Background
Methods
Study population
Data on air pollution exposure
Design and statistical analysis
Warm season | Cold season |
Total
| Percentiles | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(April-September) | (October-March) | |||||||||
A. | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | 25th | 50th | 75th | IQR |
C
6
H
6
| 1.41 | 0.72 | 3.99 | 2.06 | 2.70 | 2.01 | 1.18 | 2.05 | 3.78 | 2.60 |
C
9
H
6
N
2
O
2
| 5.23 | 3.36 | 12.51 | 7.84 | 8.87 | 7.04 | 3.90 | 6.83 | 11.86 | 7.96 |
C
8
H
10
| 2.35 | 1.85 | 6.44 | 4.84 | 4.39 | 4.19 | 1.62 | 3.09 | 5.86 | 4.24 |
PM
10
| 31.08 | 11.96 | 63.13 | 33.17 | 47.08 | 29.62 | 26.92 | 37.00 | 60.15 | 33.23 |
PM2.5 | 16.20 | 9.70 | 49.44 | 28.35 | 32.80 | 26.92 | 13.00 | 22.00 | 47.00 | 34.00 |
SO
2
| 3.75 | 2.69 | 4.51 | 4.25 | 4.13 | 3.57 | 1.04 | 3.61 | 6.00 | 4.96 |
NO
2
| 89.47 | 28.01 | 115.79 | 34.23 | 102.62 | 33.91 | 79.71 | 99.43 | 121.71 | 42.00 |
CO | 1.03 | 0.27 | 1.95 | 0.60 | 1.49 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 1.33 | 1.86 | 0.86 |
O
3
| 109.42 | 33.69 | 39.05 | 24.70 | 74.29 | 45.95 | 32.67 | 68.50 | 111.67 | 79.00 |
B.
|
C
6
H
6
|
C
9
H
6
N
2
O
2
|
C
8
H
10
|
PM
10
|
PM
2.5
|
SO
2
|
NO
2
|
CO
|
O
3
| |
WARM SEASON
(April-September)
| ||||||||||
C
6
H
6
| 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.49 | 0.43 | −0.13 | 0.61 | 0.49 | 0.11 | |
C
9
H
6
N
2
O
2
| 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.06 | |
C
8
H
10
| 0.78 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.40 | −0.01 | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.00 | |
PM
10
| 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.75 | −0.08 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.21 | |
PM2.5 | 0.76 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.96 | 1.00 | −0.17 | 0.51 | 0.54 | −0.01 | |
SO
2
| 0.51 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 1.00 | −0.20 | −0.20 | 0.17 | |
NO
2
| 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 0.12 | |
CO | 0.78 | 0.69 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.34 | 0.59 | 1.00 | −0.18 | |
O
3
| −0.44 | −0.27 | −0.24 | −0.39 | −0.46 | −0.33 | 0.07 | −0.41 | 1.00 | |
COLD SEASON
(October-March)
|
Results
Study subjects and pollutants data
Variable | Asthma | URTI | Pneumonia | COPD exacerbation | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age class
| |||||
0-4 | 821 | 17971 | 832 | - |
19624
|
5-19 | 601 | 7660 | 513 | - |
8774
|
20-34 | 718 | 2901 | 384 | - |
4003
|
35-54 | 899 | 2552 | 760 | 108 |
4319
|
55-65 | 172 | 744 | 442 | 185 |
1543
|
65-74 | 161 | 1054 | 763 | 437 |
2415
|
75+ | 197 | 1805 | 1995 | 1095 |
5092
|
Gender
| |||||
Males | 1918 | 18784 | 3125 | 1033 |
24860
|
Females | 1651 | 15903 | 2564 | 792 |
20910
|
Race
| |||||
Black | 312 | 1401 | 136 | 30 |
