Background
Methods
Participants and methods
Statistical analyses
General characteristics in each health status group
Gender-specific adjusted eGFRs in each health status group
Gender-specific rates of decline of eGFR in each health status group
Adjusted gender-specific rates of decline of eGFR (referenced to healthy group) in CKD and at-risk groups
Results
Healthy group | At-risk group | CKD group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
male(n = 1311) | female(n = 3258) | male(n = 3338) | female(n = 4096) | male(n = 676) | female(n = 897) | |
Age (years)
| 38.58 ± 13.23 | 38.00 ± 10.59 | 47.25 ± 13.14*# | 50.54 ± 12.07& | 51.62 ± 14.64# | 50.92 ± 14.56& |
BMI (kg·m
-2
)
| 22.93 ± 2.54* | 22.44 ± 2.56 | 26.05 ± 3.32# | 26.12 ± 3.72& | 26.30 ± 3.81# | 25.98 ± 4.11& |
FG (mmol·L
-1
)
| 5.04 ± 0.45* | 4.95 ± 0.43 | 5.72 ± 1.69# | 5.79 ± 1.72& | 6.28 ± 2.39# | 6.09 ± 2.38& |
HDL (mmol·L
-1
)
| 1.36 ± 0.25* | 1.48 ± 0.27 | 1.19 ± 0.30*# | 1.34 ± 0.33& | 1.24 ± 0.33*# | 1.34 ± 0.31& |
LDL (mmol·L
-1
)
| 2.79 ± 0.69* | 2.66 ± 0.64 | 3.29 ± 0.93*# | 3.40 ± 0.94& | 3.27 ± 1.03# | 3.25 ± 0.97& |
TC (mmol·L
-1
)
| 4.41 ± 0.71* | 4.37 ± 0.68 | 4.97 ± 0.99*# | 5.11 ± 1.01& | 5.02 ± 1.04# | 5.05 ± 1.06& |
TG (mmol·L
-1
)
| 0.97 ± 0.44* | 0.82 ± 0.37 | 1.93 ± 1.59*# | 1.60 ± 1.20& | 1.99 ± 1.78*# | 1.65 ± 1.37& |
DBP (mmHg)
| 76.07 ± 7.37* | 72.83 ± 7.58 | 86.16 ± 10.98*# | 84.27 ± 11.47& | 88.75 ± 13.45*# | 84.52 ± 12.93& |
SBP (mmHg)
| 121.45 ± 9.24* | 113.78 ± 10.97 | 137.23 ± 18.45# | 136.92 ± 22.11& | 144.51 ± 22.85*# | 140.10 ± 26.68& |
Low education (%)
| 34.23* | 24.09 | 34.18* | 46.67& | 42.94*# | 48.59& |
Smoker (%)
| 56.29* | 3.13 | 59.04* | 5.74& | 54.59* | 7.15& |
eGFR
(mL·min
-1
·1.73 m
-2
)
| 102.07 ± 19.23* | 107.72 ± 20.60 | 94.74 ± 19.54*# | 98.24 ± 19.89& | 88.49 ± 25.98*# | 92.32 ± 28.72& |
adj-eGFR
(mL·min
-1
·1.73 m
-2
)
| 95.64 ± 0.60 * | 102.08 ± 0.41 | 96.51 ± 0.34* | 101.97 ± 0.34 | 92.28 ± 0.74*# | 95.85 ± 0.67& |
Age group | Healthy group | At-risk group | CKD group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
18-30 years
|
Creatinine
| 83.94 ± 0.59* | 64.41 ± 0.32 | 84.70 ± 0.66* | 64.55 ± 0.70 | 86.72 ± 7.17* | 66.61 ± 1.69 |
eGFR
| 109.13 ± 1.03* | 118.89 ± 0.76 | 107.63 ± 1.27* | 117.87 ± 1.63 | 111.38 ± 4.70 | 116.48 ± 3.30 | |
adj-eGFR
| 107.83 ± 1.07* | 119.56 ± 0.75 | 107.59 ± 1.22* | 117.94 ± 1.81 | 108.39 ± 4.13 | 118.52 ± 3.34 | |
N
|
384
|
729
|
328
|
162
|
47
|
69
| |
30-40 years
|
Creatinine
| 81.79 ± 0.63* | 65.47 ± 0.28 | 84.76 ± 0.51* | 66.29 ± 0.41 | 87.96 ± 1.57* | 68.45 ± 1.41 |
eGFR
| 105.13 ± 1.04* | 109.00 ± 0.57 | 100.89 ± 0.97* | 107.14 ± 0.86 | 104.27 ± 2.41 | 106.62 ± 2.35 | |
adj-eGFR
| 104.50 ± 1.08* | 109.22 ± 0.58 | 101.42 ± 0.93* | 106.62 ± 0.97 | 106.25 ± 2.73 | 105.11 ± 2.27 | |
N
|
344
|
1077
|
556
|
514
|
90
|
126
| |
40-50 years
|
Creatinine
| 82.84 ± 0.61* | 65.89 ± 0.30 | 84.82 ± 0.35* | 66.45 ± 0.27 | 88.83 ± 1.97* | 72.87 ± 1.50 |
eGFR
| 98.48 ± 0.94* | 103.93 ± 0.61 | 95.82 ± 0.54* | 102.65 ± 0.54 | 93.69 ± 1.64 | 96.38 ± 1.57 | |
