Background
Methods
Inclusion criteria and recruitment
Procedure
Measures
Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)
Biomedical factors
Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS)
Kidney Disease Quality of Life short-form (KDQOL-SF 1.3)
Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS)
Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
Autonomy Preference Index (API)
Krantz Health Opinion Survey (KHOS)
Outcome measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | |
---|---|
Sociodemographic
| |
Age (yr; mean ± SD) [range] | 73 ± 10 [37–86] |
Female gender | 18 (37%) |
Education > Year 12 | 12 (25%) |
Married/living as married | 34 (69%) |
Retired | 35 (71%) |
Government pension | 35 (71%) |
Index of Disadvantage | |
Quartile 1 | 13 (26%) |
Quartile 2 | 13 (26%) |
Quartile 3 | 10 (20%) |
Quartile 4 | 14 (28%) |
Household income (AUS$ annual gross) | |
1–10,399 | 1 (2%) |
10,400–15,599 | 6 (12%) |
15,600–20,799 | 10 (20%) |
20,800–31,199 | 17 (35%) |
31,200–41,599 | 2 (4%) |
41,600–51,999 | 1 (2%) |
52,000–64,999 | 2 (4%) |
65,000–103,999 | 0 (0%) |
≥104,000 | 2 (4%) |
Declined to answer | 8 (16%) |
Clinical
| |
Depression (PHQ-9 score ≥ 10) | 5 (10%) |
Anxiety (BAI score ≥ 16) | 4 (9%) |
Current/former smoker | 27 (55%) |
≥3 medical comorbidities | 29 (59%) |
No. of comorbidities (mean ± SD) [range] | 3.3 ± 1.9 [1.0–8.0] |
Hypertension | 41 (84%) |
Systolic BP (mm Hg; mean ± SD) | 133.3 ± 22 |
Diastolic BP, (mm Hg; mean ± SD) | 67.8 ± 12.7 |
Diabetes mellitus | 19 (39%) |
Atherosclerotic heart disease | 21 (43%) |
Congestive heart failure | 17 (35%) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 14 (29%) |
Grip strength, right (kg; mean ± SD) [range] | 25.9 ± 8.6 [9.0–49.0] |
Grip strength, left (kg; mean ± SD) [range] | 26.9 ± 8.8 [12.5–47.5] |
5-metre walk (sec; mean ± SD) [range] | 8.0 ± 4.4 [5.0–28.0] |
BMI (kg/m2; mean ± SD) [range] | 30.1 ± 6.8 [21.9–53.5] |
BMI < 25 kg/m2
| 8 (16%) |
BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2
| 23 (47%) |
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
| 15 (31%) |
Missing
|
3 (6%)
|
Laboratory
| |
Hemoglobin (g/L; mean ± SD) [range] | 121.5 ± 15.0 [94.0–163.0] |
Serum creatinine (μmol/L; mean ± SD) [range] | 241.1 ± 61.9 [144.0–396.0] |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2; mean ± SD) [range] | 22.2 ± 4.9 [15.0–30.0] |
Variable | |
---|---|
Kidney disease-targeted scales
|
(mean ± SD) [range]^
|
Burden of kidney disease | 71.9 ± 27.0 [6.3–100.0] |
Quality of social interaction | 80.3 ± 19.2 [26.7–100.0] |
Cognitive function | 84.1 ± 21.3 [0.0–100.0] |
Symptoms/problems | 76.1 ± 15.7 [31.8–100.0] |
Effects of kidney disease | 86.3 ± 16.4 [14.3–100.0] |
Sexual function | 65.9 ± 37.1 [0.0–100.0] |
Sleep | 63.2 ± 20.0 [5.0–95.0] |
Social support | 87.4 ± 21.1 [0.0–100.0] |
Work status | 33.7 ± 31.3 [0.0–100.0] |
Overall health rating | 64.5 ± 19.6 [20.0–100.0] |
SF-36 scales
| |
Physical Functioning | 52.1 ± 29.6 [0.0–100.0] |
Role limitations-physical | 42.7 ± 41.9 [0.0–100.0] |
Pain | 66.1 ± 31.2 [0.0–100.0] |
General health | 43.8 ± 21.2 [0.0–85.0] |
Emotional well-being | 76.6 ± 20.3 [8.0–100.0] |
Role limitations-emotional | 63.2 ± 42.0 [0.0–100.0] |
