Background
Cellular sources of CXCL14
Regulation of CXCL14 expression at transcript and protein levels
Role of CXCL14 in mediating leukocyte migration and differentiation
Cells or tissues expressing CXCL14 as mRNA or protein | Target cells for CXCL14 | Functional effects of CXCL14 | Sources of recombinant CXCL14 protein | Reference |
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mRNA detected in human heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas; colon adenocarcinoma cell SW 485, and melanoma cell MDA-MB-435 | No in vitro effect on human endothelial cell proliferation or tubule formation; No chemotactic effects on human or murine T cells, B cells, monocytes, NK cells, or granulocytes | Synthesized human CXCL14 | 1999 Hromas et al. [5] | |
mRNA detected in mouse brain, ovary, lung, and muscle; Human intestine, colon, kidney, liver, spleen, thymus, placenta, brain, pancreas, skeletal muscle, heart, cervix, uterus, and breast | B cells, macrophages, CESS (human B cell line), A20 (murine B cell line), THP-1 (human monocyte leukemia cell) | Chemoattraction of CESS and THP-1 cells; Inflammation induction in vivo in Nude mice | Synthesized murine CXCL14 | 2000 Sleeman et al. [7] |
mRNA detected in human kidney, intestine, brain, placenta, skeletal muscle, liver, spleen, thymus, and pancreas; very faint expression in testis, ovary, heart, and lung. | Human neutrophils and monocyte-derived DC | A strong chemoattractant for human neutrophils, and weaker for human DC | Human CXCL14 in supernatant from transfected 293 cells | 2000 Cao et al. [8] |
Epithelium of tubules of mouse kidney; hepatocytes in mouse liver; monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC); THP-1 | ||||
mRNA in human skin, kidney, intestine, spleen, colon, muscle, liver, brain, placenta, thymus, breast, exocervix, ovary and heart; squamous epithelium; oral epithelial cells, epidermal keratinocytes; LPS activated B cells and monocytes; inflammatory and stromal cells adjacent to carcinomas | Potential role in host-tumor interactions | 2000 Frederick et al. [6] | ||
mRNA in human epithelial layer of intestine, kidney, stomach, colon, appendix, trachea; Skin keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, lamina propria cells in intestine; HaCaT (human keratinocyte cell line) | Freshly isolated monocytes (weak), monocytes treated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or forskolin (strong) | Monocyte chemoattractant; potential role in macrophage development; CXCL14 signals through Bordetella pertussis toxin-sensitive receptor in PGE2-treated monocytes | Synthesized human CXCL14 | 2001 Kurth et al. [15] |
CXCL14 protein expression in human: Suprabasal layers of tongue mucosa, stromal cells adjacent to tumors | human endothelial cells, monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (iDCs) | Potent inhibitor of chemotaxis for human endothelial cells and in vivo angiogenesis | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2004 Shellenberger et al. [19] |
CXCL14 protein in human: Oral squamous epithelium | Human monocyte-derived iDCs | Stimulation of iDCs migration and maturation, and NF-κB activation | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2005 Shurin et al. [48] |
Protein expression in human: blood vessels in dermal plexus and epidermal keratinocytes of skin | CD14+ DC precursors derived from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and blood CD14+monocytes | Stimulation of CD14+ monocyte migration, possible contribution to the differentiation of CD14+ DC precursors into Langerhans cell-like cells in epidermal tissue under steady-state condition | Recombinant human CXCL14 and CXCL14 purified from supernatant of primary keratinocyte culture | 2005 Schaerli et al. [16] |
Activated human natural killer(NK) cells; an IL-2-dependent natural killer leukemia cell line; monocyte-derived iDCs | Stimulation of activated human NK cells and iDCs; no effect on proliferation or cytotoxic activity of normal human NK cells | CXCL14 synthetic peptide, CXCL14 expressed in bacterial vector and HPLC-purified; recombinant eukaryotic CXCL14 | 2006 Starnes et al. [47] | |
DCs stimulated with activin A | Human and murine iDCs | Mediator for activin A-induced migration of iDCs | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2009 Salogni et al. [13] |
Protein in human: glandular epithelial cells in endometrium in the secretory phase of menstrual cycle | Human uterine natural killer (uNK) cells | Stimulation of uNK cell migration during the secretory phase of the cycle | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2010 Mokhtar et al. [45] |
Human THP-1 cells and iDCs | The chemotactic effect on THP-1 and iDCs | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2010 Tanegashima et al. [64] | |
PGE2-treated THP-1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae
| Induction of THP-1 migration; antimicrobial activity to facilitate bacterial clearance in mouse lung | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2015 Dai et al. [62] |