Background
Methods
Results
Undernourished | Not undernourished | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
Stunted
|
Wasted
|
Underweight
| Total | P value* | |
Prevalencea | 43 % |
39 %
|
7 %
|
13 %
| 57 % | |
Child age (months)b | 36 (23–48) |
24 (12–36)
|
24 (10–36)
|
36 (15–48)
| 36 (16–36) |
0.45
|
Sex of child = Female | 52 % |
51 %
|
44 %
|
54 %
| 47 % |
0.50
|
Zone = Rural | 80 % |
78 %
|
97 %
|
89 %
| 77 % |
0.57
|
Religion (5 % missing) |
0.17
| |||||
Catholic | 36 % |
32 %
|
55 %
|
46 %
| 44 % | |
Evangelical and Pentecostal | 30 % |
32 %
|
10 %
|
14 %
| 18 % | |
Protestant | 15 % |
17 %
|
10 %
|
23 %
| 18 % | |
Muslim | 4 % |
4 %
|
14 %
|
7 %
| 5 % | |
Non-Christian Eastern Religions | 4 % |
4 %
|
0 %
|
0 %
| 2 % | |
Other Christian | 5 % |
5 %
|
4 %
|
5 %
| 4 % | |
Other | 5 % |
5 %
|
8 %
|
5 %
| 9 % | |
Years of education completed (female head of house) |
0.23
| |||||
0 | 47 % |
48 %
|
42 %
|
51 %
| 45 % | |
1–7 years | 50 % |
48 %
|
58 %
|
42 %
| 46 % | |
8–10 years | 4 % |
4 %
|
0 %
|
7 %
| 7 % | |
11 or more years | 0 % |
0 %
|
0 %
|
0 %
| 2 % | |
Marital status (female head of house) |
0.50
| |||||
Married/Common Law | 76 % |
76 %
|
82 %
|
88 %
| 82 % | |
Divorced/Separated | 3 % |
2 %
|
4 %
|
5 %
| 4 % | |
Widowed | 15 % |
3 %
|
1 %
|
1 %
| 12 % | |
Single | 5 % |
16 %
|
9 %
|
6 %
| 3 % | |
Household size |
0.16
| |||||
2 | 1 % |
1 %
|
0 %
|
1 %
| 2 % | |
3–5 | 55 % |
55 %
|
54 %
|
51 %
| 47 % | |
6 or more | 44 % |
44 %
|
46 %
|
48 %
| 51 % | |
Family income (Meticais/month) (7 % missing) | 300 (0-900) |
300 (0-900)
|
300 (150-300)
|
300 (150-500)
| 150 (150-700) |
0.06
|
Household Dietary Diversity Score | 7 (5–10) |
7 (5–10)
|
5 (4–9)
|
6 (4–9)
| 7 (5–10) |
0.21
|
Exclusive breastfeeding (6 months) (9 % missing) | 45 % |
46 %
|
22 %
|
28 %
| 33 % |
0.03
|
Introduction of other foods (≥6 months) (10 % missing) | 56 % |
56 %
|
33 %
|
40 %
| 44 % |
0.05
|
Child received vitamin A supplement (40 % missing) | 71 % |
73 %
|
66 %
|
60 %
| 70 % |
0.89
|
Child had diarrheal illness in last 30 days (1 % missing) | 32 % |
33 %
|
30 %
|
31 %
| 34 % |
0.81
|
No food sometime in last 4 weeks (1 % missing) | 32 % |
31 %
|
34 %
|
40 %
| 37 % |
0.52
|
Mother washed hands with soap on previous day (6 % missing) | 70 % |
71 %
|
51 %
|
53 %
| 73 % |
0.63
|
Family uses safe water source (i.e. not river) | 79 % |
78 %
|
80 %
|
81 %
| 81 % |
0.85
|
Undernourished | Not undernourished | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
Stunted
|
Wasted
|
Underweight
| Total | P value* | |
Prevalencea | 55 % |
51 %
|
5 %
|
13 %
| 45 % | |
Child age (months)b | 24 (15–36) |
24 (17–36)
|
24 (12–40)
|
24 (14–36)
| 18 (12–36) |
0.01
|
Sex of child = Female | 48 % |
47 %
|
48 %
|
40 %
| 54 % |
0.19
|
Zone = Rural | 80 % |
79 %
|
92 %
|
91 %
| 78 % |
0.56
|
Religion (2 % missing) |
0.01
| |||||
Catholic | 53 % |
53 %
|
54 %
|
54 %
| 54 % | |
Evangelical and Pentecostal | 17 % |
17 %
|
10 %
|
18 %
| 19 % | |
Protestant | 16 % |
17 %
|
13 %
|
15 %
| 7 % | |
Muslim | 7 % |
6 %
|
15 %
|
4 %
| 13 % | |
Non-Christian Eastern Religions | 0 % |
0 %
|
0 %
