Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 1/2020

Open Access 01.12.2020 | Research article

Efficacy and safety of sarilumab in combination with csDMARDs or as monotherapy in subpopulations of patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis in three phase III randomized, controlled studies

verfasst von: Mark C. Genovese, Roy Fleischmann, Alan Kivitz, Eun-Bong Lee, Hubert van Hoogstraten, Toshio Kimura, Gregory St John, Erin K. Mangan, Gerd R. Burmester

Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Ausgabe 1/2020

Abstract

Background

The interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor sarilumab demonstrated efficacy in combination with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) or as monotherapy in patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response (IR) or intolerant (INT) to methotrexate (MTX) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors. This analysis investigated the efficacy and safety of sarilumab in patient subgroups.

Methods

Data were included from phase III studies: two placebo-controlled studies of subcutaneous sarilumab 150/200 mg every 2 weeks (q2w) either + MTX in MTX-IR patients (52 weeks) or + csDMARDs in TNF-IR/INT patients (24 weeks), and a monotherapy study of sarilumab 200 mg q2w vs. adalimumab 40 mg q2w in MTX-IR/INT patients (24 weeks). Prespecified and post hoc subgroups included patient demographics, disease characteristics, and prior treatments. Prespecified and post hoc endpoints included clinical, radiographic, and physical function measures, and p values are considered nominal. Safety was assessed during double-blind treatment.

Results

The superiority of sarilumab (either as monotherapy vs. adalimumab or in combination with csDMARDs vs. placebo + csDMARDs) across clinical endpoints was generally consistent across subgroups defined by patient demographics, disease characteristics, and prior treatments, demonstrating the benefit of sarilumab treatment for a wide range of patient types. Interaction p values of < 0.05 were consistently observed across studies only for baseline anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) status for American College of Rheumatology 20% response, but not American College of Rheumatology 50% or 70% response. Adverse events and worsening laboratory parameters occurred more frequently in sarilumab-treated vs. placebo-treated patients and were more frequent in the small number of patients ≥ 65 years (n = 289) vs. patients < 65 years (n = 1819). Serious infections occurred in six patients aged ≥ 65 years receiving sarilumab, although the incidence of serious infections was generally higher in patients aged ≥ 65 years regardless of treatment.

Conclusions

Apart from ACPA status, there were no consistent signals indicating differential effects of sarilumab in any of the subpopulations assessed. Sarilumab demonstrated consistent efficacy and safety across a wide range of patients with RA.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01061736, registered on February 03, 2010; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01709578, registered on October 18, 2012; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02332590, registered on January 07, 2015
Hinweise
Mark C. Genovese and Roy Fleischmann contributed equally to this work.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s13075-020-02194-z.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
ACPA
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody
ACR20/50/70
American College of Rheumatology 20%/50%/70% response
AE
Adverse event
ALT
Alanine aminotransferase
ANC
Absolute neutrophil count
bDMARD
Biological and targeted disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
BMI
Body mass index
CDAI
Clinical Disease Activity Index
CI
Confidence interval
CRP
C-reactive protein
csDMARD
Conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
DAS28-CRP
Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using C-reactive protein
DAS28-ESR
Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
EULAR
European League Against Rheumatism
LSM
Least-squares mean
HAQ-DI
Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index
HDA
High disease activity
IL-6
Interleukin-6
IL-6R
Interleukin-6 receptor
INT
Intolerant
IR
Inadequate response
mTSS
Modified total Sharp/van der Heijde score
MTX
Methotrexate
n
Number of evaluable patients regardless of the treatment group
OR
Odds ratio
q2w
Every 2 weeks
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
RCT
Randomized controlled study
RF
Rheumatoid factor
SAE
Serious treatment-emergent adverse event
SC
Subcutaneous
SDAI
Simplified Disease Activity Index
TEAE
Treatment-emergent adverse event
TNF
Tumour necrosis factor
ULN
Upper limit of normal

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects nearly 20 million people worldwide [1] and is associated with substantial morbidity and disability [2]. The consequences of RA disease progression on patient health may be influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors [3], and specific subpopulations of patients with RA can be characterized on the basis of differences in demographic variables, clinical features, and biomarkers, some of which have been shown to be associated with disease outcomes and therapeutic responses [49].
Characterization of subpopulations of patients most likely to respond favourably or unfavourably to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) and/or biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) could help guide appropriate use of the many therapies now available and improve patient outcomes. Obesity and current smoking are independent predictors of failure to achieve adequate disease control after the first or second csDMARD [10]. Studies have suggested that the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) may be associated with superior responses to rituximab, adalimumab, and abatacept [11, 12], but also increased mortality [13], and may mark an indication for more intense RA treatment with csDMARDs and glucocorticoids [14]. Furthermore, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) RA management recommendations list the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) and/or ACPA as poor prognostic factors and recommend that, if present, patients are treated with a bDMARD after failure to achieve the target with initial methotrexate (MTX) treatment [15]. However previous approaches to define useful baseline characteristics that predict treatment response have been largely unsuccessful due to inconsistent findings, low predictive value, and lack of validation [16].
Sarilumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds membrane-bound and soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor-α to inhibit IL-6 signalling. Sarilumab is approved as a monotherapy or in combination with csDMARDs for the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active RA with an inadequate response (IR) or intolerant (INT) to one or more csDMARDs. In phase III clinical trials, sarilumab has demonstrated efficacy in patients with IR or who are INT to csDMARDs, including MTX, and to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors, and it has demonstrated superiority as monotherapy vs. adalimumab monotherapy for improving the signs and symptoms of RA and physical function in patients with IR or who are INT to MTX [1719].
Here, we explore the efficacy, safety, and consistency of treatment effects of sarilumab vs. placebo or adalimumab across a range of predefined and post hoc patient subpopulations in three phase III trials of sarilumab in patients with RA.

Methods

Study designs

MOBILITY (NCT01061736; subsequently defined as the MTX-IR combination study), TARGET (NCT01709578; subsequently defined as the TNF-IR/INT combination study), and MONARCH (NCT02332590; subsequently defined as the monotherapy study) were phase III multicentre, randomized, controlled studies (RCTs). Study protocols were approved by appropriate ethics committees/institutional review boards, and the trials were conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent before the initiation of study procedures.
The study designs and patient eligibility criteria have been described in full elsewhere [1719]. In brief, the MTX-IR combination study investigated subcutaneous (SC) sarilumab 150 or 200 mg every 2 weeks (q2w) or placebo (1:1:1 randomization) in combination with weekly MTX for 52 weeks in adults with moderately to severely active RA with MTX-IR [19]. In the TNF-IR/INT combination study, adults with TNF-IR or who were INT, with moderately to severely active RA, were randomized (1:1:1) to receive SC sarilumab 150 or 200 mg q2w or placebo q2w in combination with background csDMARDs for 24 weeks [18]. In the monotherapy study, bDMARD-naive adults with MTX-IR or who were INT, with moderately to severely active RA, were randomized (1:1) to receive SC sarilumab 200 mg q2w or SC adalimumab 40 mg q2w for 24 weeks [17].

