Background
Methods
Search strategy and selection criteria
Assessment
Data abstraction
Pooled analysis
Results
Literature estimates* (days) | Number of estimates (%) | Participants in experimental studies (n)ψ
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Central Tendency | Unsourced estimates | Sourced estimates | Original estimates [experimental/observational] | ||
Astrovirus | 1-5 | 3 | 8 (40%) | 7 (35%) | 5 (25%) [1/4] | 1 |
Caliciviruses | ||||||
Norovirus
| 1-2 | 1 | 39 (22%) | 74 (43%) | 60 (35%) [15/45] | 189 |
Genogroups I and II
| ||||||
Sapovirus
| 1-3 | 2 | 5 (36%) | 2 (14%) | 7 (50%) [0/7] | - |
Rotavirus | 1-4 | 2 | 37 (34%) | 54 (49%) | 19 (17%) [6/13] | 42 |
Total | - | - | 89 (28%) | 137 (43%) | 91 (29%) [22/69] | 232 |
Location | Study type | N | Population | Comments | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Astrovirus
| |||||
Kurtz et al. (1979) [28] | UK | Experimental | 4 | Adult volunteers aged 18–50 years | - |
Midthun et al. (1993) [29] | USA | Experimental | 1 | Adult volunteer | - |
Mitchell et al. (1993) [30] | USA | Observational | 5 | Children aged 6–30 months | Outbreak in a day care center |
Caliciviruses
| |||||
Norovirus
| |||||
Genogroup I
| |||||
Baron et al. (1982) [31] | USA | Observational | 132 | Adults and children aged 9 months to 59 years | Outbreak associated with swimming in a lake |
Becker et al. (2000) [32] | USA | Observational | 54 | Male college football players | Outbreak associated with boxed lunches |
Dolin et al. (1971) [33] | USA | Experimental | 5 | Male prisoners aged 18–45 years | - |
Gill et al. (1983) [34] | UK | Observational | 127 | Adults | Outbreak associated with consumption of raw oysters |
Hicks et al. (1996) [35] | UK | Observational | 31 | Guests at a wedding reception | - |
Hoebe et al. (2004) [36] | The Netherlands | Observational | 90 | Children aged 4–12 years | Outbreak associated with playing in a contaminated fountain |
Kuritsky et al. (1984) [37] | USA | Observational | 126 | Adults and children attending any of four catered social events | Outbreak associated with eating frosted bakery items prepared by an ill foodhandler |
Linco et al. (1980) [38] | Australia | Observational | 24 | Guests at a Christmas dinner | Outbreak associated with consuming raw oysters |
Matsuhashi et al. (2003) [39] | Japan | Observational | 1 | Adult male physician | Illness associated with performing colonoscopies on two infected individuals |
MMWR (2000) [40] | USA | Observational | 209 | Adults | Oubreak associated with eating potato salad at a company luncheon |
Taylor et al. (1981) [41] | USA | Observational | 329 | Children aged 5-12 | Outbreak associated with contaminated drinking water at an elementary school |
Norovirus
| |||||
Genogroup II
| |||||
de Wit et al. (2007) [42] | The Netherlands | Observational | 229 | Men and women aged 17–63 years | Outbreak associated with a staff luncheon |
Dolin et al. (1982) [43] | USA | Experimental | 9 | Adult volunteers | - |
Gaulin et al. (1999) [44] | Canada | Observational | 43 | Diners attending Christmas dinner at a restaurant | - |
Gotz et al. (2002) [45] | Sweden | Observational | 173 | 114 children aged 1–10 years and 79 adults aged 20–61 years | Outbreak associated with catered lunch in 30 day care centers |
Grotto et al. (2004) [13] | Israel | Observational | 162 | Male and female soldiers stationed on a military base | Outbreak associated with salad from the dining hall |
Hirakata et al. (2005) [46] | Japan | Observational | 628 | Elementary, junior high, and high school students | Mexico Agent. Outbreak associated with eating lunch at a restaurant on a field trip |
Isakbaeva et al. (2005) [47] | USA | Observational | 2 | Adult female and child | Outbreak associated with contact with a sick child during a two hour playgroup |
Kirking et al. (2010) [48] | USA | Observational | 7 | Adults and children aged 11–73 years | Outbreak associated with exposure to aerosolized vomitus in an airplane |
Marks et al. (2000) [49] | UK | Observational | 43 | Diners attending dinner at a large hotel | - |
Marshall et al. (2001) [50] | Australia | Observational | 46 | Restaurant patrons | Outbreak associated with consuming contaminated food at a buffet |
Thornhill et al. (1977) [51] | USA | Experimental | 1 | Adult volunteer | Hawaii Agent |
Truman et al. (1987) [52] | USA | Observational | 84 | Adult men and women aged 16–74 years | Outbreak associated with eating clams at an organized event |
Sapovirus
| |||||
Humphrey et al. (1984) [53] | UK | Observational | 14 | One child aged 3 years, nine men and women aged 65–95 years, 5 adult men and women aged 18–65 years | Outbreak in an elderly care facility and the family who owned the facility |
Johansson et al. (2005) [54] | Sweden | Observational | 9 | Adult men and women aged 25–84 years | Hospital-based infection |
Usuku et al. (2008) [55] | Japan | Observational | 65 | Sixty third grade students and five adults | Outbreak associated with a hotel restaurant |
Yamashita et al. (2010) [56] | Japan | Observational | 18 | Adult men and women aged 20–70 years | Outbreak following a wedding reception |
Rotavirus
| |||||
Kapikian et al. (1983) [57] | USA | Experimental | 4 | Adult volunteers | - |
Morris et al. (1975) [58] | UK | Observational | 1 | Child | Hospital-based infection |
Rodriguez et al. (1979) [59] | USA | Observational | 6 | Two adult women and 4 children aged 18–24 months | Outbreak after a playgroup |
Estimate (95% CI) of time of symptom onset (days)*
| Dispersion (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5th percentile | 25th percentile | 50th percentile (median) | 75th percentile | 95th percentile | ||
Astrovirus | - | 4.0 (3.5-4.9) | 4.5 (3.9-5.2) | 5.3 (4.4-5.8) | - | 1.22 (1.04-1.30) |
Caliciviruses | ||||||
Noroviruses
**
| 0.5 (0.5-0.5) | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | 1.2 (1.1-1.2) | 1.7 (1.6-1.7) | 2.6 (2.6-2.8) | 1.64 (1.61-1.71) |
Genogroup I
α
| 0.4 (0.4-0.5) | 0.8 (0.7-0.8) | 1.1 (1.1-1.2) | 1.6 (1.6-1.7) | 3.0 (2.8-3.2) | 1.82 (1.75-1.90) |
Genogroup II
β
| 0.6 (0.5-0.6) | 0.9 (0.9-1.0) | 1.2 (1.2-1.3) | 1.6 (1.6-1.7) | 2.5 (2.4-2.6) | 1.56 (1.49-1.62) |
Sapoviruses
***
| 0.9 (0.7-1.0) | 1.3 (1.1-1.4) | 1.7 (1.5-1.8) | 2.3 (2.0-2.4) | 3.3 (2.7-3.8) | 1.48 (1.36-1.61) |
Rotavirus | - | 1.6 (1.1-1.9) | 2.0 (1.4-2.4) | 2.5 (1.8-3.0) | - | 1.37 (1.25-1.73) |