1879
|
Asian | 134 | 967 | 110 | 4 |
1215
|
Caucasian | 2377 | 29617 | 4963 | 1635 |
38592
|
Hispanic | 222 | 1570 | 145 | 4 |
1941
|
Unknown | 524 | 1132 | 335 | 152 |
2143
|
Hospitalization
| |||||
No | 2978 | 31923 | 1801 | 499 |
37201
|
Yes | 591 | 2764 | 3888 | 1326 |
8569
|
Year
| |||||
2007 | 1936 | 17212 | 2917 | 960 |
23025
|
2008 | 1633 | 17475 | 2772 | 865 |
22745
|
Season
| |||||
Warm | 2049 | 12908 | 2087 | 666 |
17710
|
Cool | 1520 | 21779 | 3602 | 1159 |
28060
|
Total
|
3569
|
34687
|
5689
|
1825
|
45770
|
Upper respiratory tract infections
(A) | lag 0 | lag 1 | lag 2 | lag 3 | lag 4 | lag 5 | lag 0-2 | ↑ 3 of 5 days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO
2
(5 μg/m
3
) | 1.010 (0.989-1.031) | 1.056 (1.035-1.077) | 1.072 (1.052-1.093) | 1.104 (1.083-1.124) | 1.096 (1.076-1.117) | 1.076 (1.056-1.096) | 1.076 (1.049-1.103) | 1.098 (1.061-1.137) |
CO (1 mg/m
3
) | 1.101 (1.073-1.129) | 1.144 (1.116-1.172) | 1.124 (1.096-1.152) | 1.144 (1.115-1.172) | 1.143 (1.114-1.172) | 1.122 (1.093-1.152) | 1.174 (1.140-1.209) | 0.987 (0.952-1.023) |
NO
2
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.999 (0.995-1.003) | 1.012 (1.008-1.016) | 1.013 (1.009-1.016) | 1.016 (1.012-1.020) | 1.017 (1.013-1.021) | 1.009 (1.005-1.013) | 1.012 (1.007-1.017) | 1.059 (1.029-1.089) |
O
3
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.999 (0.993-1.006) | 0.999 (0.992-1.006) | 0.992 (0.986-0.999) | 0.986 (0.980-0.991) | 0.989 (0.983-0.994) | 0.983 (0.978-0.989) | 0.994 (0.985-1.003) | 1.060 (1.009-1.113) |
PM
10
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.019 (1.014-1.024) | 1.022 (1.017-1.026) | 1.019 (1.014-1.024) | 1.019 (1.014-1.024) | 1.020 (1.016-1.025) | 1.022 (1.017-1.027) | 1.029 (1.024-1.035) | 1.075 (1.038-1.113) |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m
3
) | 1.018 (1.013-1.024) | 1.019 (1.013-1.024) | 1.016 (1.011-1.022) | 1.020 (1.014-1.025) | 1.024 (1.019-1.030) | 1.027 (1.022-1.033) | 1.026 (1.019-1.033) | 1.028 (0.995-1.062) |
C
6
H
6
(2.6 mg/m
3
) | 1.020 (1.001-1.041) | 1.063 (1.043-1.083) | 1.062 (1.042-1.083) | 1.074 (1.054-1.095) | 1.085 (1.064-1.107) | 1.081 (1.060-1.103) | 1.076 (1.050-1.102) | 1.051 (1.013-1.090) |
C
7
H
8
(7.96 mg/m
3
) | 0.975 (0.958 (0.991) | 1.027 (1.011-1.045) | 1.025 (1.008-1.042) | 1.043 (1.026-1.060) | 1.050 (1.033-1.068) | 1.036 (1.019-1.054) | 1.015 (0.994-1.037) | 1.030 (0.993-1.068) |
C
8
H
10
(4.24 mg/m
3
) | 0.983 (0.969 (0.998) | 1.018 (1.004-1.033) | 1.023 (1.008-1.038) | 1.024 (1.009-1.038) | 1.023 (1.008-1.038) | 1.011 (0.996-1.026) | 1.015 (0.995-1.035) | 1.005 (0.974-1.037) |
(B)
|
Age group
|
Gender
|
Race
|
Season
| ||||
≤16
|
≥65
|
Males
|
Females
|
Caucasian
|
Others
|
Warm
|
Cold
| |
SO
2
(5 μg/m
3