Patient subpopulations

The baseline characteristics prespecified in the individual trial protocols for efficacy analyses stratified by patient subpopulations were age, sex, race (classified by the investigator), region, weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, duration of RA, baseline RF and ACPA status, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). The following were also prespecified for individual studies: number of prior csDMARDs (MTX-IR and TNF-IR/INT combination studies), prior bDMARD use (MTX-IR combination study), number of previous anti-TNFs, MTX vs. non-MTX use, background csDMARD use (TNF-IR/INT combination study), baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and MTX IR vs. INT/inappropriate (monotherapy study). Further details of the subgroups, as well as exploratory analyses performed post hoc for all 3 studies, are described in Additional file 1.

Endpoints

Primary endpoints

Efficacy was assessed in patient subpopulations for the coprimary/primary endpoints of each study: American College of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) response at week 24, change from baseline in the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at week 16, and change from baseline in the modified total Sharp/van der Heijde score (mTSS) at week 52 for the MTX-IR combination study; ACR20 at week 24 and change from baseline in the HAQ-DI at week 12 for the TNF-IR/INT combination study; and change from baseline in the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using ESR (DAS28-ESR) at week 24 for the monotherapy study.

Secondary endpoints

Secondary efficacy endpoints for subanalyses at week 24 included ACR20 (monotherapy study), ACR 50% response (ACR50), and ACR 70% response (ACR70); DAS28-ESR remission (< 2.6; monotherapy study only); mean change from baseline in DAS28 using CRP (DAS28-CRP); proportion of patients achieving DAS28-CRP < 2.6; mean change from baseline in HAQ-DI ≥ 0.22 (established threshold for minimal clinically important difference [20]) and ≥ 0.3 [17, 18, 2022] units of improvement in HAQ-DI; mean change in Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) from baseline to week 24; CDAI remission (≤ 2.8); and SDAI remission (≤ 3.3).
Improvements from baseline ≥ 58% and ≥ 85% in CDAI and SDAI were defined post hoc as exploratory subanalyses, as they have been shown at week 12 to sensitively predict low disease activity (≥ 58%) and remission (≥ 85%) at 6 months [23].
Safety was reported as the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), serious TEAEs (SAEs), serious infections, and specific abnormalities in laboratory parameters. Adverse events (AEs) were described at the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (version 16.0) preferred term level. Proportions of patients with grade 3 (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] ≥ 0.5–1 × 109/L) and grade 4 (ANC < 0.5 × 109/L) neutropenia were assessed.

Statistical analyses

Subanalyses of efficacy and safety by patient subpopulation were conducted with the intention-to-treat and safety populations, respectively. In the sarilumab monotherapy study, the comparison of sarilumab 200 mg q2w with adalimumab included a minority of patients (n = 16), who increased adalimumab dose to 40 mg every week, in addition to those receiving 40 mg q2w (n = 169).
For categorical efficacy variables, patients were considered non-responders from the time they discontinued study medication or started rescue medication; missing values were set to non-response. Mantel-Haenszel estimates of the odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), stratified by region and prior bDMARDs (MTX-IR combination study only) or prior anti-TNFs (TNF-IR/INT combination study only), were derived by testing each treatment group separately by subpopulation.
Treatment-by-subgroup interaction was tested using logistic regression with baseline and terms of treatment, study stratification variables, subpopulation, and treatment-by-subpopulation. The interaction p value from treatment-by-subgroup or from treatment-by-visit-by-subpopulation at the visit of interest was used to assess the treatment effect differences across subpopulations. p values for all analyses should be considered nominal. Analysis of safety by age was also conducted post hoc.
For continuous efficacy variables, assessments were set to missing from the time a patient discontinued study medication early or received rescue medication; missing values were not imputed. The least-squares mean (LSM) difference and corresponding 95% CIs were derived from a mixed-effects model for repeated measures, assuming an unstructured covariance structure with covariate baseline and terms of treatment, study stratification variables, subpopulation, treatment-by-subpopulation, visit, treatment-by-visit, and treatment-by-visit-by-subpopulation.

Results

Patients

Baseline demographics and patient characteristics for the three study populations have been reported previously [1719] and were generally well balanced between the treatment groups in each individual study and are summarized in Table S1 (see Additional file 1).

Efficacy

The superiority of sarilumab 150/200 mg q2w + MTX/csDMARDs vs. placebo + MTX/csDMARDs and of sarilumab 200 mg monotherapy vs. adalimumab monotherapy in the overall study populations has been previously reported for the prespecified primary and secondary endpoints [1719]. The efficacy of sarilumab (+ csDMARDs or as monotherapy) in patient subgroups is described in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 and Figures S1–S6 (see Additional file 1). Treatment interaction p values are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Treatment-by-subpopulation interactions across all three trials: endpoints at week 24 (unless otherwise stated)
 
