Background
Methods
Study design and location
Sample selection
Data collection
Data analysis
Ethics
Results
Sample characteristics | Total | Weighted | IC 95% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | % | |||
Demographic
|
Gender
| Male | 27.8(69) | 33.5 (50166,438) | 22.6- 46.6 |
Female | 72.2 (179) | 66.5 (99468,883) | 53.4- 77.4 | ||
Age (years)
| 20–44 | 55.6 (138) | 30.9 (46205,521) | 23.3- 39.3 | |
45–64 | 44.4 (110) | 69.1 (103429,800) | 60.4- 76.7 | ||
Race
| White | 79.8 (198) | 78.2 (117034,328) | 67.1- 86,3 | |
Black | 8.5 (21) | 6.6 (9886,771) | 3.4- 12.4 | ||
Mixed race | 10.9 (27) | 14.8 (22093,398) | 6.9- 28.8 | ||
Asian | 0.8 (2) | 0.4 (620,833) | 0.1-1.8 | ||
Socioeconomic
|
Marital status
| Single | 18.1 (45) | 12.2 (18299,063) | 7.1- 20.2 |
Married | 70.2 (174) | 73 (1092223,210) | 66.4- 78.7 | ||
Divorced + widow | 11.7 (29) | 14.8 (22113,049) | 8.6- 25.4 | ||
Personal income
| Up to 1 MW | 38.7 (96) | 38.7 (56864,195) | 30.9- 47.2 | |
1- 2 MW | 21.8 (54) | 17.6 (25904,271) | 12.4- 24.4 | ||
+ 2 MW | 37.9 (94) | 43.7 (64181,750) | 33.0- 55.0 | ||
Family income
| Up to 1 MW | 3.6 (9) | 3.2 (4718.33) | 1.1- 9.0 | |
1- 2 MW | 12.1 (30) | 9.7 (14123,959) | 5.4- 16.6 | ||
+ 2 MW | 81.9 (203) | 87.1 (127487,081) | 78.4- 92.7 | ||
Educational level
| Up to 4 years | 17.3 (43) | 28.5 (42576,751) | 16.8- 43.9 | |
5 to 10 years | 27.8 (69) | 29.2 (43671,486) | 23.3- 35.9 | ||
+ 11 years | 54.8 (136) | 42.4 (63387,084) | 28.2- 57.9 | ||
Social class
| Medium | 17.3 (43) | 11.5 (17197,083) | 6.5- 19.5 | |
High lower | 67.3 (167) | 75.3 (112462,925) | 65.3- 82.9 | ||
Lower | 15.3 (38) | 13.3 (19975,313) | 8.4- 20.5 |
Dimension | Prevalence: % reporting 1+ impacts fairly/very often (CI 95%) | Severity:meanOHIP score (Std. Error) |
---|---|---|
Functional limitation
| 10.4 (6.8-15.6) | 0.89 (0.16) |
Physical pain
| 19.6 (13.0-28.4) | 2.10 (0.19) |
Psychological discomfort
| 35.8 (28.7-43.6) | 2.86 (0.18) |
Physical disability
| 17.0 (11.0-25.2) | 1.50 (0.24) |
Psychological disability
| 19.4 (13.5-27.0) | 1.58 (0.22) |
Social disability
| 6.0 (3.2-10.9) | 0.61 (0.20) |
Handicap
| 8.4 (4.8-14.4) | 0.66 (0.15) |
Total OHIP14 score
| 48.1 (41.6-54.7) | 10.21(1.16) |
Tooth loss classification
Factor | Total N % | OHIP prevalence n/% | PR | p | OHIP severity mean (CI95%) | PRR | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 248 (100) | 115 (48.1) | 10.21 (7.85-12.57) | ||||||