) | 1.074 (1.044-1.106) | 1.085 (0.990-1.189) | 1.076 (1.040-1.113) | 1.075 (1.036-1.116) | 1.067 (1.039-1.097) | 1.125 (1.054-1.201) | 0.873 (0.815-0.936) | 1.118 (1.088-1.149) |
CO (1 mg/m
3
) | 1.187 (1.148-1.227) | 1.112 (0.995-1.243) | 1.192 (1.146-1.240) | 1.153 (1.104-1.204) | 1.179 (1.142-1.216) | 1.148 (1.063-1.239) | 0.885 (0.785-0.997) | 1.203 (1.166-1.241) |
NO
2
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.016 (1.010-1.022) | 0.999 (0.980-1.017) | 1.011 (1.004-1.018) | 1.013 (1.005-1.020) | 1.013 (1.008-1.019) | 1.004 (0.991-1.017) | 0.983 (0.972-0.995) | 1.020 (1.014-1.025) |
O
3
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.989 (0.979-1.000) | 0.998 (0.967-1.029) | 0.994 (0.982-1.007) | 0.993 (0.980-1.007) | 0.997 (0.987-1.006) | 0.978 (0.955-1.002) | 1.022 (1.009-1.035) | 0.965 (0.952 (0.977) |
PM
10
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.031 (1.024-1.038) | 1.013 (0.992-1.035) | 1.029 (1.021-1.037) | 1.030 (1.022-1.039) | 1.027 (1.021-1.034) | 1.041 (1.025-1.058) | 1.028 (0.999-1.058) | 1.029 (1.023-1.035) |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m
3
) | 1.028 (1.020-1.036) | 1.004 (0.980-1.028) | 1.028 (1.018-1.037) | 1.024 (1.015-1.034) | 1.025 (1.018-1.032) | 1.030 (1.012-1.048) | 0.997 (0.965-1.030) | 1.026 (1.020-1.033) |
C
6
H
6
(2.6 mg/m
3
) | 1.094 (1.064-1.124) | 1.016 (0.928-1.113) | 1.079 (1.045-1.115) | 1.072 (1.035-1.111) | 1.073 (1.045-1.101) | 1.091 (1.025-1.162) | 1.099 (0.979-1.234) | 1.077 (1.050-1.104) |
C
7
H
8
(7.96 mg/m
3
) | 1.030 (1.005-1.056) | 0.953 (0.880-1.033) | 1.013 (0.984-1.043) | 1.018 (0.986-1.050) | 1.019 (0.996-1.043) | 0.986 (0.932-1.044) | 0.904 (0.840-0.973) | 1.028 (1.005-1.052) |
C
8
H
10
(4.24 mg/m
3
) | 1.022 (1.000-1.045) | 0.976 (0.908-1.050) | 1.014 (0.987-1.041) | 1.015 (0.986-1.045) | 1.016 (0.995-1.038) | 0.998 (0.947-1.051) | 0.880 (0.810-0.955) | 1.024 (1.003-1.045) |
Asthma
(A) | lag 0 | lag 1 | lag 2 | lag 3 | lag 4 | lag 5 | lag 0-2 | ↑ 3 of 5 days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO
2
(5 μg/m
3
) | 0.975 (0.904-1.052) | 0.976 (0.906-1.053) | 1.059 (0.986-1.137) | 1.041 (0.970-1.117) | 1.050 (0.980-1.125) | 1.021 (0.952-1.094) | 1.008 (0.919-1.106) | 0.970 (0.852-1.104) |
CO (1 mg/m
3
) | 1.032 (0.938-1.134) | 1.030 (0.938-1.132) | 1.003 (0.912-1.104) | 1.041 (0.945-1.147) | 1.114 (1.011-1.226) | 1.142 (1.037-1.257) | 1.031 (0.921-1.154) | 1.063 (0.932-1.211) |
NO
2
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.968 (0.954-0.981) | 0.972 (0.958-0.986) | 0.997 (0.983-1.011) | 1.013 (0.999-1.027) | 1.034 (1.021-1.048) | 1.023 (1.009-1.037) | 0.967 (0.951-0.985) | 0.980 (0.896-1.071) |
O
3
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.010 (0.991-1.029) | 1.052 (1.029-1.076) | 1.052 (1.033-1.072) | 1.061 (1.043-1.078) | 1.044 (1.028-1.060) | 1.039 (1.024-1.055) | 1.068 (1.040-1.097) | 1.781 (1.584-2.002) |