ACR20
ACR50
ACR70
Change in DAS28-CRP
Change in DAS28-ESR
Change in CDAI
CDAI ≤ 2.8
CDAI ≥ 58%
HAQ-DI ≥ 0.22
Change in HAQ-DI*
mTSS**
Age
 MTX-IR combination study
0.4673
0.6419
0.8516
0.7974
0.7638
0.9784
0.4889
0.9232
0.5847
0.5570
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.4095
0.7902
0.2886
0.4695
0.6915
0.1337
0.5813
0.8173
0.4101
 Monotherapy study
0.9861
0.6249
0.8440
0.9712
0.8819
0.5079
0.5501
0.6872
0.3983
0.7994
Sex
 MTX-IR combination study
0.7934
0.7803
0.0643
NC
0.3802
0.4315
0.3500
0.6165
0.4633
0.5890
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.6818
0.2610
0.2086
0.4134
0.5132
0.0614
0.7993
0.2999
0.0417
 Monotherapy study
0.7733
0.2587
0.0944
0.6394
0.1953
0.6325
0.6609
0.6818
0.8029
0.1981
Race
 MTX-IR combination study
0.4769
0.4827
0.3125
0.7798
0.5666
0.5479
0.3820
0.7486
0.2893
0.6911
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.0337
0.0154
0.0529
0.3539
0.3740
0.0035
0.4085
0.1012
0.6925
 Monotherapy study
0.2497
0.5923
0.9450
0.6376
0.6242
0.8933
0.9985
0.3730
0.1100
0.6447
Region
 MTX-IR combination study
0.5715
0.7835
0.7406
0.2041
0.1234
0.3924
0.4628
0.8182
0.3900
0.4490
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.7319
0.5572
0.3057
0.9603
0.9703
0.4381
0.5830
0.5106
0.9414
 Monotherapy study
0.1965
0.2636
0.5468
0.9506
0.6213
0.8280
0.9865
0.7148
0.1223
0.1202
Weight
 MTX-IR combination study
0.5261
0.6026
0.2398
NC
NC
0.7471
0.9225
0.4171
NC
0.3874
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.2172
0.9392
0.0593
0.2256
0.7918
0.1423
0.5359
0.2759
0.2538
 Monotherapy study
0.2376
0.4871
0.1161
0.3297
0.2533
0.1991
0.9981
0.5408
0.0939
0.2366
BMI
 MTX-IR combination study
0.0539
0.7636
0.4607
0.0166
0.1116
0.8669
0.5427
0.3684
0.6091
0.1167
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.3219
0.5705
0.4019
0.1699
0.5089
0.4425
0.0593
0.8816
0.4860
 Monotherapy study
0.0048
0.0186
0.0117
0.0231
0.0466
0.0239
0.0608
0.0492
<0.0001
0.0023
Smoking history
 MTX-IR combination study
0.8811
0.7700
0.5258
NC
0.9072
0.4806
0.5732
0.4258
0.1465
0.2046
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.4588
0.9214
0.3633
0.2900
0.2582
0.3958
0.1818
0.6147
0.7203
 Monotherapy study
0.2545
0.4051
0.3061
0.6974
0.3829
0.4994
0.6053
0.7733
0.1321
0.4093
Duration RA (</≥ 2 years)
 MTX-IR combination study
0.5211
0.4003
0.1108
0.3018
0.0611
0.3217
0.1550
0.3796
0.3297
NC
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.7880
0.8392
0.0778
0.7489
0.8370
0.2069
0.9211
0.9795
0.8628
 Monotherapy study
0.6300
0.8484
0.6729
0.2816
0.4205
0.5917
0.5604
0.9527
0.7008
0.0512
Duration RA (</≥ median)
 MTX-IR combination study
0.8364
0.5116
0.1697
0.7286
0.7994
0.1961
0.1578
0.9931
0.5678
0.3215
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.0516
0.1992
0.1678
0.3154
0.2261
0.2482
0.0951
0.2263
0.1228
 Monotherapy study
0.2995
0.8856
0.8174
0.2916
0.8227
0.6843
0.4439
0.8276
0.2054
0.3787
RF
 MTX-IR combination study
0.1083
0.3854
0.0564
0.0551
0.6429
0.1869
0.0766
0.0721
0.0427
0.8194
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.0012
0.0480
0.3007
0.0887
0.0528
0.2175
0.0070
0.0996
0.0202
 Monotherapy study
0.0416
0.6937
0.7953
0.2139
0.6410
0.1476
0.4715
0.4768
0.7497
0.7273
ACPA
 MTX-IR combination study
0.0010
0.0897
0.1654
0.0012
0.0024
0.4017
0.0566
0.0490
0.0028
0.9994
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.0453
0.2511
0.8391
0.0866
0.0379
0.9770
0.0071
0.5114
0.0929
 Monotherapy study
0.0028
0.9442
0.1778
0.1462
0.4771
0.4249
0.5984
0.5878
0.0316
0.0337
Baseline CRP
 MTX-IR combination study
0.9068
0.5979
0.6065
0.0537
0.2589
0.4199
0.3974
0.3455
0.2497
0.0221
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.0948
0.3845
0.6999
0.8008
0.8900
0.4386
0.1774
0.0159
0.6836
 Monotherapy study
0.0314
0.0759
0.0101
0.0074
0.0055
0.0152
0.5015
0.1328
0.0570
0.0006
Baseline ESR
 Monotherapy study
0.5073
0.8452
0.9318
0.7010
0.1295
0.5070
0.0123
0.9278
0.2552
0.6488
Baseline SDAI
 MTX-IR combination study
0.5963
0.5269
0.4816
0.1452
0.0399
0.9009
0.7552
0.6002
0.5804
0.7226
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.5986
0.9399
0.5674
NC
NC
0.4333
0.1970
0.2160
NC
Prior bDMARD
 MTX-IR combination study
0.8583
0.5175
0.1973
0.9345
0.8793
0.2421
0.2202
0.8858
0.6812
0.2246
Prior anti-TNFs
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.1215
0.2340
0.0925
0.2052
0.2210
0.1916
0.2797
0.2853
0.3850
Prior csDMARDs
 MTX-IR combination study
0.4208
0.4886
0.6909
0.3946
0.1183
0.8905
0.2846
0.9064
0.9111
0.3586
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.4941
0.6441
0.3744
0.3431
0.1108
0.6155
0.8227
0.2881
0.7416
 Monotherapy study
0.7935
0.2370
0.6967
0.8694
0.3740
0.5514
0.5602
0.5459
0.3767
0.9655
Background csDMARDs
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.3194
0.6946
0.3646
0.1658
0.5573
0.2718
0.3391
0.5595
0.8590
MTX history
 Monotherapy study
0.5540
0.3982
0.3313
0.2163
0.2163
0.2583
0.6631
0.1498
0.3692
0.6913
Glucocorticoid use
 MTX-IR combination study
0.5072
0.6390
0.8555
0.3366
0.3784
0.7197
0.8891
0.1751
0.7058
0.9422
 TNF-IR/INT combination study
0.2751
0.9400
0.8334
0.6142
0.6061
0.0656
0.5640
0.0994
0.8873
 Monotherapy study
0.0907
0.1650
0.9422
0.0663
0.0414
0.0195
0.4352
0.0025
0.0962
0.7536
ACPA anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, ACR20/50/70 American College of Rheumatology 20%/50%/70% response, bDMARD biological and targeted disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, BMI body mass index, CDAI Clinical Disease Activity Index, CRP C-reactive protein, csDMARD conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, DAS28-CRP Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using CRP, DAS28-ESR Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HAQ-DI Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index, INT intolerant, IR inadequate response, NC not calculated, mTSS Modified Total Sharp Score, MTX methotrexate, RA rheumatoid arthritis, RF rheumatoid factor, SDAI Simplified Disease Activity Index, TNF tumour necrosis factor
*Assessed at week 16/12/24 in the MTX-IR combination study, TNF-IR/INT combination study, and monotherapy studies, respectively
**Assessed at week 52

Age and sex

No treatment-by-subgroup interaction p values < 0.05 were found for subpopulations defined by age or sex for ACR responses, CDAI-based endpoints, and DAS28-based endpoints (Table 1). In the MTX-IR combination study, there were also no interaction p values < 0.05 for age or sex and change from baseline in mTSS (Table 1). In the TNF-IR/INT combination study, the 95% CI was wide and crossed 0 for change from baseline in HAQ-DI at week 12 in male patients (Figure S5 (Additional file 1); Table 1). In each of the three studies, ORs or LSM treatment differences favoured both doses of sarilumab combination therapy over placebo + csDMARDs or sarilumab monotherapy over adalimumab across the majority of endpoints independent of age or sex (Figs. 1, 2, and 3 and Figures S1, S3, S6 (Additional file 1)).

Race and region

No treatment-by-subgroup interaction p values < 0.05 were reported for any endpoints for race or region for the MTX-IR combination study and the monotherapy study (Table 1). ORs and LSM treatment differences consistently favoured sarilumab treatment over placebo or adalimumab across the majority of endpoints independent of race or region (Fig. 2, Figures S1, S3, S4, S6 (Additional file 1)). In the TNF-IR/INT combination study, ORs and LSM treatment differences consistently favoured sarilumab + csDMARDs over placebo + csDMARDs on all efficacy endpoints assessed for subgroups defined by race or region except for CDAI remission for non-white patients (i.e. race ‘others’; n = 158). However, the 95% CI for this point estimate was wide and crossed 0 (Figure S4B (Additional file 1)). An interaction test with a nominal p < 0.05 was found between race and ACR20 and ACR50 response (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02) and CDAI remission (p < 0.01), but not for ACR70 and CDAI improvement ≥ 58% (Table 1).

