Background
Methods
Overview of the study design
Data collection
Statistical Methods
Results
Migrants recruited and followed up
Sex | All | ||
---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||
Age group
| |||
15-29 | 70 (68.0%) | 67 (63.2%) | 137 (65.5%) |
30-44 | 21 (20.4%) | 23 (21.7%) | 44 (21.1%) |
45-59 | 12 (11.7%) | 16 (15.1%) | 28 (13.4%) |
Total | 103 | 106 | 209 |
Education
| |||
< 7 years primary | 14 (13.6%) | 20 (18.9%) | 34 (16.3%) |
≥ 7 years primary (no secondary) | 76 (73.8%) | 77 (72.6%) | 153 (73.2%) |
Any secondary education | 13 (12.6%) | 9 (8.5%) | 22 (10.5%) |
Main economic activity
| |||
Farming | 83 (80.6%) | 94 (88.7%) | 177 (84.7%) |
Other | 20 (19.4%) | 12 (11.3%) | 32 (15.3%) |
Religion
| |||
Muslim | 78 (75.7%) | 67 (63.2) | 145 (69.4%) |
Christian | 25 (24.3%) | 39 (36.8) | 64 (30.6%) |
Water supply
| |||
Household tap | 9 (8.8%) | 13 (12.3%) | 22 (10.5%) |
Shared | 94 (91.2%) | 93 (97.7) | 187 (89.5%) |
Household supplied by electricity
| 3 (2.9%) | 4 (3.8%) | 7 (3.4%) |
Socio economic characteristics before and after migration
Changes between baseline and 12 months in behaviours
Baseline | 12 months | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Behaviour | % | % | % diff (95% CI) | P value |
Men (n = 68) | ||||
Alcohol consumeda
| 25.0 | 36.8 | 11.8 (-3.8,27.3) | 0.138 |
Current smokingb
| 16.2 | 23.5 | 7.4 (-6.1,20.8) | 0.282 |
Daily physical activityc
| ||||
Light | 7.4 | 33.8 | 26.5 (12.9,40.1) | <0.001 |
Moderate | 13.2 | 39.7 | 26.5 (11.6,41.3) | <0.001 |
Vigorous | 79.4 | 26.5 | -52.9 (-69.7,-36.2) | <0.001 |
Women (n = 64) | ||||
Alcohol consumeda
| 23.4 | 29.7 | 6.3 (-9.1,21.6) | 0.423 |
Current smokingb
| . | . | . | . |
Daily physical activityc
| ||||
Light | 28.1 | 40.6 | 12.5 (-4.0,29.0) | 0.137 |
Moderate | 34.4 | 43.8 | 9.4 (-7.5,26.3) | 0.277 |
Vigorous | 37.5 | 15.6 | -21.9 (-37.2,-6.6) | 0.005 |
start | 12 months | Difference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Food Score | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | 95% CI | P value |
Men (n = 68)
| ||||
Diet score
a
| ||||
Fruit & Vegetable Score | 9.6 (4.4) | 11.3 (5.2) | 1.8 (0.3,3.2) | 0.017 |
Protein Score | 10.4 (5.6) | 10.6 (5.5) | 0.3 (-1.5,2.0) | 0.77 |
Carbohydrate Score | 22.6 (7.5) | 24.3 (8.3) | 1.8 (-0.4,3.9) | 0.11 |
Saturated Fat Score | 7.5 (4.2) | 9.3 (4.7) | 1.8 (0.5,3.2) | 0.009 |
Selected food items
b
| ||||
Fried potatoes | 1.3 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.7) | 0.4 (-0.1,1.0) | 0.13 |
Fresh vegetables | 1.8 (2.1) | 2.7 (2.6) | 0.9 (0.1,1.7) | 0.022 |
Fresh fruit | 3.4 (2.0) | 4.1 (2.2) | 0.7 (0.1,1.3) | 0.016 |
Red meat | 2.2 (1.7) | 3.3 (2.2) | 1.1 (0.5,1.7) | 0.001 |
Soft drinks | 2.3 (2.2) | 3.0 (2.2) | 0.7 (0.1,1.3) | 0.015 |
Women (n = 64)
| ||||
Diet score
a
| ||||
Fruit & Vegetable Score | 9.0 (3.6) | 12.0 (12.9) | 3.0 (1.5,4.5) | <0.001 |
Protein Score | 9.1 (5.6) | 9.6 (5.0) | 0.5 (-1.3,2.3) | 0.57 |
Carbohydrate Score | 22.0 (6.6) | 24.4 (8.2) | 2.4 (-0.3,5.1) | 0.084 |
Saturated Fat Score | 7.2 (4.4) | 8.2 (4.5) | 1.0 (-0.7,2.6) | 0.24 |
Selected food items
b
| ||||
Fried potatoes | 1.0 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.8) | 0.6 (0.0,1.2) | 0.050 |
Fresh vegetables | 1.3 (1.8) | 2.7 (2.5) | 1.4 (0.6,2.2) | 0.001 |
Fresh fruit | 2.8 (2.0) | 4.1 (2.3) | 1.3 (0.6,2.1) | 0.001 |
Red meat | 1.8 (1.6) | 2.8 (2.1) | 1.0 (0.4,1.6) | 0.002 |
Soft drinks | 1.6 (1.8) | 2.6 (2.1) | 1.0 (0.4,1.6) | 0.002 |