adj-eGFR
| 98.66 ± 1.09* | 103.88 ± 0.58 | 96.13 ± 0.58* | 102.42 ± 0.52 | 94.85 ± 1.83 | 95.56 ± 1.52 | |
N
|
310
|
1026
|
1053
|
1308
|
175
|
248
| |
50-60 years
|
Creatinine
| 84.13 ± 0.79* | 68.20 ± 0.51 | 86.19 ± 0.39* | 68.85 ± 0.28 | 92.02 ± 1.91* | 76.72 ± 2.06 |
eGFR
| 93.47 ± 1.15* | 96.31 ± 0.95 | 90.91 ± 0.57* | 94.94 ± 0.49 | 87.49 ± 1.74 | 90.32 ± 1.86 | |
adj-eGFR
| 93.26 ± 1.29* | 96.42 ± 0.92 | 90.89 ± 0.60* | 94.95 ± 0.49 | 88.21 ± 1.92 | 89.71 ± 0.75 | |
N
|
184
|
340
|
845
|
1212
|
170
|
204
| |
60-70 years
|
Creatinine
| 83.57 ± 1.37* | 70.74 ± 1.28 | 87.53 ± 0.61* | 70.14 ± 0.41 | 101.27 ± 3.22* | 85.45 ± 4.76 |
eGFR
| 91.14 ± 1.87 | 88.76 ± 2.08 | 86.13 ± 0.78* | 89.83 ± 0.70 | 76.30 ± 2.26 | 80.74 ± 2.45 | |
adj-eGFR
| 91.20 ± 2.02 | 88.70 ± 2.08 | 86.03 ± 0.88* | 89.76 ± 0.67 | 75.54 ± 2.43 | 81.63 ± 2.19 | |
N
|
62
|
59
|
351
|
580
|
100
|
125
| |
70-years
|
Creatinine
| 84.92 ± 2.42* | 72.16 ± 1.77 | 88.77 ± 0.79* | 72.72 ± 0.55 | 109.46 ± 2.99* | 86.89 ± 1.95 |
eGFR
| 87.46 ± 3.11 | 84.33 ± 2.66 | 82.48 ± 0.95 | 83.75 ± 0.85 | 67.07 ± 1.94 | 71.39 ± 2.14 | |
adj-eGFR
| 90.17 ± 3.10 | 81.62 ± 3.10 | 82.69 ± 1.06 | 83.50 ± 0.84 | 65.82 ± 2.30 | 71.83 ± 1.97 | |
N
|
27
|
27
|
205
|
320
|
94
|
125
|
Health group (n = 4569) | Risk group (n = 7434) | CKD group (n = 1573) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 1311) | Female (n = 3258) | Male (n = 3338) | Female (n = 4096) | Male (n = 676) | Female (n = 897) | |
Unadjusted rates of decline in eGFR
| 0.51 ± 0.04* | 0.75 ± 0.03 | 0.53 ± 0.02* | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.06 |
Covariate-adjusted rates of decline in eGFR
†
| 0.52 ± 0.04* | 0.75 ± 0.04 | 0.62 ± 0.03* | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.08 |
Covariate-adjusted rates of decline in eGFR
†
(referenced to healthy group)
| - | - | 0.10 ± 0.05& | -0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.06& | 0.15 ± 0.06& |
Gender difference in covariate-adjusted rates of decline in eGFR
†
(referenced to healthy group)
| - | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.29 ± 0.09# |
Health group (n = 4660) | Risk group (n = 8566) | CKD group (n = 341) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 1353) | Female (n = 3307) | Male (n = 3836) | Female (n = 4730) | Male (n = 130) | Female (n = 211) | |
Unadjusted rates of decline in eGFR
| 0.52 ± 0.04* | 0.75 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.02* | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.07 |
Covariate-adjusted rates of decline in eGFR
†
| 0.52 ± 0.04* | 0.74 ± 0.04 | 0.61 ± 0.03* | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 1.03 ± 0.08 | 0.97 ± 0.10 |
Covariate-adjusted rates of decline in eGFR
†
(referenced to healthy group)
| - | - | 0.10 ± 0.04& | -0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.51 ± 0.08& | 0.20 ± 0.07& |
Gender difference of covariate adjusted rates of decline in eGFR
†
(referenced to healthy group)
| - | 0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.31 ± 0.10# |