Weight and BMI

LSM treatment differences generally favoured sarilumab (± csDMARDs) over placebo + csDMARDs or adalimumab, irrespective of weight category for change from baseline in DAS28-CRP (Fig. 2), CDAI (Figure S3 (Additional file 1)), and mTSS (assessed only in the MTX-IR combination study, Figure S6 (Additional file 1)). ORs also favoured sarilumab over placebo + csDMARDs for CDAI remission irrespective of weight category (Figure S4 (Additional file 1)), and treatment-by-subgroup interaction p values were ≥ 0.05 for all endpoints (Table 1). Altogether, 95% CIs for weight categories were wide and overlapping for all endpoints.
For BMI, interaction-by-subgroup p values were ≥ 0.05 for the two combination studies (with the exception of DAS28-CRP in the MTX-IR combination study). ORs and LSM treatment differences favoured sarilumab 150/200 mg over placebo + MTX regardless of BMI subgroup in the MTX-IR and TNF-IR/INT combination studies across all efficacy endpoints. In the monotherapy study, however, interactions with nominal p < 0.05 (indicating a difference in sarilumab efficacy) were found for BMI across most efficacy endpoints compared to adalimumab (Table 1). BMI < 25 kg/m2 and ≥ 25 to < 30 kg/m2 was associated with more robust sarilumab responses than BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 for several efficacy endpoints, including those based on ACR, CDAI, and HAQ-DI.

Baseline autoantibody status

Across the three studies, treatment-by-subgroup interaction values p < 0.05 (indicating an effect of baseline ACPA status) were consistently observed for ACR20 (Table 1). Compared with patients who were ACPA negative at baseline, LSM treatment differences and ORs consistently demonstrated a numerically greater treatment effect for most endpoints with sarilumab (± csDMARDs) for patients who were ACPA positive at baseline, particularly with the 200 mg sarilumab dose (sarilumab 200 mg; n = 337 and n = 137 in the MTX-IR and TNF-IR/INT combination studies, respectively).
Treatment-by-subgroup interaction p values < 0.05 were not consistently observed for any endpoint across the three studies for RF status at baseline. Among RF-negative patients in the MTX-IR combination study (200 mg group, n = 69), although ORs and LSMs appeared to favour 200 mg sarilumab + MTX for some endpoints, treatment-by-subgroup p values were all ≥ 0.05 (suggesting sarilumab efficacy may not be impacted overall by RF status). Similarly, among RF-negative patients in the TNF-IR/INT combination study, ORs and LSMs appeared to favour 200 mg sarilumab + csDMARDs for some endpoints; however, treatment interactions for RF status had nominal p < 0.05 only for ACR20/50, CDAI ≥ 58%, and change from baseline in HAQ-DI. In the monotherapy study, the only significant treatment interaction p value for RF status was for ACR20 (Table 1).

