.: have no social medical health insurance | 0.770** | 0.218 | 0.291*** | 0.098 | 1.372 | 0.388 | 0.628** | 0.134 |
Income level, ref.: ≤¥13,334 | ||||||||
¥13,334–24,915 | 1.237 | 0.575 | 0.803* | 0.193 | 0.788 | 0.238 | 0.871** | 0.214 |
¥24,915–39,967 | 0.717* | 0.129 | 1.024 | 0.436 | 0.610** | 0.131 | 0.910* | 0.165 |
> ¥39,967 | 0.579** | 0.100 | 0.337** | 0.079 | 0.427** | 0.091 | 0.762** | 0.104 |
Financial subsidies: ref.: have financial subsidies | 0.474 | 0.187 | 0.657** | 0.184 | 0.983 | 0.318 | 0.904 | 0.354 |
Need factors | ||||||||
Self-reported health status (value on VAS), ref.: excellent | ||||||||
Good | 1.008 | 0.198 | 1.390 | 0.550 | 0.974 | 0.449 | 0.790* | 0.111 |
Fair | 1.478* | 0.311 | 1.905** | 0.338 | 1.135 | 0.681 | 1.353 | 0.381 |
Poor | 1.809* | 0.284 | 2.497*** | 0.682 | 1.036 | 0.382 | 0.899 | 0.401 |
Depression, ref.: not depressed | 1.198 | 0.410 | 1.409 | 0.549 | 1.210** | 0.229 | 1.137* | 0.204 |
Smoking, ref.: smoked | 1.471 | 0.625 | 1.191 | 0.781 | 0.997*** | 0.148 | 1.241 | 0.458 |
Drinking, ref.: drank | 1.191 | 0.406 | 0.903 | 0.359 | 0.974 | 0.402 | 0.977 | 0.319 |
Chronic disease, ref.:0 | ||||||||
One chronic disease | 2.871** | 0.792 | 3.040* | 0.939 | 0.609** | 0.103 | 1.228 | 0.514 |
Multiple chronic disease | 4.190*** | 0.690 | 6.093*** | 1.109 | 0.426*** | 0.074 | 1.033* | 0.201 |
Year, ref.: 2008 | ||||||||
2013 | 0.917** | 0.209 | 1.099 | 0.824 | 0.737 | 0.198 | 1.036 | 0.578 |
2018 | 0.362** | 0.087 | 0.634** | 0.162 | 0.608*** | 0.130 | 0.638** | 0.201 |
Year2013*Social health insurance | 0.847* | 0.219 | 0.904** | 0.289 | 0.610 | 0.248 | 0.931 | 0.220 |
Year2018*Social health insurance | 0.493** | 0.170 | 0.312** | 0.108 | 0.484 | 0.150 | 0.271** | 0.083 |
Logistic regression of main reasons for unmet healthcare needs
Non-use of outpatient services | Non-use of inpatient services | Early discharge from hospital | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | SD | OR | SD | OR | SD | |
Predisposing factors | ||||||
Sex, ref.: male | 1.576* | 0.314 | 0.736 | 0.304 | 1.185** | 0.190 |
Age (years), ref.: ≤30 | ||||||
30–45 | 1.415 | 0.782 | 1.578 | 0.908 | 1.406 | 0.903 |
45–60 | 1.392** | 0.248 | 1.389 | 0.601 | 1.876** | 0.628 |
> 60 | 1.838** | 0.178 | 1.739** | 0.505 | 2.171** | 0.918 |
Marital status, ref.: not married | 0.949 | 0.370 | 1.313 | 0.790 | 1.375* | 0.291 |
Education level, ref.: less than lower secondary | ||||||
Upper secondary & vocational training | 0.829* | 0.247 | 0.709 | 0.353 | 0.945 | 0.400 |
Tertiary | 0.597** | 0.186 | 0.874** | 0.227 | 0.639** | 0.194 |
Employment status, ref.: employment | ||||||
Unemployment | 0.997 | 0.558 | 1.297** | 0.274 | 0.948 | 0.470 |
Retired | 0.495*** | 0.097 | 1.507 | 0.622 | 1.193 | 0.593 |
Family size, ref.: ≤2 | 1.190 | 0.546 | 0.903* | 0.114 | 1.354 | 0.742 |
Enabling factors | ||||||
Social health insurance, ref.: have no insurance | 1.275 | 0.336 | 0.312*** | 0.083 | 0.875 | 0.501 |
Income level, ref.: ≤¥13,334 | ||||||
¥13,334–24,915 | 0.974 | 0.483 | 0.629** | 0.148 | 1.094 | 0.590 |
¥24,915–39,967 | 0.850 | 0.324 | 0.310*** | 0.077 | 0.905 | 0.532 |
> ¥39,967 | 0.645 | 0.290 | 0.202*** | 0.082 | 0.654* | 0.212 |
Financial subsidies: ref.: have financial subsidies | 1.290 | 0.596 | 0.387*** | 0.115 | 1.099 | 0.601 |
Area of residence, ref.: urban | 0.840 | 0.250 | 1.179 | 0.596 | 1.178 | 0.578 |
Need factors | ||||||
Self-reported health status (value on VAS), ref.: excellent | ||||||
Good | 1.180 | 0.623 | 1.820 | 0.793 | 0.879 | 0.283 |
Fair | 0.908 | 0.421 | 1.576 | 0.669 | 0.913* | 0.301 |
Poor | 0.718 | 0.207 | 1.845 | 0.858 | 0.698 | 0.411 |
Depression, ref.: not depressed | 0.747** | 0.190 | 1.094 | 0.480 | 0.855** | 0.146 |
Smoking, ref.: smoked | 1.009 | 0.393 | 1.003 | 0.502 | 1.084 | 0.394 |
Drinking, ref.: drank | 0.890 | 0.155 | 0.822 | 0.348 | 0.747 | 0.401 |
Chronic disease, ref.:0 | ||||||
One chronic disease | 0.735*** | 0.110 | 1.997** | 0.839 | 0.693* | 0.171 |
Multiple chronic disease | 0.379*** | 0.130 | 2.624** | 1.095 | 0.402** | 0.103 |
Year, ref.:2008 | ||||||
2013 | 1.090 | 0.388 | 0.897* | 0.248 | 1.403 | 0.834 |
2018 | 0.954* | 0.173 | 0625** | 0.173 | 0.811 | 0.338 |
Year2013*Social health insurance | 1.032 | 0.491 | 0.901 | 0.418 | 1.193 | 0.579 |
Year2018*Social health insurance | 0.832 | 0.290 | 0.309** | 0.104 | 0.975 | 0.628 |