Demographic
|
Sex
|
Male
| 69 (33.5) | 28 (28.3) | 0.72 | 0.16 | 8.54 (3.99-13.09) | 0.95 | 0.69 |
Female
| 179 (66.5) | 87 (71.7) | 1 | 11.05 (9.42-12.68) | 1 | ||||
Age (years)
|
45–64
| 110 (69.1) | 55 (71.5) | 1.30 | 0.19 | 10.19 (6.59-13.79) | 1.18 | 0.19 | |
20–44
| 138 (30.9) | 60 (28.5) | 1 | 10.25 (8.22-12.28) | 1 | ||||
Socioeconomic
|
Social Class
|
Lower
| 38 (13.3) | 23 (15.9) | 3.54 | 0.02 | 14.75 (11.53-17.96) | 2.21 | <0.01 |
High Lower
| 167 (75.2) | 79 (76.5) | 2.07 | 10.0 (6.83-13.17) | 1.58 | ||||
Medium
| 43 (11.5) | 13 (7.6) | 1 | 6.31 (4.78-7.84) | 1 | ||||
Education level
|
Up 4 years
| 43 (28.5) | 25 (29.6) | 2.39 | <0.01 | 9.74 (3.53-15.96) | 1.49 | <0.01 | |
5-11 years
| 69 (29.2) | 40 (34.8) | 2.37 | 11.92 (8.52-15.32) | 1.61 | ||||
+ 11 years
| 136 (42.4) | 50 (35.6) | 1 | 9.34 (7.53-11.16) | 1 | ||||
Personal income
|
Up to 1 MS
| 96 (38.7) | 59 (52.3) | 2.95 | <0.01 | 14.23 (10.81-17.66) | 1.84 | <0.01 | |
1- 2 MS
| 54 (17.6) | 23 (15.9) | 1.37 | 11.12 (6.64-15.59) | 1.30 | ||||
+ 2 MS
| 94 (43.7) | 33 (31.8) | 1 | 6.66 (4.09-9.23) | 1 | ||||
Use of dental care
|
Service used
|
Public
| 55 (19.0) | 35 (25.2) | 2.01 | <0.01 | 16.42 (13.27-19.58) | 1.55 | <0.01 |
Insurance
| 58 (27.0) | 18 (19.4) | 0.52 | 6.58 (3.81-9.34) | 0.74 | ||||
Private
| 131 (54.0) | 61 (55.4) | 1 | 9.91 (7.34-12.48) | 1 | ||||
Frequency of dental visits
|
Emergency
| 132 (52.4) | 73 (55.3) | 2.26 | <0.01 | 13.17 (10.81-15.53) | 1.81 | <0.01 | |
Regular
| 113 (47.6) | 40 (41.3) | 1 | 6.87 (4.77-8.97) | 1 | ||||
Reason for dental care Use
|
Pain
| 55 (20.6) | 32 (26.7) | 2.75 | <0.01 | 15.47 (11.39-19.55) | 1.93 | <0.01 | |
Need
| 54 (24.7) | 33 (33.5) | 3.11 | 13.75 (9.72-17.77) | 1.94 | ||||
Routine
| 131 (54.7) | 44 (39.8) | 1 | 6.55 (4.42-8.68) | 1 | ||||
Health behaviour
|
Tooth Brushing
|
≤2 per day
| 89 (35.9) | 48 (44.9) | 0.62 | 0.08 | 13.40 (10.24-16.56) | 1.35 | 0.04 |
>2 per day
| 159 (64.1) | 67 (55.1) | 1 | 8.42 (6.07-10.78) | 1 | ||||
Tooth flossing
|
unusual
| 148 (61.2) | 75 (64.6) | 1.54 | 0.01 | 10.56 (7.68-13.44) | 1.15 | 0.35 | |
usual
| 100 (38.8) | 40 (35.4) | 1 | 9.66 (6.49-12.82) | 1 | ||||
Smoking
|
Yes
| 48 (23.2) | 30 (27.0) | 2.26 | 0.01 | 13.32 (10.81-15.53) | 1.43 | 0.04 | |
No
| 200 (76.8) | 85 (73.0) | 1 | 9.27 (7.31-11.22) | 1 | ||||
Clinical conditions
|