Safety

As reported previously, across the three sarilumab RCTs and in a large, long-term safety analysis, the most frequent AEs were neutropenia, increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), injection site erythema, upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, nasopharyngitis, and bronchitis [1719, 24].
Due to the particular concern for the safety and tolerability of treatments in patients aged ≥ 65 years, we assessed AEs in this population. TEAEs and SAEs occurred more frequently in the small group of patients aged ≥ 65 years (n = 289) compared with patients aged < 65 years (n = 1819) for the placebo, sarilumab, and adalimumab treatment groups (Table 2). Infections were the most common TEAEs in both age groups treated with sarilumab, but serious infections were uncommon (Table 2).
Table 2
Overview of TEAEs by age
n/N (%)
Combination therapy with MTX in MTX-IR patients 52 weeks
Combination therapy with csDMARDs in TNF-IR/INT patients 24 weeks
Monotherapy in MTX-IR/INT patients 24 weeks
Placebo
Sarilumab 150 mg q2w
Sarilumab 200 mg q2w
Placebo
Sarilumab 150 mg q2w
Sarilumab 200 mg q2w
Adalimumab 40 mg q2w
Sarilumab 200 mg q2w
TEAEs
 Patients aged < 65 years
217/356 (61.0)
268/360 (74.4)
267/345 (77.4)
76/152 (50.0)
99/150 (66.0)
102/154 (66.2)
105/144 (72.9)
113/158 (71.5)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
29/41 (70.7)
32/41 (78.0)
45/51 (88.2)
14/29 (48.3)
20/31 (64.5)
18/30 (60.0)
36/40 (90.0)
14/26 (53.8)
Serious AEs
 Patients aged < 65 years
17/356 (4.8)
31/360 (8.6)
33/345 (9.6)
4/152 (2.6)
6/150 (4.0)
6/154 (3.9)
7/144 (4.9)
7/158 (4.4)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
4/41 (9.8)
6/41 (14.6)
12/51 (23.5)
2/29 (6.9)
0/31 (0.0)
4/30 (13.3)
11/40 (27.5)
3/26 (11.5)
AE leading to death
 Patients aged < 65 years
2/356 (0.6)
1/360 (0.3)
1/345 (0.3)
1/152 (0.7)
0/150 (0.0)
0/154 (0.0)
1/144 (0.7)
1/158 (0.6)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
0/41 (0.0)
1/41 (2.4)
0/51 (0.0)
0/29 (0.0)
0/31 (0.0)
0/30 (0.0)
0/40 (0.0)
0/26 (0.0)
AE leading to discontinuation
 Patients aged < 65 years
17/356 (4.8)
44/360 (12.2)
42/345 (12.2)
6/152 (3.9)
11/150 (7.3)
13/154 (8.4)
10/144 (6.9)
10/158 (6.3)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
5/41 (12.2)
8/41 (19.5)
12/51 (23.5)
2/29 (6.9)
3/31 (9.7)
4/30 (13.3)
4/40 (10.0)
3/26 (11.5)
Infections
 Patients aged < 65 years
112/356 (31.5)
149/360 (41.4)
133/345 (38.6)
43/152 (28.3)
35/150 (23.3)
45/154 (29.2)
49/144 (34.0)
54/158 (34.2)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
15/41 (36.6)
19/41 (46.3)
26/51 (51.0)
5/29 (17.2)
5/31 (16.1)
11/30 (36.7)
15/40 (37.5)
4/26 (15.4)
Serious infections
 Patients aged < 65 years
9/356 (2.5)
7/360 (1.9)
13/345 (3.8)
1/152 (0.7)
1/150 (0.7)
2/154 (1.3)
2/144 (1.4)
2/158 (1.3)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
1/41 (2.4)
4/41 (9.8)
2/51 (3.9)
1/29 (3.4)
0/31 (0.0)
0/30 (0.0)
1/40 (2.5)
0/26 (0.0)
Opportunistic infections
 Patients aged < 65 years
2/356 (0.6)
2/360 (0.6)
3/345 (0.9)
1/152 (0.7)
0/150 (0.0)
2/154 (1.3)
0/144 (0.0)
1/158 (0.6)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
0/41 (0.0)
0/41 (0.0)
1/51 (2.0)
0/29 (0.0)
0/31 (0.0)
0/30 (0.0)
1/40 (2.5)
0/26 (0.0)
Tuberculosis
 Patients aged < 65 years
0/356 (0.0)
0/360 (0.0)
0/345 (0.0)
0/152 (0.0)
0/150 (0.0)
0/154 (0.0)
0/26 (0.0)
1/158 (0.6)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
0/41 (0.0)
0/41 (0.0)
0/51 (0.0)
0/29 (0.0)
0/31 (0.0)
0/30 (0.0)
1/40 (2.5)
0/26 (0.0)
ANC < 1.5 × 109/L*
 Patients aged < 65 years
5/356 (1.4)
66/360 (18.3)
81/345 (23.5)
1/152 (0.7)
24/150 (16.0)
32/154 (20.8)
31/144 (21.5)
52/158 (32.9)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
1/41 (2.4)
7/41 (17.1)
12/51 (23.5)
1/29 (3.4)
7/31 (22.6)
10/30 (33.3)
9/40 (22.5)
10/26 (38.5)
ANC ≥ 0.5–1 × 109/L (grade 3)
 Patients aged < 65 years
0 (0.0)
16 (4.4)
26 (7.5)
0 (0.0)
9 (6.0)
11 (7.1)
15 (10.4)
23 (14.6)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
0 (0.0)
3 (7.3)
3 (5.9)
1 (3.4)
1 (3.2)
5 (16.7)
3 (7.5)
4 (15.4)
ANC < 0.5 × 109/L (grade 4)
 Patients aged < 65 years
0 (0.0)
4 (1.1)
1 (0.3)
0 (0.0)
2 (1.3)
1 (0.6)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (2.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (6.5)
1 (3.3)
0 (0.0)
3 (11.5)
Platelets < 50 × 109/L
 Patients aged < 65 years
0/356 (0.0)
0/360 (0.0)
2/345 (0.6)
0/152 (0.0)
0/150 (0.0)
1/154 (0.6)
0/144 (0.0)
1/158 (0.6)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
0/41 (0.0)
0/41 (0.0)
0/51 (0.0)
0/29 (0.0)
0/31 (0.0)
0/30 (0.0)
0/40 (0.0)
0/26 (0.0)
ALT > 3 to ≤ 5× ULN
 Patients aged < 65 years
7/356 (2.0)
24/360 (6.7)
24/345 (7.0)
2/152 (1.3)
4/150 (2.7)
6/154 (3.9)
8/144 (5.6)
9/158 (5.7)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
1/41 (2.4)
1/41 (2.4)
0/51 (0.0)
0/29 (0.0)
0/31 (0.0)
1/30 (3.3)
1/40 (2.5)
0/26 (0.0)
ALT > 5 to ≤ 10× ULN
 Patients aged < 65 years
1/356 (0.3)
9/360 (2.5)
9/345 (2.6)
0/152 (0.0)
0/150 (0.0)
0/154 (0.0)
2/144 (1.4)
3/158 (1.9)
 Patients aged ≥ 65 years
0/41 (0.0)
0/41 (0.0)
0/51 (0.0)
0/29 (0.0)
0/31 (0.0)
0/30 (0.0)
0/40 (0.0)
0/26 (0.0)
AE adverse event, ALT alanine aminotransferase, ANC absolute neutrophil count, csDMARD conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, INT intolerant, IR inadequate response, MTX methotrexate, q2w every 2 weeks, TNF tumour necrosis factor
*For Black patients, a cut-off value of < 1.0 × 109 ANC is reported, due to differences in ANC reference ranges according to racial group
In general, no appreciable differences were observed between subpopulations ≥ 65 and < 65 years for laboratory parameters, such as ANC, platelets, and ALT. In the MTX-IR combination study and monotherapy study, the proportion of patients with ANC < 1.5 × 109/L was comparable in both age groups across all treatment groups. In the TNF-IR/INT combination study, compared with patients aged < 65 years, a higher proportion of patients aged ≥ 65 years had ANC < 1.5 × 109/L across placebo and sarilumab treatment groups: 3.4% (n = 1/29) vs. 0.7% (n = 1/152) with placebo + csDMARDs, 22.6% (n = 7/31) vs. 16.0% (n = 24/150) with sarilumab 150 mg q2w + csDMARDs, and 33.3% (n = 10/30) vs. 20.8% (n = 32/154) with sarilumab 200 mg q2w + csDMARDs (Table 2). Proportions of patients with platelets < 50 × 109/L were low in all age/treatment groups (≤ 0.6%).

