Introduction
Methods
Sampling and recruitment
The EQ-5D questionnaire
Data analysis
Results
Our sample | ||
---|---|---|
Age group, years | N | % |
16–19 | 109 | 8.4 |
20–29 | 229 | 17.7 |
30–39 | 244 | 18.8 |
40–49 | 272 | 21.0 |
50–59 | 220 | 17.0 |
60–69 | 155 | 12.0 |
> 70 | 67 | 5.2 |
Gender | ||
Female | 646 | 49.9 |
Male | 650 | 50.2 |
Education | ||
Primary or lower | 138 | 10.7 |
Junior & Senior high school | 867 | 66.9 |
College or higher | 291 | 22.5 |
Employment status | ||
Full time employees | 382 | 29.5 |
Temporary worker & freelancer | 451 | 34.8 |
Retired | 240 | 18.5 |
Student | 132 | 10.2 |
Other | 91 | 7.0 |
Residence of origin | ||
City | 757 | 58.4 |
County | 86 | 6.6 |
Township or village | 453 | 35.0 |
Health insurance | ||
Urban employee | 551 | 42.5 |
Urban residence | 304 | 23.5 |
New rural | 296 | 22.8 |
Other | 88 | 6.8 |
No | 57 | 4.4 |
EQ-5D dimension | Age Groups | Total N = 650 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16–19‚ N = 56 | 20–29‚ N = 116 | 30–39‚ N = 123 | 40–49‚ N = 135 | 50–59‚ N = 110 | 60–69‚ N = 84 | > 70‚ N = 26 | |||
Mobility | No problems | 100% | 98.3% | 98.4% | 91.9% | 96.4% | 85.7% | 69.2% | 94.0% |
Slight problems | 0% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 8.2% | 3.6% | 13.1% | 26.9% | 5.7% | |
Moderate problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1.2% | 3.9% | 0.3% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Unable to | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Z (P value) | 5.69 (0.000) | ||||||||
Self-care | No problems | 100% | 100% | 100% | 98.5% | 100% | 96.4% | 96.2% | 99.1% |
Slight problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1.5% | 0% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 0.9% | |
Moderate problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Unable to | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Z (P value) | 2.65 (0.008) | ||||||||
Usual Activity | No problems | 96.4% | 94.8% | 95.9% | 93.3% | 99.1% | 90.5% | 92.3% | 94.9% |
Slight problems | 3.6% | 5.2% | 4.1% | 5.9% | 0.9% | 7.1% | 7.7% | 4.6% | |
Moderate problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.7% | 0% | 2.4% | 0% | 0.5% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Unable to | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Z (P value) | 0.95 (0.342) | ||||||||
Pain/Discomfort | No problems | 78.6% | 75.9% | 78.1% | 71.1% | 64.6% | 64.3% | 57.7% | 71.4% |
Slight problems | 19.6% | 23.3% | 20.3% | 26.7% | 29.1% | 31.0% | 30.8% | 25.4% | |
Moderate problems | 1.8% | 0% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 6.4% | 4.8% | 11.5% | 2.8% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.5% | |
Extreme problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Z (P value) | 3.44 (0.001) | ||||||||
Anxiety/Depression | No problems | 67.9% | 65.5% | 66.7% | 78.5% | 75.5% | 77.4% | 88.5% | 72.8% |
Slight problems | 30.4% | 32.8% | 29.3% | 20.7% | 21.8% | 20.2% | 11.5% | 25.1% | |
Moderate problems | 1.8% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 0% | 1.8% | 0% | 0% | 1.2% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 2.4% | 0% | 0.6% | |
Extreme problems | 0% | 0% | 0.8% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.3% | |
Z (P value) | −2.94 (0.003) | ||||||||
EQ-VAS | Mean | 87.4 | 86.9 | 85.5 | 85.5 | 84.8 | 82.9 | 83.9 | 85.4 |
95%CI | 84.4 | 85.2 | 83.8 | 83.3 | 82.6 | 79.9 | 76.9 | 84.5 | |
90.4 | 88.5 | 87.2 | 87.8 | 87.1 | 85.9 | 90.9 | 86.3 | ||
Z (P value) | −1.68 (0.093) | ||||||||