Decayed Teeth
|
Yes
| 91 (35.4) | 62 (52.9) | 4.78 | <0.001 | 15.16 (12.09-18.23) | 2.02 | <0.001 |
No
| 157 (64.6) | 53 (47.1) | 1 | 7.50 (5.05-9.96) | 1 | ||||
CAL>4mm
|
Yes
| 82 (43.0) | 40 (45.6) | 0.59 | 0.59 | 10.03(5.72-14.33) | 1.21 | 0.22 | |
No
| 166 (66.9) | 75 (54.4) | 1 | 10.35 (8.78-11.91) | 1 | ||||
Health literacy
|
feel able to collect oral health information
|
Do not agree
| 106 (34.3) | 48 (39.4) | 1.73 | 0.04 | 13.32 (9.94-16.70) | 1.27 | 0.04 |
Agree
| 142 (65.7) | 67 (60.6) | 1 | 8.58 (6.09-11.08) | 1 | ||||
feel able to judge oral health information
|
Do not agree
| 103 (48.0) | 56 (57.2) | 1.06 | <0.001 | 10.74 (7.71-11.73) | 1.01 | <0.001 | |
Agree
| 145 (52.0) | 59 (42.8) | 1 | 9.72 (7.12-14.36) | 1 | ||||
Tooth loss
|
Edentulous
| 13 (6.6) | 7 (56.5) | 2.38 | 0.16 | 10.63 (5.5-15.7) | 1.80 | 0.02 | |
Lost 13–31 teeth
| 45 (24.9) | 29 (55.3) | 3.70 | 0.001 | 16.05 (10.5-21.6) | 2.71 | <0.001 | ||
Loss of up to 12 teeth, including 1+ anterior
| 62 (26.8) | 32 (44.0) | 2.18 | 0.03 | 9.73 (6.3-13.1) | 1.65 | 0.01 | ||
Loss of up to 12 posterior teeth, excluding 1
st
molars
| 45 (17.8) | 20 (49.1) | 1.64 | 0.21 | 8.09 (5.5-10.7) | 1.37 | 0.14 | ||
Loss of 1–4 1
st
molar
| 12 (4.4) | 4 (40.6) | 1.02 | 0.97 | 7.12 (2.8-11.4) | 1.20 | 0.57 | ||
No teeth lost
| 70 (19.5) | 23 (43.2) | 1 | 5.92(4.6-10,2) | 1 |
Risk indicator |
OHIP prevalence
|
OHIP severity
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR adjusted | CI (95%) | p | PRR adjusted | CI (95%) | p | ||
Tooth Loss
| Edentulous | 3.92 | 0.94-16.89 | 0.061 | 2.66 | 1.55,4.57 | <0.001 |
Loss of 13 to 31 teeth | 1.08 | 0.38-3.05 | 0.886 | 2.33 | 1.49,3.63 | <0.001 | |
Loss of up to 12 teeth, including 1+ anterior | 0.96 | 0.37-2.51 | 0.939 | 1.63 | 1.06,2.51 | 0.026 | |
Loss of up to 12 posterior teeth, excluding 1st molars | 1.37 | 0.38-4.97 | 0.626 | 1.44 | 0.95,2.18 | 0.088 | |
Loss of 1 to 4 1st molar | 1.28 | 0.30-5.52 | 0.738 | 1.23 | 0.71,2.15 | 0.463 | |
No teeth lost | 1 | 1 | |||||
Caries
| Yes | 3.96 | 1.85-8.51 | <0.001 | 1.57 | 1.09,2.26 | 0.015 |
No | 1 | 1 | |||||
Reason for use of dental services
| Need | 1.94 | 0.82-4,61 | 0.132 | 1.84 | 1.24,2.71 | 0.014 |
Pain | 2.43 | 1.01-5.82 | 0.047 | 1.67 | 1.11,2.51 | 0.002 | |
Routine | 1 | 1 | |||||
Personal income
| Up to 1 MS | 2.80 | 1.26-6.42 | 0.015 | |||
1- 2 MS | 0.91 | 0.39-2.46 | 0.969 | ||||
+ 2 MS | 1 |