Introduction
Methods
Registration of the review protocol
Literature search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data extraction and quality assessment
Statistical analyses
Results
Literature search results
Description of the included studies
Study, year, country | Study design/time/data source/case ascertainment | Samplea size | Exposure | Exposure definition | Exposure assessment | Window of exposure | Measures of effect (95% CI) | Adjusted variables | NOS scoreb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Draper et al. [46] United Kingdom | Multicentre Case–Control (matched by maternal age, place of delivery, residence)/2001–2003/regional congenital anomalies registries/LB | 144 Gastroschisis cases; 432 controls | Aspirin | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First trimester | Aspirin use aOR 20.4 (2.2–191.5) | Maternal age, BMI, marital status, aspirin use, smoking, recreational drug use, vasoconstrictive recreational drug use, gynecologic infection/disease, homeowner | 9 |
Feldkamp et al. [67] United States | Multicentre Case–control/1997–2004/birth defects surveillance systems, birth certificates or hospitals birth logs (NBDPS)/LB, SB, ET | 11,610 cases; 4500 controls Gastroschisis cases:531 | Acetaminophen | Use, non-use | Computer assisted telephone interview | First trimester | Acetaminophen use aOR 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | Maternal age, BMI education, gestational diabetes, fever, smoking, folic acid use, race/ethnicity, parity | 8 |
Freitas et al. [68] Brasil | Case–control (matched by maternal age, preconception BMI and gestational age)/2013–2015/ ultrasound scan/LB | 57 Gastroschisis cases; 114 controls | Any medication Oral contraceptives | Use, non-use | Questionnaire | One month before to third months after conception | Any Medications aOR 1.47 (0.77–2.78) Oral contraceptives aOR 1.47 (0.67–3.25) | Maternal age, preconception BMI, gestational age | 6 |
Given et al. [69] Europe | Multicentre Case–control/1995–2012/EUROmediCAT registries/LB, SB, ET | 1587 Gastroschisis cases; 153,357 controls | See the original article | Use, non-use | Registries, maternity records, medical prescriptions, maternal interviews | First trimester of pregnancy | See the original article for a reproduction of the original results table | Maternal age, registry, time period | 6 |
Goodman et al. [70] United States | Case–control (matched for maternal age and race/ethnicity)/2010–2012/ultrasound scan/LB | 31Gastroschisis cases; 76 controls | Oral contraceptive Over the counter (OTC) Aspirin Ibuprofen | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | One month before to or during pregnancy | Oral contraceptive aOR 0.83 (0.29–2.85) Any OTC aOR 1.02 (0.34–3.39) Aspirin aOR 0.63 (0.01–6.84) Ibuprofen aOR 1.25 (0.36–3.91) | Maternal age, race/ethnicity, registry, time period, insurance, education, low BMI, nulliparity | 6 |
Mac Bird et al. [15] United States | Multicentre Case–control/ 1997–2003/birth defects surveillance system, birth certificates or hospital discharge records/(NBDPS)/LB, SB, ET | 653 cases; 4967 controls Gastroschisis cases:485 | Aspirin Ibuprofen Acetaminophen Pseudoephedrine | Use, non-use | Computer-assisted telephone interviews | One month before conception through 3 months postconception | Aspirin aOR 1.25 (0.77–2.05) Ibuprofen aOR 1.61 (1.23–2.10) Acetaminophen aOR 0.93 (0.72–1.19) Pseudoephedrine aOR 1.00 (0.66–1.51) | Maternal age, race/ethnicity, BMI, sex alcohol, smoking, drug, parity, family income, aspirin,, pre-existing gestational diabetes pseudoephedrine, ibuprofen, naproxen acetaminophen, study center, folic acid use, | 8 |
Martinez-Frias et al. [71] Spain | Case–control (matched by sex and birth hospital)/1976–1996/Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) hospital-based and surveillance system/LB | 45 Gastroschisis cases; 690 controls | Salicylates | Use, non-use | Questionnaire | First trimester | 45 GS cases and 44 paired controls aOR 2.63 (0.41–20.87) 45 GS cases and 690 controls aOR 3.47 (1.27–9.49) | Maternal age, smoking | 6 |
Raitio et al. [72] Finland | Case–control (matched by maternal age, residence and time of conception)/2004–2014/Finnish Register of congenital Malformations, Medical birth registry, Register of Induced abortions and the Care Register of Health Care/LB | 188 Gastroschisis cases; 919 controls | Pseudoephedrine Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | Use, non-use | Register of Reimbursed Drug Purchases | First trimester | Pseudoephedrine aOR 10.0 (0.91–110) NSAIDs aOR 0.72 (0.38–1.39) | Maternal age, residence, time of conception | 6 |
Rebordosa et al. [73] Denmark | Cohort study/1996–2003/Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) | 88,142 liveborn singletons Gastroschisis cases:12 | Acetaminophen use | Exposed: use of drugs containing acetaminophen at least once No exposed: no exposure to acetaminophen | Computer-assisted follow-up telephone interviews self-administered questionnaire at enrollment | First trimester | Acetaminophen aHR 0.91 (0.55–4.09) | Mother’s age, birth year, birth order, child’s gender, history of chronic diseases | 7 |
Robledo-Aceves et al. [74] Mexico | Case–control (matched for gender)/2009–2013/Centro de Registro y Investigación sobre Anomalías Congénitas (CRIAC), hospital-based active birth defect monitoring program/LB | 90 Gastroschisis cases; 180 controls | Paracetamol Aspirin Ibuprofen Hormonal contraceptives | Use, non-use | Mother Interview | First trimester | Paracetamol aOR 0.7 (0.3–1.4) Aspirin aOR 8.6 (0.8–89.1) Ibuprofen aOR 0.2 (0.0–2.1) Hormonal contraceptives aOR 3.7 (1.0–13.0) | Maternal age, alcohol consumption, anemia during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, first-trimester tobacco smoking, and passive tobacco smoking | 6 |