Discussion

These subanalyses of three separate, phase III RCTs, which included patients with active RA, demonstrated that sarilumab consistently improved signs and symptoms of RA, physical functioning, and radiographic progression across a wide range of patient subpopulations, representing a broad range of patients.
Long-term safety data for sarilumab treatment have previously been reported [24]. Our analysis here was consistent with previous analyses of safety data in the pooled population, which showed no clear differences in the safety profile of sarilumab between patient subgroups, although a slightly higher proportion of patients aged ≥ 65–< 75 years reported serious infections in the sarilumab 150 mg q2w + csDMARD group vs. those aged ≥ 75 years: 4/79 (5.1%) vs. 8/574 (1.4%) in the placebo-controlled safety population [25].
In the present analysis, whilst the patient population aged ≥ 65 years was small, limiting interpretation of these data, higher rates of SAEs, and serious infections were observed in these patients compared to those aged < 65 years; however, no appreciable differences were observed between patients aged < 65 vs. ≥ 65 years for ANC, ALT, and platelet count. Safety and tolerability are a specific potential concern in this subpopulation, and AEs are among the main causes of discontinuation of RA therapy among older patients [26]. An increase in comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus and renal disease, in older patients vs. younger patients or more frequent use of oral glucocorticoids has been suggested to increase the risk of infections [2729]. Previous studies have also reported an increased risk of serious infections in RA patients > 60 years of age compared with younger patients [3032], but no significant difference was found in the rate of infection between the ages of 65–74 and ≥ 75 years [30].
In interpreting our findings, it is critical to understand the appropriate statistical methodology for assessing whether treatment effects vary across levels of a baseline variable/characteristic. A common error is to conduct separate tests of treatment effects within each of the levels of the baseline variable or to evaluate the observed treatment effect sizes within each subgroup [33]; the correct approach is to conduct a statistical test for interaction [33]. An interaction test with nominal p < 0.05 suggests that the baseline variable has an impact on the treatment effect and, in itself, does not indicate how the effect of treatment differs across the baseline characteristic. In our analysis, the interaction test also does not differentiate between the two sarilumab doses evaluated in the placebo-controlled studies; furthermore, it was not the aim of this analysis to compare the two approved doses. Taking a conservative approach, in our analysis, we have noted the subgroups for which the interaction test had a nominal p < 0.05; however, it has been suggested that a preferable way of assessing the p value is that as it gets smaller, the subgroup hypothesis becomes increasingly credible and should only be taken seriously when p values reach 0.001 or less [34]. Additionally, we should appreciate that the probability of a false-positive finding increases when multiple subgroup analyses are performed and that criteria to assess the credibility of subgroup analyses should include whether the interaction is consistent across studies and consistent across closely related outcomes within the study [34]. In our analysis, interaction tests with nominal p < 0.05 that were consistent across the studies were only seen for baseline ACPA status for ACR20 (but not ACR50 nor ACR70) and for no other baseline variable evaluated.
ACPA-positive and RF-positive RA are associated with worse prognoses and erosive disease [79]. Acknowledging the reliability criteria above, it was interesting to note interaction p values were < 0.05 for ACR20 (but not for ACR50 and ACR70), with forest plots indicating sarilumab may be more effective in RA patients who are ACPA positive. An effect of autoantibody status on efficacy has been observed for other biologic treatments; ACPA-positive status at baseline was associated with a superior response to both adalimumab and abatacept in the AMPLE study [11]. Furthermore, responses to abatacept were greater in those patients with high titres of ACPA at baseline, although this association was not observed for adalimumab [11]. Responses to rituximab as well as csDMARDs ± glucocorticoids have also been reported to differ by ACPA status [14, 35]. In contrast, analyses of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) inhibition with tocilizumab have not identified a relationship between baseline ACPA or RF status and achievement of response and remission [36, 37]. In our analysis, treatment interaction p values for RF status were not < 0.05 consistently across studies; indeed, p values ≥ 0.05 were observed for all endpoints in the largest of the three studies. As seronegative patients may have less aggressive disease, it may be more difficult to determine a treatment difference in these patients. Additionally, based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the three pivotal phase III sarilumab studies, there were fewer seronegative patients enrolled, and the smaller sample size means that these data may be less reliable.
In the analysis presented here, we found no effect of baseline weight on sarilumab efficacy. There was also no indication that baseline BMI impacts the efficacy of sarilumab + csDMARDs. In the monotherapy study, potential interactions with baseline BMI were identified; however, this observation and the lack of interaction with baseline weight in the monotherapy study are inconsistent.
Although no consistent treatment-by-subgroup interactions were seen for baseline CRP in the combination studies, potential interactions were identified for baseline CRP for some endpoints assessed in the monotherapy trial, with a greater magnitude of effect in patients with CRP > 15 mg/L at baseline. These interactions were not observed in the related subgroup categorized by baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the efficacy results in the subgroups categorized by baseline CRP were consistent with the main results. Change in CRP levels in the initial weeks following treatment initiation has been reported to predict response to TNF inhibitors [38, 39]. Our findings are also consistent with some studies of IL-6R inhibition with tocilizumab, which have reported a greater EULAR response in patients with high baseline CRP [37].
The different inclusion criteria of the three studies have already provided some insight that sarilumab is effective in patients with RA irrespective of prior therapies [1719]. Our analysis provides more information on the effects of prior treatments with csDMARDs (number of prior agents and INT or IR to MTX) and bDMARDs (including whether patients had received one or more prior treatment) and found no differences in the efficacy of sarilumab across endpoints. We also evaluated the effect of stable glucocorticoid use and observed no treatment-by-subgroup interaction for sarilumab + csDMARDs. Interactions for baseline glucocorticoid use were not seen consistently across endpoints in the monotherapy study.
A limitation of the present analysis is that the study populations recruited in the three individual trials differed temporally, spatially (i.e. by geographical location), and by prior treatment history and response to previous treatment; thus, results across the studies cannot be compared directly. In addition, there were some differences between the prespecified subpopulations. The duration of the studies and small numbers of patients in some subpopulations also limit the interpretation of the data. The inherent limitations of conducting multiple subgroup analyses should also be noted, with the probability of a false-positive finding increasing with the number of analyses performed [33]; indeed, several of the treatment-by-subgroup interactions identified in the current analysis were not replicated on related endpoints. However, within similar backgrounds and sarilumab regimens, some trends were noted. It is likely that treatment responses in patients with RA are influenced by a combination of baseline characteristics rather than isolated characteristics, and additional analyses with larger subpopulations are warranted to investigate this further.

Conclusions

In patients with RA and MTX-IR/INT or TNF-IR/INT, sarilumab (± csDMARDs) demonstrated superiority to placebo (± csDMARDs) or adalimumab for clinical efficacy measures across many patient subpopulations. Apart from ACPA status, there were no consistent signals indicating differential effects of sarilumab in any of the subpopulations assessed. A larger treatment effect was observed for sarilumab 200 mg q2w in the MTX-IR and TNF-IR/INT combination studies among patients who were seropositive (RF or ACPA) at baseline and for those with lower BMI (< 30 kg/m2) at baseline. These data suggest that treatment with sarilumab is associated with beneficial effects across a broad spectrum of patients who have RA.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s13075-020-02194-z.

Acknowledgements

Study funding and medical writing support (Laura George, PhD, of Adelphi Communications Ltd., Bollington, UK) were provided by the Sanofi Genzyme (Cambridge, USA) and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Tarrytown, USA) in accordance with the Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines.
Protocols for all trials were approved by the appropriate ethics committees/institutional review boards, and each patient provided written informed consent before participation in their study. The studies were conducted in compliance with the institutional review board regulations, the International Conference on Harmonisation Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice, and the Declaration of Helsinki.
Not applicable.