|
0 %
| 0 % | |
Other Christian | 5 % |
5 %
|
0 %
|
7 %
| 6 % | |
Other | 2 % |
2 %
|
8 %
|
3 %
| 1 % | |
Years of education completed (female head of house) |
0.53
| |||||
0 | 32 % |
32 %
|
32 %
|
37 %
| 32 % | |
1–7 years | 60 % |
59 %
|
68 %
|
62 %
| 57 % | |
8–10 years | 4 % |
4 %
|
0 %
|
0 %
| 7 % | |
11 or more years | 4 % |
4 %
|
0 %
|
1 %
| 4 % | |
Marital status (female head of house) |
0.26
| |||||
Married/Common Law | 69 % |
68 %
|
75 %
|
69 %
| 65 % | |
Divorced/Separated | 3 % |
3 %
|
0 %
|
4 %
| 2 % | |
Widowed | 2 % |
2 %
|
2 %
|
1 %
| 2 % | |
Single | 26 % |
27 %
|
23 %
|
26 %
| 32 % | |
Household size |
0.21
| |||||
2 | 1 % |
1 %
|
2 %
|
0 %
| 3 % | |
3–5 | 61 % |
60 %
|
78 %
|
66 %
| 63 % | |
6 or more | 38 % |
39 %
|
20 %
|
34 %
| 34 % | |
Family income (Meticais/month) (34 % missing) | 300 (150–700) |
300 (150–700)
|
300 (150–900)
|
300 (150–900)
| 150 (150–700) |
0.40
|
Household Dietary Diversity Score | 7 (5–9) |
7 (5–9)
|
8 (6–8)
|
7 (5–8)
| 8 (5–10) |
0.40
|
Exclusive breastfeeding (6 months) (44 % missing) | 55 % |
55 %
|
51 %
|
49 %
| 52 % |
0.57
|
Introduction of other foods (≥6 months) (45 % missing) | 62 % |
61 %
|
71 %
|
60 %
| 59 % |
0.55
|
Child received vitamin A supplement | 36 % |
34 %
|
47 %
|
34 %
| 40 % |
0.35
|
Child had diarrheal illness in last 30 days (2 % missing) | 23 % |
22 %
|
31 %
|
24 %
| 21 % |
0.63
|
No food sometime in last 4 weeks (6 % missing) | 29 % |
27 %
|
46 %
|
26 %
| 33 % |
0.30
|
Mother washed hands with soap on previous day (10 % missing) | 72 % |
71 %
|
82 %
|
68 %
| 74 % |
0.55
|
Family uses safe water source (i.e. not river) | 84 % |
84 %
|
88 %
|
85 %
| 77 % |
0.07
|
2010 Survey
|
2014 Survey
|
2010 and 2014 combined
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95 % CI) | P value | OR | (95 % CI) | P value | OR | (95 % CI) | P value | |
Child age (per month increase)
|
1.02
|
(1.00,1.04)
|
0.07
| 0.0002 | 0.0001 | ||||
12 (reference) | - | - | - | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
24 | - | - | - | 1.94 | (1.50,2.51) | 1.71 | (1.39,2.10) | ||
36 | - | - | - | 2.34 | (1.63,3.37) | 1.60 | (1.22,2.09) | ||
48 | - | - | - | 3.00 | (2.13,4.24) | 2.05 | (1.57,2.69) | ||
Family Income (per 100 MZN/month increase) | 0.96 | (0.92,0.99) | 0.01 | 1.01 | (0.99,1.03) | 0.25 | 0.99 | (0.98,1.01) | 0.45 |
Household dietary diversity score (per point increase) | 1.12 | (1.04,1.22) | 0.01 | 1.04 | (0.96,1.13) | 0.31 | 1.08 | (1.02,1.15) | 0.01 |
Exclusive breastfeeding (6 months) | 0.86 | (0.43,1.72) | 0.68 | 1.32 | (0.70,2.50) | 0.39 | 1.15 | (0.76,1.75) | 0.50 |
Introduction of other foods (≥6 months) | 1.33 | (0.73,2.41) | 0.35 | 0.65 | (0.35,1.24) | 0.19 | 0.99 | (0.65,1.50) | 0.95 |
Child received vitamin A supplement | 0.76 | (0.42,1.36) | 0.35 | 1.06 | (0.63,1.77) | 0.84 | 0.69 | (0.49,0.98) | 0.04 |
Child had diarrheal illness within past month | 0.85 | (0.52,1.37) | 0.50 | 1.23 | (0.67,2.25) | 0.51 | 0.88 | (0.59,1.30) | 0.51 |
Family was food insecure within past month | 0.77 | (0.42,1.40) | 0.39 | 0.75 | (0.44,1.27) | 0.28 | 0.77 | (0.53,1.11) | 0.16 |