EQ index score | Mean | 0.968 | 0.963 | 0.961 | 0.959 | 0.956 | 0.943 | 0.932 | 0.957 |
95%CI | 0.957 | 0.953 | 0.950 | 0.948 | 0.946 | 0.921 | 0.897 | 0.952 | |
0.978 | 0.973 | 0.972 | 0.971 | 0.967 | 0.964 | 0.966 | 0.962 | ||
Z (P value) | −2.21 (0.027) |
EQ-5D dimension | Age Groups | Total N = 646 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16–19‚ N = 53 | 20–29‚ N = 113 | 30–39‚ N = 121 | 40–49‚ N = 137 | 50–59‚ N = 110 | 60–69‚ N = 71 | > = 70‚ N = 41 | |||
Mobility | No problems | 96.2% | 96.5% | 99.2% | 97.1% | 95.5% | 90.1% | 73.2% | 94.7% |
Slight problems | 3.8% | 3.5% | 0.8% | 2.9% | 3.6% | 8.5% | 19.5% | 4.5% | |
Moderate problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1.4% | 7.3% | 0.6% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.9% | 0% | 0% | 0.2% | |
Unable to | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Z (P value) | 4.68 (0.000) | ||||||||
Self-care | No problems | 98.1% | 99.1% | 99.2% | 100% | 99.1% | 97.2% | 95.1% | 98.8% |
Slight problems | 1.9% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0% | 0% | 1.4% | 4.9% | 0.9% | |
Moderate problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1.4% | 0% | 0.2% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.9% | 0% | 0% | 0.2% | |
Unable to | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Z (P value) | 1.42 (0.156) | ||||||||
Usual Activity | No problems | 96.2% | 99.1% | 98.4% | 97.8% | 96.4% | 93.0% | 78.1% | 96.0% |
Slight problems | 3.8% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 7.0% | 22.0% | 3.7% | |
Moderate problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.9% | 0% | 0% | 0.2% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.9% | 0% | 0% | 0.2% | |
Unable to | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Z (P value) | 4.36 (0.000) | ||||||||
Pain/Discomfort | No problems | 66.0% | 74.3% | 76.0% | 69.3% | 65.5% | 64.8% | 51.2% | 68.9% |
Slight problems | 30.2% | 24.8% | 23.1% | 28.5% | 32.7% | 32.4% | 39.0% | 28.8% | |
Moderate problems | 1.9% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 2.8% | 7.3% | 1.7% | |
Severe problems | 1.9% | 0% | 0% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0% | 2.4% | 0.5% | |
Extreme problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.2% | |
Z (P value) | 2.56 (0.010) | ||||||||
Anxiety/Depression | No problems | 56.6% | 62.8% | 76.9% | 75.9% | 76.4% | 85.9% | 78.1% | 73.5% |
Slight problems | 37.7% | 31.9% | 20.7% | 21.9% | 21.8% | 14.1% | 19.5% | 23.7% | |
Moderate problems | 5.7% | 4.4% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 0% | 2.4% | 2.5% | |
Severe problems | 0% | 0.9% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.2% | |
Extreme problems | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.7% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0.2% | |
Z (P value) | −4.02 (0.000) | ||||||||
EQ-VAS | Mean | 88.3 | 85.8 | 87.8 | 87.5 | 86.2 | 84.5 | 85.3 | 86.6 |
95%CI | 85.4 91.2 | 83.6 88.0 | 86.0 89.6 | 85.6 89.3 | 84.0 88.3 | 81.8 87.2 | 82.0 88.6 | 85.8 87.5 | |
Z (P value) | −1.75 (0.081) | ||||||||
EQ index score | Mean | 0.945 | 0.959 | 0.971 | 0.962 | 0.954 | 0.957 | 0.912 | 0.957 |
95%CI | 0.926 0.963 | 0.949 0.968 | 0.962 0.979 | 0.952 0.972 | 0.933 0.975 | 0.943 0.971 | 0.881 0.943 | 0.951 0.962 | |
Z (P value) | −1.04 (0.300) |
Mobility | Self-care | Usual activities | Pain/discomfort | Anxiety/depression | EQ-VAS (95%CI) | EQ-index (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highest education | |||||||