PM
10
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.998 (0.981-1.016) | 1.005 (0.987-1.024) | 1.014 (0.996-1.033) | 1.020 (1.002-1.038) | 1.015 (0.997-1.032) | 1.014 (0.996-1.031) | 1.009 (0.987-1.031) | 1.044 (0.919-1.186) |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m
3
) | 0.993 (0.973-1.014) | 0.991 (0.970-1.011) | 1.000 (0.980-1.021) | 1.003 (0.983-1.023) | 1.001 (0.981-1.021) | 1.011 (0.991-1.031) | 0.992 (0.967-1.017) | 1.076 (0.954-1.213) |
C
6
H
6
(2.6 mg/m
3
) | 0.941 (0.873-1.014) | 0.920 (0.854-0.992) | 0.949 (0.881-1.023) | 0.980 (0.910-1.056) | 1.034 (0.957-1.117) | 1.025 (0.949-1.108) | 0.905 (0.825-0.992) | 0.955 (0.835-1.093)) |
C
7
H
8
(7.96 mg/m
3
) | 0.947 (0.891-1.006) | 0.947 (0.890-1.006) | 0.965 (0.908-1.026) | 0.981 (0.923-1.044) | 1.036 (0.974-1.102) | 1.023 (0.961-1.090) | 0.924 (0.855 (0.999 | 1.044 (0.912-1.196) |
C
8
H
10
(4.24 mg/m
3
) | 0.926 (0.878 (0.977) | 0.934 (0.886 (0.986) | 0.953 (0.902-1.005) | 0.983 (0.932-1.037) | 1.016 (0.964-1.071) | 1.001 (0.950-1.055) | 0.894 (0.833 (0.959 | 0.942 (0.850-1.043) |
(B)
|
Age group
|
Gender
|
Race
|
Season
| ||||
≤16
|
≥65
|
Males
|
Females
|
Caucasian
|
Others
|
Warm
|
Cold
| |
SO
2
(5 μg/m
3
) | 0.975 (0.850-1.117) | 1.099 (0.846-1.428) | 0.901 (0.792-1.025) | 1.135 (0.993-1.297) | 1.020 (0.917-1.133) | 0.964 (0.795-1.170) | 0.986 (0.815-1.194) | 1.028 (0.923-1.144) |
CO (1 mg/m
3
) | 1.059 (0.901-1.243) | 1.472 (1.048- 2.067) | 1.082 (0.921-1.271) | 0.985 (0.841-1.155) | 1.127 (0.993-1.278) | 0.724 (0.559- 0.937) | 1.179 (0.869-1.599) | 1.011 (0.890-1.148) |
NO
2
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.001 (0.975-1.027) | 1.008 (0.957-1.063) | 0.980 (0.957-1.004) | 0.954 (0.930 -0.978) | 0.993 (0.973-1.014) | 0.910 (0.881-0.940) | 0.943 (0.918-0.970) | 0.993 (0.970-1.016) |
O
3
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.021 (0.977-1.067) | 1.034 (0.944-1.133) | 1.062 (1.024-1.100) | 1.077 (1.034-1.121) | 1.022 (0.989-1.056) | 1.162 (1.110-1.217) | 1.104 (1.068-1.142) | 1.005 (0.959-1.053) |
PM
10
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.996 (0.964-1.029) | 1.030 (0.964-1.101) | 0.999 (0.969-1.031) | 1.019 (0.988-1.051) | 1.027 (1.003-1.053) | 0.933 (0.887-0.983) | 0.959 (0.893-1.030) | 1.009 (0.985-1.033) |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m
3
) | 0.983 (0.948-1.020) | 1.033 (0.956-1.117) | 0.983 (0.949-1.018) | 1.002 (0.967-1.038) | 1.021 (0.993-1.050) | 0.882 (0.833-0.935) | 0.846 (0.783- 0.913) | 1.006 (0.979-1.033) |
C
6
H
6
(2.6 mg/m
3
) | 0.948 (0.831-1.081) | 1.098 (0.832-1.447) | 0.931 (0.816-1.061) | 0.884 (0.775-1.007) | 1.035 (0.936-1.145) | 0.504 (0.401-0.633) | 0.462 (0.344- 0.619) | 1.005 (0.911-1.108) |