Competing interests

MCG has received research grants and consulting fees or other remuneration (payment) from Genentech, Roche, R-Pharm, and Sanofi Genzyme. RF has received research grants from AbbVie, Amgen, Ardea Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB, and has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Akros Pharma, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi Genzyme, Taiho Pharmaceutical, and UCB. AK has received consulting fees from Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB, and holds stock in Sanofi Genzyme and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. EBL has received consulting fees from Pfizer. HvH is an employee of Sanofi Genzyme and may hold stock and/or stock options in the company. TK, GSJ, and EKM are employees of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and may hold stock and/or stock options in the company. GRB has received research grants from AbbVie, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB, and has received consulting fees or other remuneration (payment) or participated in speakers’ bureaus from/for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1789–858. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1789–858.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(1):1–26.PubMed Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(1):1–26.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Sparks JA, Costenbader KH. Genetics, environment, and gene-environment interactions in the development of systemic rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2014;40(4):637–57. Sparks JA, Costenbader KH. Genetics, environment, and gene-environment interactions in the development of systemic rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2014;40(4):637–57.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Sivas F, Yurdakul FG, Kilicarslan A, Duran S, Baskan B, Bodur H. Relationship between smoking and structural damage, autoimmune antibodies, and disability in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arch Rheumatol. 2018;33(1):45–51.PubMed Sivas F, Yurdakul FG, Kilicarslan A, Duran S, Baskan B, Bodur H. Relationship between smoking and structural damage, autoimmune antibodies, and disability in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arch Rheumatol. 2018;33(1):45–51.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Courvoisier N, Dougados M, Cantagrel A, Goupille P, Meyer O, Sibilia J, et al. Prognostic factors of 10-year radiographic outcome in early rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(5):R106.PubMedPubMedCentral Courvoisier N, Dougados M, Cantagrel A, Goupille P, Meyer O, Sibilia J, et al. Prognostic factors of 10-year radiographic outcome in early rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(5):R106.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kondo Y, Kaneko Y, Sugiura H, Matsumoto S, Nishina N, Kuwana M, et al. Pre-treatment interleukin-6 levels strongly affect bone erosion progression and repair detected by magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(7):1089–94. Kondo Y, Kaneko Y, Sugiura H, Matsumoto S, Nishina N, Kuwana M, et al. Pre-treatment interleukin-6 levels strongly affect bone erosion progression and repair detected by magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(7):1089–94.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Goronzy JJ, Matteson EL, Fulbright JW, Warrington KJ, Chang-Miller A, Hunder GG, et al. Prognostic markers of radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(1):43–54.PubMed Goronzy JJ, Matteson EL, Fulbright JW, Warrington KJ, Chang-Miller A, Hunder GG, et al. Prognostic markers of radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(1):43–54.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Im CH, Kang EH, Ryu HJ, Lee JH, Lee EY, Lee YJ, et al. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody is associated with radiographic erosion in rheumatoid arthritis independently of shared epitope status. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29(3):251–6.PubMed Im CH, Kang EH, Ryu HJ, Lee JH, Lee EY, Lee YJ, et al. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody is associated with radiographic erosion in rheumatoid arthritis independently of shared epitope status. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29(3):251–6.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Song YW, Kang EH. Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: rheumatoid factors and anticitrullinated protein antibodies. QJM. 2010;103(3):139–46.PubMed Song YW, Kang EH. Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: rheumatoid factors and anticitrullinated protein antibodies. QJM. 2010;103(3):139–46.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Baganz L, Richter A, Albrecht K, Schneider M, Burmester GR, Zink A, et al. Are prognostic factors adequately selected to guide treatment decisions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A collaborative analysis from three observational cohorts. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;48(6):976–82.PubMed Baganz L, Richter A, Albrecht K, Schneider M, Burmester GR, Zink A, et al. Are prognostic factors adequately selected to guide treatment decisions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A collaborative analysis from three observational cohorts. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;48(6):976–82.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Sokolove J, Schiff M, Fleischmann R, Weinblatt ME, Connolly SE, Johnsen A, et al. Impact of baseline anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-2 antibody concentration on efficacy outcomes following treatment with subcutaneous abatacept or adalimumab: 2-year results from the AMPLE trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(4):709–14.PubMed Sokolove J, Schiff M, Fleischmann R, Weinblatt ME, Connolly SE, Johnsen A, et al. Impact of baseline anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-2 antibody concentration on efficacy outcomes following treatment with subcutaneous abatacept or adalimumab: 2-year results from the AMPLE trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(4):709–14.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardette A, Ottaviani S, Tubach F, Roy C, Nicaise-Roland P, Palazzo E, et al. High anti-CCP antibody titres predict good response to rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81(5):416–20.PubMed Gardette A, Ottaviani S, Tubach F, Roy C, Nicaise-Roland P, Palazzo E, et al. High anti-CCP antibody titres predict good response to rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81(5):416–20.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Seegobin SD, Ma MH, Dahanayake C, Cope AP, Scott DL, Lewis CM, et al. ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis differ in their requirements for combination DMARDs and corticosteroids: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(1):R13.PubMedPubMedCentral Seegobin SD, Ma MH, Dahanayake C, Cope AP, Scott DL, Lewis CM, et al. ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis differ in their requirements for combination DMARDs and corticosteroids: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(1):R13.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Smolen JS, Landewe R, Bijlsma J, Burmester G, Chatzidionysiou K, Dougados M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):960–77.PubMed Smolen JS, Landewe R, Bijlsma J, Burmester G, Chatzidionysiou K, Dougados M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):960–77.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuppen BV, Welsing PM, Sprengers JJ, Bijlsma JW, Marijnissen AC, van Laar JM, et al. Personalized biological treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review with a focus on clinical applicability. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(5):826–39. Cuppen BV, Welsing PM, Sprengers JJ, Bijlsma JW, Marijnissen AC, van Laar JM, et al. Personalized biological treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review with a focus on clinical applicability. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(5):826–39.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Burmester GR, Lin Y, Patel R, van Adelsberg J, Mangan EK, Graham NM, et al. Efficacy and safety of sarilumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (MONARCH): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group phase III trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(5):840–7.PubMed Burmester GR, Lin Y, Patel R, van Adelsberg J, Mangan EK, Graham NM, et al. Efficacy and safety of sarilumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (MONARCH): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group phase III trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(5):840–7.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fleischmann R, van Adelsberg J, Lin Y, Castelar-Pinheiro GD, Brzezicki J, Hrycaj P, et al. Sarilumab and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response or intolerance to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(2):277–90.PubMedPubMedCentral Fleischmann R, van Adelsberg J, Lin Y, Castelar-Pinheiro GD, Brzezicki J, Hrycaj P, et al. Sarilumab and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response or intolerance to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(2):277–90.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Genovese MC, Fleischmann R, Kivitz AJ, Rell-Bakalarska M, Martincova R, Fiore S, et al. Sarilumab plus methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to methotrexate: results of a phase III study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1424–37.PubMed Genovese MC, Fleischmann R, Kivitz AJ, Rell-Bakalarska M, Martincova R, Fiore S, et al. Sarilumab plus methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to methotrexate: results of a phase III study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1424–37.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Wells G, Beaton D, Shea B, Boers M, Simon L, Strand V, et al. Minimal clinically important differences: review of methods. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(2):406–12.PubMed Wells G, Beaton D, Shea B, Boers M, Simon L, Strand V, et al. Minimal clinically important differences: review of methods. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(2):406–12.