Primary school & lower(n = 138) | 10.9% | 1.4% | 9.4% | 37.0% | 25.4% | 84.8 (82.9, 86.8) | 0.943 (0.924, 0.961) |
High school(n = 867) | 5.4% | 0.9% | 4.1% | 30.3% | 24.6% | 86.2 (85.5, 87.0) | 0.959 (0.954, 0.963) |
College & above(n = 291) | 3.8% | 1.0% | 3.4% | 25.1% | 34.4% | 85.9 (84.7, 87.0) | 0.959 (0.952, 0.965) |
P value | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.04 |
Employment status | |||||||
Full time employee(n = 382) | 2.6% | 0% | 1.8% | 28.3% | 29.1% | 87.5 (86.6, 88.5) | 0.963 (0.957, 0.968) |
Part time & freelancer(n = 451) | 4.2% | 0.7% | 4.7% | 29.3% | 26.6% | 85.6 (84.5, 86.7) | 0.960 (0.955, 0.966) |
Retired(n = 240) | 13.3% | 2.9% | 7.1% | 37.5% | 16.7% | 83.8 (82.2, 85.5) | 0.948 (0.937, 0.958) |
Student(n = 132) | 1.5% | 0.8% | 3.0% | 17.4% | 40.1% | 88.7 (87.3, 90.0) | 0.964 (0.957, 0.972) |
Others(n = 91) | 11.0% | 3.3% | 11.0% | 37.4% | 26.4% | 83.7 (80.7, 86.8) | 0.930 (0.902, 0.957) |
P value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Health Insurance | |||||||
With insurance (n = 1239) | 5.7% | 1.1% | 4.4% | 29.9% | 26.8% | 86.1 (85.5, 86.8) | 0.957 (0.953, 0.961) |
Without insurance (n = 57) | 3.5% | 0% | 7.0% | 29.8% | 28.1% | 82.8 (79.4, 86.1) | 0.953 (0.933, 0.974) |
P value | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.03 | 0.71 |
Residence of origin | |||||||
City(n = 757) | 6.7% | 1.1% | 4.1% | 31.2% | 23.7% | 85.6 (84.8, 86.5) | 0.957 (0.952, 0.962) |
County(n = 86) | 5.8% | 1.2% | 8.1% | 32.6% | 34.9% | 85.4 (83.1, 87.7) | 0.952 (0.941, 0.964) |
Township or village(n = 453) | 3.8% | 1.1% | 4.6% | 27.2% | 30.7% | 86.8 (85.8, 87.8) | 0.957 (0.950, 0.965) |
P value | 0.09 | 0.99 | 0.23 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.82 |
Cities | |||||||
Beijing | 3.0% | 0% | 2.3% | 28.2% | 17.9% | 88.5 (87.4, 89.7) | 0.968 (0.962, 0.974) |
Chengdu | 6.6% | 1.2% | 6.3% | 34.8% | 31.6% | 84.9 (83.4, 86.5) | 0.949 (0.941, 0.957) |
Guiyang | 7.7% | 1.2% | 5.8% | 21.8% | 28.0% | 86.0 (84.7, 87.2) | 0.959 (0.949, 0.969) |
Nanjing | 5.6% | 1.5% | 4.5% | 36.7% | 34.1% | 85.2 (83.8, 86.6) | 0.948 (0.939, 0.956) |
Shenyang | 5.2% | 1.6% | 4.0% | 27.6% | 22.4% | 85.4 (83.8, 87.0) | 0.961 (0.952, 0.969) |
P value | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Variables | Mobility | Self-care | Usual activity | Pain /discomfort | Anxiety /depression | EQ-VAS | EQ-index score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio 95%CI | Coefficients 95%CI | ||||||
Age group (Ref: <=29 years group) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
30–59 years groups | 1.14 | 0.87 |
0.58 (0.44,0.77)
| ||||
> =60 years groups |
4.89 (1.94,12.32)
|
3.67 (1.40,9.60)
|
0.40 (0.26,0.59)
| ||||
Gender (Ref: female) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Male |
−1.45 (−2.69,-0.22)
| ||||||
Health Insurance (Ref: no insurance) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
With Insurance |
3.36 (0.08,6.63)
| ||||||
Employment status (Ref: full time job) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Temporary worker& freelancer | 1.48 |
0.20
(0.04,0.99)
| 2.31 | 1.05 |
−1.84 (−3.30,-0.39)
| 0.00 | |
Retired | 1.83 | 0.88 | 1.55 |
1.52 (1.08,2.15)
|
−3.93 (−7.22,-0.85)
|
− 0.02 (− 0.03,-0.00)
| |
Student | 0.65 | 0.22 | 1.52 |
0.54 (0.32,0.88)
| 0.98 | 0.00 | |
Unemployed & others |
3.05 (1.22,7.62)
| 1.00 |
4.54 (1.74,11.87)
| 1.51 |
−4.04 (−6.63,-1.45)
|
−0.03 (−0.06,-0.00)
| |
Residence of origin (Ref: city) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
County |
2.58 (1.03,6.48)
| ||||||
Village | 1.19 |