C
7
H
8
(7.96 mg/m
3
) | 0.975 (0.870-1.092) | 1.241 (0.994-1.549) | 0.952 (0.854-1.062) | 0.897 (0.802-1.004) | 0.976 (0.894-1.066) | 0.777 (0.654-0.925) | 0.813 (0.679- 0.973) | 0.979 (0.895-1.071) |
C
8
H
10
(4.24 mg/m
3
) | 0.973 (0.881-1.074) | 1.128 (0.914-1.393) | 0.904 (0.818- 0.998) | 0.885 (0.801- 0.978) | 0.982 (0.909-1.061) | 0.618 (0.523-0.731) | 0.591 (0.491-0.712) | 0.982 (0.907-1.062) |
Pneumonia
(A) | lag 0 | lag 1 | lag 2 | lag 3 | lag 4 | lag 5 | lag 0-2 | ↑ 3 of 5 days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO
2
(5 μg/m
3
) | 1.010 (0.960-1.062) | 1.056 (1.004-1.110) | 1.041 (0.991-1.094) | 1.012 (0.965-1.061) | 0.998 (0.952-1.046) | 1.018 (0.971-1.067) | 1.058 (0.993-1.128) | 1.043 (0.955-1.139) |
CO (1 mg/m
3
) | 1.108 (1.039-1.180) | 1.065 (1.000-1.134) | 1.055 (0.992-1.122) | 1.064 (0.999-1.132) | 1.047 (0.982-1.117) | 1.047 (0.983-1.115) | 1.108 (1.028-1.194) | 0.947 (0.869-1.033) |
NO
2
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.009 (0.999-1.019) | 1.002 (0.992-1.013) | 1.002 (0.992-1.013) | 1.007 (0.998-1.017) | 1.002 (0.992-1.012) | 0.999 (0.989-1.009) | 1.007 (0.994-1.020) | 1.007 (0.940-1.079) |
O
3
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.003 (0.988-1.019) | 0.999 (0.980-1.017) | 0.992 (0.977-1.008) | 0.993 (0.979-1.007) | 0.985 (0.972-0.999) | 0.984 (0.970-0.997) | 0.997 (0.974-1.019) | 0.910 (0.805-1.029) |
PM
10
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.013 (1.001-1.025) | 1.002 (0.990-1.014) | 1.009 (0.997-1.021) | 1.015 (1.003-1.027) | 1.009 (0.997-1.020) | 1.013 (1.001-1.024) | 1.011 (0.997-1.026) | 1.071 (0.985-1.165) |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m
3
) | 1.007 (0.994-1.021) | 1.000 (0.987-1.014) | 1.006 (0.993-1.020) | 1.011 (0.997-1.024) | 1.010 (0.997-1.023) | 1.014 (1.001-1.027) | 1.007 (0.990-1.023) | 1.009 (0.932-1.093) |
C
6
H
6
(2.6 mg/m
3
) | 1.023 (0.973-1.074) | 0.975 (0.927-1.025) | 1.005 (0.957-1.056) | 1.017 (0.969-1.067) | 0.994 (0.945-1.045) | 1.027 (0.977-1.078) | 1.001 (0.941-1.065) | 0.953 (0.873-1.041) |
C
7
H
8
(7.96 mg/m
3
) | 1.018 (0.976-1.062) | 0.980 (0.939-1.023) | 0.998 (0.957-1.040) | 1.009 (0.968-1.052) | 0.988 (0.947-1.031) | 0.990 (0.950-1.033) | 0.998 (0.945-1.054) | 0.964 (0.884-1.052) |
C
8
H
10
(4.24 mg/m
3
) | 1.017 (0.980-1.056) | 0.971 (0.935-1.009) | 0.989 (0.953-1.026) | 0.987 (0.951-1.024) | 0.967 (0.932-1.003) | 0.989 (0.953-1.026) | 0.987 (0.939-1.038) | 1.003 (0.929-1.082) |
(B)
|
Age group
|
Gender
|
Race
|
Season
| ||||
≤16
|
≥65
|
Males
|
Females
|
Caucasian
|
Others
|
Warm
|
Cold
| |
SO
2
(5 μg/m
3
) | 1.165 (1.033-1.314) | 1.043 (0.947-1.149) | 1.004 (0.920-1.096) | 1.126 (1.025-1.237) | 1.058 (0.989-1.133) | 1.059 (0.880-1.274) | 0.994 (0.834-1.186) | 1.072 (1.000-1.148) |