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Schiff M, Weinblatt ME, Valente R, van der Heijde D, Citera G, Elegbe A, et al. Head-to-head comparison of subcutaneous abatacept versus adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: two-year efficacy and safety findings from AMPLE trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):86–94.PubMed Schiff M, Weinblatt ME, Valente R, van der Heijde D, Citera G, Elegbe A, et al. Head-to-head comparison of subcutaneous abatacept versus adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: two-year efficacy and safety findings from AMPLE trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):86–94.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kremer JM, Blanco R, Brzosko M, Burgos-Vargas R, Halland AM, Vernon E, et al. Tocilizumab inhibits structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate responses to methotrexate: results from the double-blind treatment phase of a randomized placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab safety and prevention of structural joint damage at one year. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(3):609–21.PubMed Kremer JM, Blanco R, Brzosko M, Burgos-Vargas R, Halland AM, Vernon E, et al. Tocilizumab inhibits structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate responses to methotrexate: results from the double-blind treatment phase of a randomized placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab safety and prevention of structural joint damage at one year. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(3):609–21.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Aletaha D, Alasti F, Smolen J. Optimisation of a treat-to-target approach in rheumatoid arthritis: strategies for the 3-month time point. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(8):1479–85.PubMed Aletaha D, Alasti F, Smolen J. Optimisation of a treat-to-target approach in rheumatoid arthritis: strategies for the 3-month time point. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(8):1479–85.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Cho SK, Sung YK, Kim D, Won S, Choi CB, Kim TH, et al. Drug retention and safety of TNF inhibitors in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:333.PubMedPubMedCentral Cho SK, Sung YK, Kim D, Won S, Choi CB, Kim TH, et al. Drug retention and safety of TNF inhibitors in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:333.PubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Widdifield J, Bernatsky S, Paterson JM, Gunraj N, Thorne JC, Pope J, et al. Serious infections in a population-based cohort of 86,039 seniors with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(3):353–61. Widdifield J, Bernatsky S, Paterson JM, Gunraj N, Thorne JC, Pope J, et al. Serious infections in a population-based cohort of 86,039 seniors with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(3):353–61.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Papadopoulos IA, Katsimbri P, Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Early rheumatoid arthritis patients: relationship of age. Rheumatol Int. 2003;23(2):70–4.PubMed Papadopoulos IA, Katsimbri P, Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Early rheumatoid arthritis patients: relationship of age. Rheumatol Int. 2003;23(2):70–4.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson WH, Mao R. Biomarkers to guide clinical therapeutics in rheumatology? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016;28(2):168–75.PubMedPubMedCentral Robinson WH, Mao R. Biomarkers to guide clinical therapeutics in rheumatology? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016;28(2):168–75.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Murota A, Kaneko Y, Yamaoka K, Takeuchi T. Safety of biologic agents in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(11):1984–8.PubMed Murota A, Kaneko Y, Yamaoka K, Takeuchi T. Safety of biologic agents in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(11):1984–8.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Strangfeld A, Eveslage M, Schneider M, Bergerhausen HJ, Klopsch T, Zink A, et al. Treatment benefit or survival of the fittest: what drives the time-dependent decrease in serious infection rates under TNF inhibition and what does this imply for the individual patient? Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(11):1914–20.PubMed Strangfeld A, Eveslage M, Schneider M, Bergerhausen HJ, Klopsch T, Zink A, et al. Treatment benefit or survival of the fittest: what drives the time-dependent decrease in serious infection rates under TNF inhibition and what does this imply for the individual patient? Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(11):1914–20.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Zink A, Manger B, Kaufmann J, Eisterhues C, Krause A, Listing J, et al. Evaluation of the RABBIT Risk Score for serious infections. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(9):1673–6.PubMed Zink A, Manger B, Kaufmann J, Eisterhues C, Krause A, Listing J, et al. Evaluation of the RABBIT Risk Score for serious infections. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(9):1673–6.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang R, Lagakos SW, Ware JH, Hunter DJ, Drazen JM. Statistics in medicine—reporting of subgroup analyses in clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(21):2189–94.PubMed Wang R, Lagakos SW, Ware JH, Hunter DJ, Drazen JM. Statistics in medicine—reporting of subgroup analyses in clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(21):2189–94.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun X, Briel M, Walter SD, Guyatt GH. Is a subgroup effect believable? Updating criteria to evaluate the credibility of subgroup analyses. BMJ. 2010;340:c117.PubMed Sun X, Briel M, Walter SD, Guyatt GH. Is a subgroup effect believable? Updating criteria to evaluate the credibility of subgroup analyses. BMJ. 2010;340:c117.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin-Mola E, Balsa A, Garcia-Vicuna R, Gomez-Reino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Sanmarti R, et al. Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and their value for predicting responses to biologic agents: a review. Rheumatol Int. 2016;36(8):1043–63.PubMed Martin-Mola E, Balsa A, Garcia-Vicuna R, Gomez-Reino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Sanmarti R, et al. Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and their value for predicting responses to biologic agents: a review. Rheumatol Int. 2016;36(8):1043–63.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Narvaez J, Magallares B, Diaz Torne C, Hernandez MV, Reina D, Corominas H, et al. Predictive factors for induction of remission in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab in clinical practice. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;45(4):386–90.PubMed Narvaez J, Magallares B, Diaz Torne C, Hernandez MV, Reina D, Corominas H, et al. Predictive factors for induction of remission in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab in clinical practice. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;45(4):386–90.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Pers YM, Fortunet C, Constant E, Lambert J, Godfrin-Valnet M, De Jong A, et al. Predictors of response and remission in a large cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(1):76–84. Pers YM, Fortunet C, Constant E, Lambert J, Godfrin-Valnet M, De Jong A, et al. Predictors of response and remission in a large cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(1):76–84.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Westhovens R, van Vollenhoven RF, Boumpas DT, Brzosko M, Svensson K, Bjorneboe O, et al. The early clinical course of infliximab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the REMARK observational study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(3):315–23.PubMed Westhovens R, van Vollenhoven RF, Boumpas DT, Brzosko M, Svensson K, Bjorneboe O, et al. The early clinical course of infliximab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the REMARK observational study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(3):315–23.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Smolen JS, Emery P, Fleischmann R, van Vollenhoven RF, Pavelka K, Durez P, et al. Adjustment of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of achievement of stable low disease activity with adalimumab plus methotrexate or methotrexate alone: the randomised controlled OPTIMA trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9914):321–32.PubMed Smolen JS, Emery P, Fleischmann R, van Vollenhoven RF, Pavelka K, Durez P, et al. Adjustment of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of achievement of stable low disease activity with adalimumab plus methotrexate or methotrexate alone: the randomised controlled OPTIMA trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9914):321–32.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Efficacy and safety of sarilumab in combination with csDMARDs or as monotherapy in subpopulations of patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis in three phase III randomized, controlled studies
verfasst von
Mark C. Genovese
Roy Fleischmann
Alan Kivitz
Eun-Bong Lee
Hubert van Hoogstraten
Toshio Kimura
Gregory St John
Erin K. Mangan
Gerd R. Burmester
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2020
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Ausgabe 1/2020
Elektronische ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-020-02194-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2020

Arthritis Research & Therapy 1/2020 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Erhebliches Risiko für Kehlkopfkrebs bei mäßiger Dysplasie

29.05.2024 Larynxkarzinom Nachrichten

Fast ein Viertel der Personen mit mäßig dysplastischen Stimmlippenläsionen entwickelt einen Kehlkopftumor. Solche Personen benötigen daher eine besonders enge ärztliche Überwachung.

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

29.05.2024 Herzinfarkt Nachrichten

Bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind die Chancen, einen Myokardinfarkt zu überleben, in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich gestiegen – nicht jedoch bei Betroffenen mit Typ 1.

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

29.05.2024 Urothelkarzinom Nachrichten

Ob Patienten und Patientinnen mit neu diagnostiziertem Blasenkrebs ein Jahr später Bedauern über die Therapieentscheidung empfinden, wird einer Studie aus England zufolge von der Radikalität und dem Erfolg des Eingriffs beeinflusst.

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

28.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

„Kalte“ Tumoren werden heiß – CD28-kostimulatorische Antikörper sollen dies ermöglichen. Am besten könnten diese in Kombination mit BiTEs und Checkpointhemmern wirken. Erste klinische Studien laufen bereits.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.