Background
Scale | Subjects | Item and subscale development | Domains or subscales (items) |
---|---|---|---|
AS-20 | Adults with strabismus | 1. A 181-item questionnaire was first generated on the basis of the patients’ interviews; | Psychosocial (10) |
2. 49 items were left for factor analysis after testing among 29 adult strabismus patients, and 2 factors were isolated: 1st psychosocial functioning and self-awareness and 2nd physical and emotional functions; | Function (10) | ||
3. 10 items with the highest loading were selected for each factor and a final 20-item questionnaire was established referring to Cronbach’s αcoefficient. | |||
ASQE | Adults with amblyopia and strabismus | 1. An inventory of all problems that amblyopia and strabismus patients experienced were collected from outpatients and reduced to 5 domains; | Fear of losing better eye (2) Distance estimation (10) |
2. Then a final questionnaire was established after 26 questions based on these domains were formulated; | Visual disorientation (3) Diplopia (4) | ||
3. These questions were chosen from a pool of situations based on three criteria: 1) the best reflection of restrictions in daily functions; 2) description of only one situation in one question; 3) all interviewees could answer. | Problems with social contact and cosmetic problems (4) |
Methods
Ethical consideration
Participants
Questionnaires
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics
Strabismus adults n (%) | |
---|---|
Gender
| |
Male | 162 (53.29) |
Female | 142 (46.71) |
Family support
| |
Never | 40 (13.16) |
Sometimes | 104 (34.21) |
Always | 160 (52.63) |
Education level
| |
Middle school and lower | 117 (38.49) |
High school | 114 (37.50) |
University degree and higher | 73 (24.01) |
Socioeconomic status
| |
Urban | 122 (40.13) |
Rural | 182 (59.87) |
Health insurance support
| |
Yes | 115 (37.83) |
No | 189 (62.17) |
With double vision/Diplopia
| |
Yes | 100 (32.89) |
No | 204 (67.11) |
Types of strabismus
| |
Esotropia | 137 (45.07) |
Exotropia | 167 (54.93) |
Deviation size
| |
≤ 25 PD | 66 (21.71) |
> 25 PD | 238 (78.29) |
With Amblyopia
| |
Yes | 131 (43.09) |
No | 173 (56.91) |
Clinical features and HRQoL
Comparison with control groups
Correlation with NEI-VFQ-25 scores
NEI-VFQ-25 | AS-20 | ASQE | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Psychosocial | Function | Total | FL | DE | VD | DV | SA | |
Total Score |
0.209
*
| 0.137 |
0.218
*
|
0.391
**
|
0.241
*
|
0.280
**
|
0.294
**
|
0.393
**
| 0.007 |
General Health |
0.255
*
| 0.155 |
0.305
**
|
0.323
**
|
0.204
*
|
0.256
*
|
0.204
*
|
0.308
**
| 0.096 |
General Vision | 0.104 | 0.018 | 0.158 | 0.202 |
0.216
*
| 0.105 | 0.096 | 0.135 | -0.042 |
Ocular Pain | 0.192 | 0.125 |
0.206
*
| 0.200 | 0.119 | 0.131 | 0.164 | 0.184 | -0.038 |
Near Activities | -0.054 | -0.058 | -0.068 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 0.067 | 0.062 | 0.165 |
-0.223
*
|
Distance Activities | 0.108 | 0.037 | 0.134 |
0.348
**
|
0.249
*
|
0.354
**
|
0.214
*
|
0.398
**
| -0.044 |
Vision-specific |
0.343
**
|
0.310
**
|
0.272
**
|
0.425
**
| 0.165 |
0.345
**
|
0.254
*
|
0.439
**
|
0.218
*
|
social functioning | 0.203 |
0.218
*
| 0.082 |
0.252
*
| -0.018 |
0.279
**
|
0.221
*
|
0.315
**
| 0.147 |
mental health |
0.361
**
|
0.318
**
|
0.311
**
|
0.476
**
|
0.212
*
|
0.381
**
|
0.224
*
|
0.437
**
|
0.267
**
|
role difficulties | 0.174 | 0.144 | 0.146 |
0.278
**
| 0.126 |
0.222
*
|
0.219
*
|
0.325
**
| 0.049 |
dependency |
0.357
**
|
0.297
**
|
0.323
**
|
0.414
**
| 0.156 |
0.348
*
| 0.198 |
0.434
**
|
0.237
*
|
Driving | 0.082 | 0.043 | 0.073 | 0.191 | 0.228 | 0.137 | -0.018 |
0.247
*
| 0.066 |
Color Vision | 0.175 | 0.149 | 0.155 | 0.193 | 0.075 | 0.108 |
0.246
*
| 0.197 | 0.043 |
Peripheral Vision | -0.001 | -0.039 | 0.008 |
0.219
*
| 0.092 | 0.194 |
0.274
**
|
0.251
*
| -0.017 |
Internal consistency reliability
Subscale | Number of items | Internal consistency reliability* |
---|---|---|
AS-20 | ||
Total | 20 | 0.91 |
Function | 10 | 0.90 |
Psychosocial | 10 | 0.85 |
ASQE | ||
Total | 26 | 0.89 |
Fear of losing the better eye | 2 | 0.89 |
Distance estimation | 10 | 0.86 |
Visual disorientation | 3 | 0.88 |
Double vision | 4 | 0.68 |
Social contact and appearance | 4 | 0.76 |
Floor/ceiling effects
Subscale | Floor (%) | Ceiling (%) |
---|---|---|
AS-20 | ||
Psychosocial | 10.16 |
24.11
|
Functional | 8.78 |
33.32
|
ASQE | ||
Fear of losing better eye | 8.39 |
32.70
|
Distance estimation | 3.26 |
62.70
|
Visual disorientation | 1.75 |
49.23
|
Double vision | 5.43 |
45.48
|
Social contact & appearance |
21.46
| 15.21 |