CO (1 mg/m
3
) | 1.094 (0.947-1.263) | 1.188 (1.063-1.328) | 1.092 (0.985-1.210) | 1.129 (1.012-1.260) | 1.102 (1.016-1.194) | 1.132 (0.925-1.385) | 1.657 (1.248- 2.199) | 1.061 (0.979-1.149) |
NO
2
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.998 (0.973-1.024) | 1.019 (1.000-1.038) | 1.001 (0.984-1.019) | 1.014 (0.995-1.033) | 1.010 (0.996-1.024) | 0.985 (0.950-1.021) | 1.020 (0.992-1.049) | 1.000 (0.985-1.015) |
O
3
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.967 (0.919-1.016) | 0.983 (0.952-1.014) | 0.980 (0.950-1.010) | 1.017 (0.984-1.050) | 0.982 (0.958-1.006) | 1.104 (1.035-1.177) | 1.005 (0.974-1.038) | 0.986 (0.955-1.018) |
PM
10
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.016 (0.988-1.045) | 1.017 (0.995-1.039) | 1.012 (0.993-1.032) | 1.011 (0.989-1.033) | 1.011 (0.996-1.027) | 1.009 (0.966-1.054) | 1.081 (1.008-1.159) | 1.007 (0.992-1.022) |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m
3
) | 1.008 (0.977-1.041) | 1.019 (0.995-1.043) | 1.010 (0.988-1.033) | 1.002 (0.978-1.027) | 1.008 (0.991-1.026) | 0.988 (0.942-1.037) | 1.101 (1.018-1.190) | 1.002 (0.985-1.019) |
C6H6 (2.6 mg/m
3
) | 1.019 (0.906-1.146) | 1.046 (0.954-1.147) | 0.957 (0.879-1.043) | 1.053 (0.963-1.153) | 1.021 (0.955-1.090) | 0.857 (0.718-1.024) | 1.095 (0.828-1.448) | 0.989 (0.928-1.055) |
C
7
H
8
(7.96 mg/m
3
) | 0.981 (0.882-1.091) | 1.038 (0.959-1.124) | 0.967 (0.897-1.042) | 1.035 (0.955-1.121) | 0.994 (0.937-1.053) | 0.991 (0.849-1.157) | 1.055 (0.898-1.239) | 0.978 (0.922-1.038) |
C
8
H
10
(4.24 mg/m
3
) | 0.964 (0.877-1.060) | 1.019 (0.947-1.097) | 0.964 (0.900-1.033) | 1.013 (0.942-1.090) | 0.990 (0.938-1.045) | 0.928 (0.806-1.068) | 1.204 (0.994-1.459) | 0.959 (0.909-1.012) |
COPD exacerbation
(A) | lag 0 | lag 1 | lag 2 | lag 3 | lag 4 | lag 5 | lag 0-2 | ↑ 3 of 5 days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO
2
(5 μg/m
3
) | 1.035 (0.951-1.127) | 1.105 (1.015-1.203) | 1.121 (1.031-1.218) | 1.116 (1.028-1.210) | 1.058 (0.973-1.150) | 1.085 (1.002-1.176) | 1.144 (1.027-1.274) | 1.092 (0.936-1.274) |
CO (1 mg/m
3
) | 1.145 (1.019-1.286) | 1.229 (1.100-1.373) | 1.114 (0.994-1.249) | 1.087 (0.969-1.219) | 1.106 (0.984-1.243) | 1.049 (0.937-1.174) | 1.236 (1.080-1.415) | 1.108 (0.952-1.289) |
NO
2
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.008 (0.989-1.026) | 1.033 (1.015-1.053) | 1.014 (0.996-1.033) | 1.016 (0.998-1.034) | 1.005 (0.988-1.023) | 1.004 (0.987-1.021) | 1.029 (1.005-1.052) | 1.157 (1.023-1.309) |
O
3
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.987 (0.961-1.013) | 0.957 (0.926-0.989) | 0.960 (0.933-0.987) | 0.969 (0.945-0.993) | 0.969 (0.947-0.993) | 0.985 (0.963-1.008) | 0.944 (0.908-0.982) | 0.864 (0.701-1.065) |
PM
10