Torfs et al. [75] United States | Multicentre Case–control (matched by maternal age)/1988–1990/ California Birth Defects Monitoring Program registry (CBDMP), birth records of the California Department of Vital Statistics/LB | 110 Gastroschisis cases; 220 controls | Vasoconstrictors Aspirin Ibuprofen Decongestants Acetaminophen Pseudoephedrine Phenylpropanolamine Aspirin or Ibuprofen | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First trimester | Aspirin or Ibuprofen aOR 4.55 (1.40–14.73) Decongestants aOR 2.37 (0.76–7.38) Aspirin aOR 4.67 (1.21–18.05) Ibuprofen aOR 4.0 (1.00–15.99) Acetaminophen aOR 1.0 (0.59–1.69) Pseudoephedrine aOR 2.10 (0.80–-5.49) Phenylpropanolamine aOR 10.0 (1.17–85.59) | Maternal age | 7 |
Waller et al. [76] United States | Multicentre Case–control/ 1997–2003/birth defects surveillance systems, birth certificates or hospitals birth logs (NBDPS)/LB, SB, ET | 9986 cases; 4000 controls Gastroschisis cases:447 | Oral contraceptives | Use, non-use | Computer assisted telephone interview | Three months before conception and during the first trimester | Last Used 2–3 Months Before Conception aOR 1.08 (0.71–1.63) Last Used 1 Month Before Conception aOR 1.19 (0.77–1.84) Used in First 3 Months aOR 1.82 (1.25–2.67) | Maternal age | 7 |
Werler et al. [77] United States | Multicentre Case–control/ 1997–2011/birth defects surveillance systems, birth certificates or hospitals birth logs (NBDPS)/LB, SB, ET | 1261 Gastroschisis cases; 10,682 controls | Aspirin Ibuprofen Oral contraceptives | Use, non-use | Computer assisted telephone interview | One month before conception through the third month of pregnancy | Aspirin aOR 1.1 (0.9–1.5) Ibuprofen aOR 1.4 (1.2–1.6) Oral contraceptives aOR 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | Maternal age, fever, injury, genitourinary infection, anti-herpetic use, alcohol, smoking, illicit drug use, bronchodilator use, contraceptive use, opioid use, inter-pregnancy interval of less than 12 months, residential move, venlafaxine, aspirin, paroxetine, ibuprofen use | 7 |
Werler et al. [14] United States | Multicentre Case–control (matched by age and state of residence)/1997–2003/birth defects surveillance system, birth certificates or birth hospitals | 514 Gastroschisis cases; 3277 controls | NSAIDs Decongestants Aspirin | Use, non-use | Computer assisted telephone interview | Two weeks before through 14 weeks after the last menstrual period | NSAIDs aOR 1.4 (1.1–1.7) Decongestants aOR 1.0 (0.7–1.4) Aspirin aOR 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | Maternal age, state of residence by stratification and for race/ethnicity, BMI, education, alcohol use, oral contraceptive use, folic acid use | 7 |
Werler et al. [78] United States, Canada | Multicentre Case–control (matched by age)/1995–1999/medical records of 29 tertiary centre hospitals/LB | 332 cases; 797 controls Gastroschisis cases:20 | Vasoconstrictive Drugs | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First 10 weeks of gestation | Vasoconstrictive Drugs aOR 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | Maternal age, drug use, alcohol use, education, smoking, income, use of acetaminophen, aspirin, antihistamines, marijuana nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, guaifenesin | 5 |
Werler et al. [79] United States, Canada | Multicentre Case–control (matched by age)/1995–1999/medical records of 29 tertiary centre hospitals/LB | 332 cases; 798 controls Gastroschisis cases: 206 | Pseudoephedrine, Phenylpropanolamine Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First trimester | Pseudoephedrine aOR 1.8 (1.0–3.2) Phenylpropanolamine aOR 1.2 (0.5–3.1) Aspirin aOR 2.7 (1.2–5.9) Ibuprofen aOR 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | Maternal age, education, income, medication use, illness, illicit drug use, and cigarette smoking | 6 |
Werler et al. [80] United States, Canada | Multicentre Case–control/1976–1990/Slone Epidemiology Unit Birth Defect Study (BDS), hospital records/LB | 76 Gastroschisis cases; 2142 controls | Salicylates Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen Pseudoephedrine, Phenylpropanolamine Contraceptives | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First trimester | Salicylates aRR 1.6 (0.9–2.7) Ibuprofen aRR 1.3 (0.4–3.7) Acetaminophen aRR 1.7 (1.0–2.9) Pseudoephedrine aRR 3.2 (1.3–7.7) Phenylpropanolamine aRR 1.5 (0.4–5.4) Contraceptives oral aOR 1.3 (0.5–3.5) Spermicides aOR 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | Maternal age, years of education, alcohol, each of the study medications, influenza, interview year, study center | 6 |
Yau et al. [81] United States, Canada | Multicentre Case–control/1993–2010/Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study (BDS)/LB | 12,734 cases; 7606 controls Gastroschisis cases:258 | Intranasal decongestant only Imidazoline derivates only Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine oxymetazoline, xylometazoline | Unexposed; Likely exposed; Possibly exposed in a given trimester; Exposed only outside a given trimester | Maternal interview | First trimester | Oral Decongestants aOR 1.7 (1.0–2.9) Pseudoephedrine aOR 1.5 (0.8–2.8) | Maternal age, smoking prepregnancy weight, educational level | 7 |