Social function | 79.6 ± 25.9 [0.0–100.0] |
Energy/fatigue | 47.7 ± 24.5 [5.0–90.0] |
SF-36 PCS | 37.7 ± 10.1 [17.5–55.1] |
SF-36 MCS | 50.7 ± 9.4 [19.1–64.1] |
EQ-5D
|
% reporting problems
|
Mobility | 51.0 |
Self-care | 12.2 |
Usual activities | 49.0 |
Pain/discomfort | 61.2 |
Anxiety/depression | 26.5 |
KDQOL-SF | PHQ-9 | BAI | MSPSS | Age | Hemoglobin | Creatinine | eGFR | CMI | CF | ADL | KPS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kidney disease-targeted scales
| |||||||||||
Burden of kidney disease |
−0.33
a
|
−0.33
a
| −0.05 |
0.29
a
| 0.03 | −0.13 | 0.15 | 0.02 |
0.34
a
| 0.08 | −0.03 |
Quality of social interaction |
−0.56
c
|
−0.60
c
|
0.45
b
| 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.17 | −0.12 | −0.14 |
0.58
c
|
0.37
b
| 0.12 |
Cognitive function |
−0.51
c
|
−0.55
c
|
0.47
b
| 0.05 | −0.16 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.20 | 1.00 |
0.36
a
| 0.21 |
Symptoms/problems |
−0.61
c
|
−0.61
c
| 0.11 | 0.15 | −0.05 | −0.07 | 0.11 | −0.16 |
0.45
b
| 0.21 | 0.18 |
Effects of kidney disease |
−0.50
c
|
−0.41
b
| 0.13 | −0.004 | −0.22 | −0.09 | −0.02 |
−0.31
a
|
0.43
c
| 0.23 | 0.17 |
Sexual function | −0.12 | −0.06 | −0.08 | 0.19 | −0.18 | 0.23 | −0.26 | −0.26 | −0.41 | 0.51 | 0.28 |
Sleep |
−0.67
c
|
−0.61
c
| 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.09 |
−0.36
a
|
0.50
b
|
0.30
a
| 0.16 |
Social support |
−0.34
a
| −0.25 |
0.54
c
| 0.20 | −0.18 | −0.11 | 0.01 |
−0.36
a
|
0.49
c
|
0.42
b
| 0.25 |
Work status | −0.12 | −0.06 | 0.17 |
−0.32
a
| 0.04 | 0.15 | −0.21 | −0.14 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.23 |
Overall health rating |
−0.54
c
|
−0.44
b
| 0.24 | 0.03 | −0.22 | 0.01 | −0.14 |
−0.46
b
|
0.36
a
|
0.29
a
|
0.30
a
|
SF-36 scales
| |||||||||||
Physical functioning |
−0.46
b
|
−0.52
c
| 0.09 | −0.16 | 0.15 | 0.05 | −0.02 |
−0.38
a
| 0.23 |
0.33
a
|
0.10
b
|
Role limitations-physical |
−0.45
b
|
−0.42
b
| −0.06 | −0.14 | 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.25 |
0.31
a
| 0.26 | 0.23 |
Pain |
−0.37
b
|
−0.60
c
| 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
−0.30
a
|
0.29
a
| 0.20 | 0.29 |
General health |
−0.72
c
|
−0.63
c
| 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.04 | −0.001 |
−0.48
c
|
0.30
a
| 0.16 | 0.27 |
Emotional well-being |
−0.50
c
|
−0.64
c
|
0.41
b
| 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.24 | −0.21 | −0.27 |
0.59
b
|
0.32
a
| 0.15 |
Role limitations - emotional |
−0.35
a
|
−0.37
a
| −0.11 | 0.11 | 0.24 | −0.06 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.06 | −0.03 | 0.09 |
Social function |
−0.67
c
|
−0.62
c
| 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.09 | −0.10 | −0.25 |
0.57
b
| 0.28 | 0.25 |
Energy/fatigue |
−0.65
c
|
−0.68
c
| 0.22 | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.08 | −0.07 |
−0.33
a
|
0.40
b
| 0.15 |
0.34
a
|
SF36 physical composite score |
−0.48
b
|
−0.61
c
| 0.15 | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.15 | −0.12 | −0.29 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.14 |
SF36 mental composite score |
−0.61
c
|
−0.58
c
| 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.22 | −0.11 | −0.12 |
0.47
b
| 0.30 | 0.21 |