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.022 (1.001-1.044 | 1.028 (1.006-1.049) | 1.023 (1.001-1.045) | 1.013 (0.993-1.035) | 1.017 (0.997-1.038) | 1.017 (0.997-1.037) | 1.036 (1.010-1.063) | 1.213 (1.046-1.407) |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m
3
) | 1.017 (0.992-1.042) | 1.023 (0.999-1.048) | 1.023 (0.999-1.048) | 1.015 (0.992-1.039) | 1.023 (1.000-1.046) | 1.020 (0.998-1.043) | 1.031 (1.001-1.062) | 1.096 (0.950-1.265) |
C
6
H
6
(2.6 mg/m
3
) | 1.015 (0.926-1.111) | 1.082 (0.991-1.182) | 1.047 (0.957-1.145) | 1.008 (0.923-1.100) | 0.989 (0.903-1.084) | 0.994 (0.911-1.084) | 1.076 (0.962-1.203) | 1.096 (0.937-1.283) |
C
7
H
8
(7.96 mg/m
3
) | 0.997 (0.924-1.076) | 1.082 (1.004-1.166) | 1.031 (0.955-1.113) | 1.021 (0.948-1.099) | 0.970 (0.899-1.046) | 0.961 (0.894-1.034) | 1.061 (0.963-1.170) | 0.935 (0.800-1.092) |
C
8
H
10
(4.24 mg/m
3
) | 1.046 (0.981-1.116) | 1.083 (1.016-1.155) | 1.051 (0.986-1.120) | 1.029 (0.967-1.095) | 0.988 (0.928-1.051) | 0.948 (0.892-1.009) | 1.112 (1.019-1.212) | 0.995 (0.868-1.141) |
(B)
|
Age group
|
Gender
|
Race
|
Season
| ||||
≤16
|
≥65
|
Males
|
Females
|
Caucasian
|
Others
|
Warm
|
Cold
| |
SO
2
(5 μg/m
3
) | 1.095 (0.975-1.231) | 1.193 (1.036-1.375) | 1.077 (0.911-1.273) | 1.139 (1.017-1.274) | 1.227 (0.828-1.817) | 0.905 (0.678-1.209) | 1.205 (1.071-1.356) | |
CO (1 mg/m
3
) | 1.205 (1.041-1.395) | 1.346 (1.128-1.607) | 1.092 (0.886-1.348) | 1.155 (1.003-1.330) | 3.124 (1.845-5.289) | 1.745 (1.024 2.975) | 1.144 (0.990-1.323) | |
NO
2
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.028 (1.003-1.054) | 1.035 (1.005-1.066) | 1.019 (0.983-1.056) | 1.022 (0.998-1.047) | 1.147 (1.048-1.256) | 1.070 (1.016-1.126) | 1.012 (0.985-1.039) | |
O
3
(10 μg/m
3
) | 0.945 (0.905- 0.986) | 0.892 (0.845-0.941) | 1.009 (0.952-1.069) | 0.956 (0.918- 0.997) | 0.820 (0.714 -0.942) | 0.973 (0.921-1.028) | 0.916 (0.864 (0.970) | |
PM
10
(10 μg/m
3
) | 1.029 (1.000-1.058) | 1.049 (1.015-1.085) | 1.017 (0.977-1.059) | 1.036 (1.008-1.064) | 1.127 (1.017-1.248) | 1.133 (0.991-1.295) | 1.027 (1.000-1.054) | |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m
3
) | 1.025 (0.992-1.058) | 1.043 (1.004-1.083) | 1.013 (0.967-1.061) | 1.034 (1.002-1.066) | 1.115 (0.995-1.251) | 1.108 (0.950-1.293) | 1.024 (0.993-1.055) | |
C
6
H
6
(2.6 mg/m
3
) | 1.070 (0.948-1.208) | 1.120 (0.968-1.297) | 1.016 (0.855-1.208) | 1.078 (0.960-1.210) | 1.443 (0.914 2.276) | 0.991 (0.587-1.675) | 1.065 (0.949-1.195) | |
C
7
H
8
(7.96 mg/m
3
) | 1.054 (0.948-1.172) | 1.111 (0.978-1.263) | 0.994 (0.855-1.156) | 1.051 (0.949-1.163) | 1.478 (0.998 2.188) | 0.886 (0.628-1.250) | 1.054 (0.950-1.169) | |
C
8
H
10
(4.24 mg/m
3
) | 1.069 (0.972-1.177) | 1.166 (1.041-1.306) | 1.037 (0.907-1.186) | 1.041 (0.947-1.144) | 1.908 (1.421 2.563) | 0.959 (0.664-1.384) | 1.085 (0.989-1.191) |