Mother washed hands with soap on previous day | 1.08 | (0.64,1.82) | 0.76 | 0.75 | (0.43,1.30) | 0.30 | 0.92 | (0.63,1.34) | 0.66 |
Family uses safe water | 1.03 | (0.53,2.01) | 0.94 | 1.04 | (0.52,2.08) | 0.91 | 1.10 | (0.71,1.70) | 0.68 |
2010 Survey
|
2014 Survey
|
2010 and 2014 combined
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95 % CI) | P value | OR | (95 % CI) | P value | OR | (95 % CI) | P value | |
Child age (per month increase) | 0.99 | (0.97,1.01) | 0.36 | 1.01 | (0.98,1.04) | 0.58 | 1.00 | (0.98,1.02) | 0.76 |
Family Income (per 100 MZN/month increase) | 0.99 | (0.95,1.02) | 0.53 |
1.02
|
(1.00,1.04)
|
0.09
| 1.01 | (0.99,1.03) | 0.36 |
Household dietary diversity score (per point increase) | 0.97 | (0.83,1.14) | 0.71 | 0.94 | (0.79,1.13) | 0.52 | 0.92 | (0.81,1.04) | 0.18 |
Exclusive breastfeeding (6 months) | 0.68 | (0.21,2.18) | 0.52 | 0.20 | (0.05,0.74) | 0.02 | 0.52 | (0.21,1.24) | 0.14 |
Introduction of other foods (≥6 months) | 0.60 | (0.26,1.40) | 0.24 | 5.37 | (1.28,22.55) | 0.02 | 1.15 | (0.61,2.20) | 0.66 |
Child received vitamin A supplement | 1.41 | (0.54,3.66) | 0.49 | 1.04 | (0.27,4.06) | 0.95 | 1.40 | (0.76,2.61) | 0.28 |
Child had diarrheal illness within past month | 0.82 | (0.42,1.61) | 0.56 | 1.16 | (0.22,6.04) | 0.86 | 1.01 | (0.54,1.91) | 0.98 |
Family was food insecure within past month | 1.49 | (0.67,3.32) | 0.33 |
3.70
|
(0.90,15.10)
|
0.07
| 2.08 | (1.10,3.95) | 0.03 |
Mother washed hands with soap on previous day |
0.43
|
(0.18,1.05)
|
0.06
| 5.96 | (0.59,59.62) | 0.13 | 0.80 | (0.37,1.75) | 0.58 |
Family uses safe water | 0.71 | (0.23,2.19) | 0.55 | 1.88 | (0.24,14.54) | 0.54 | 1.00 | (0.98,1.02) | 0.76 |
2010 Survey
|
2014 Survey
|
2010 and 2014 combined
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95 % CI) | P value | OR | (95 % CI) | P value | OR | (95 % CI) | P value | |
Child age (per month increase) | 1.01 | (0.99,1.03) | 0.34 | 1.03 | (1.01,1.05) | 0.01 | 1.02 | (1.00,1.04) | 0.02 |
Family Income (per 100 MZN/month increase) | 1.01 | (0.97,1.04) | 0.71 | 1.01 | (0.99,1.03) | 0.41 | 1.01 | (0.99,1.02) | 0.39 |
Household dietary diversity score (per point increase) | 1.06 | (0.92,1.23) | 0.39 | 0.91 | (0.83,0.99) | 0.02 | 0.96 | (0.89,1.04) | 0.37 |
Exclusive breastfeeding (6 months) | 0.43 | (0.14,1.28) | 0.13 | 0.43 | (0.18,1.02) | 0.05 | 0.53 | (0.29,0.97) | 0.04 |
Introduction of other foods (≥6 months) | 0.57 | (0.25,1.32) | 0.19 | 1.80 | (0.75,4.36) | 0.19 | 1.01 | (0.56,1.83) | 0.97 |
Child received vitamin A supplement | 1.17 | (0.55,2.51) | 0.68 | 1.03 | (0.52,2.03) | 0.93 | 0.92 | (0.60,1.40) | 0.70 |
Child had diarrheal illness within past month | 0.63 | (0.32,1.25) | 0.19 | 1.07 | (0.45,2.55) | 0.88 | 0.83 | (0.49,1.43) | 0.51 |
Family was food insecure within past month | 2.31 | (1.02,5.23) | 0.05 | 0.90 | (0.40,2.01) | 0.80 | 1.47 | (0.87,2.49) | 0.15 |
Mother washed hands with soap on previous day |
0.44
|
(0.19,1.06)
|
0.07
| 0.65 | (0.30,1.39) | 0.27 | 0.60 | (0.36,1.01) | 0.05 |
Family uses safe water | 0.82 | (0.32,2.09) | 0.68 | 1.58 | (0.60,4.21) | 0.36 | 1.12 | (0.58,2.18) | 0.74 |