Changes between baseline and 12 months in biological variables
Baseline | 12 months | difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | N | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | 95% CI | P value |
Men
| |||||
Anthropometry
| |||||
Weight (kg) | 68 | 58.8 (10.4) | 61.1 (10.3) | 2.3 (1.4,3.2) | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 68 | 77.3 (11.2) | 79.2 (11.3) | 1.9 (1.2,2.5) | <0.001 |
BMI (kgm-2) | 68 | 21.8 (3.4) | 22.7 (3.5) | 0.9 (0.5,1.2) | <0.001 |
Blood Pressure
| |||||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 68 | 76.6 (12.1) | 68.8 (11.5) | -7.9 (-10.6,-5.1) | <0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 68 | 125.7 (18.7) | 120.3 (15.2) | -5.4 (-9.3,-1.6) | 0.007 |
Lipids
| |||||
Cholesterol (mmoll-1) | 51 | 3.74 (1.05) | 4.16 (0.99) | 0.42 (0.11,0.73) | 0.010 |
HDL Cholesterol (mmoll-1) | 51 | 1.67 (0.31) | 1.91 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.15,0.33) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol to HDL ratio | 51 | 2.27 (0.60) | 2.18 (0.53) | -0.09 (-0.26,0.08) | 0.30 |
LDL Cholesterol (mmoll-1) | 50 | 1.82 (0.92) | 2.06 (0.96) | 0.25 (-0.04,0.53) | 0.093 |
Tryglyceride (mmoll-1) | 50 | 1.35 (0.88) | 1.04 (0.67) | -0.31 (-0.60,-0.02) | 0.034 |
Women
| |||||
Anthropometry
| |||||
Weight (kg) | 64 | 61.8 (13.1) | 64.1 (12.6) | 2.4 (1.3,3.4) | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 64 | 83.3 (11.5) | 85.5 (11.4) | 2.2 (1.1,3.3) | <0.001 |
BMI (kgm-2) | 64 | 25.5 (4.8) | 26.5 (4.8) | 1.0 (0.6,1.4) | <0.001 |
Blood Pressure
| |||||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 64 | 77.7 (13.1) | 69.5 (13.5) | -8.2 (-11.7,-4.7) | <0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 64 | 123.0 (21.7) | 114.4 (19.2) | -8.6 (-13.7,-3.4) | 0.001 |
Lipids
| |||||
Cholesterol (mmoll-1) | 46 | 4.43 (1.38) | 4.67 (1.19) | 0.24 (-0.15,0.64) | 0.22 |
HDL Cholesterol (mmoll-1) | 45 | 1.69 (0.40) | 1.95 (0.09) | 0.25 (0.13,0.37) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol to HDL ratio | 45 | 2.72 (0.89) | 2.41 (0.63) | -0.30 (-0.55,-0.05) | 0.019 |
LDL Cholesterol (mmoll-1) | 45 | 2.46 (1.28) | 2.50 (1.15) | 0.03 (-0.37,0.44) | 0.86 |
Tryglyceride (mmoll-1) | 46 | 1.40 (0.81) | 1.25 (1.12) | -0.15 (-0.47,0.17) | 0.35 |
Weight, body mass index and waist circumference
Blood pressure
N | Fall in blood pressure (95% CIs) (mmHg) | P value | 12 month value as % of baseline | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Men
| ||||
Systolic < 140 and diastolic < 90
| ||||
Diastolic BP | 54 | -5.6(-8.4, -2.8) | <0.001 | 93 |
Systolic BP | 54 | -0.1 (-3.5, 3.2) | 0.90 | 100 |
Systolic ≥ 140 or diastolic ≥ 90
| ||||
Diastolic BP | 14 | -16.8 (-22.9, -10.3) | <0.001 | 81 |
Systolic BP | 14 | -25.9 (-32.5, -19.3) | <0.001 | 83 |
Women
| ||||
Systolic < 140 and diastolic < 90
| ||||
Diastolic BP | 51 | -6.7 (-10.5, -2.9) | 0.001 | 91 |
Systolic BP | 51 | -4.1 (-9.1, 0.94) | 0.11 | 96 |
Systolic ≥ 140 or diastolic ≥ 90
| ||||
Diastolic BP | 13 | -14.0 (-23.3, -4.7) | 0.006 | 86 |
Systolic BP | 13 | -26.0 (-39.0, -13.1) | 0.001 | 84 |
Lipids
Predictors of change in biological variables
Outcome | Male/Female | Variables in Model (p < 0.05) | Standardised Coefficient with | Pseudo R2
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% CI | P value | Inter-person | Intra-person | |||
BMI
| Men | Age (unit = 10) | 0.27(0.08,0.46) | 0.006 | 6.4% | 2.2% |
Porridge | -0.03(-0.05,-0.01) | 0.013 | ||||
Peanuts | -0.03(-0.05,-0.01) | 0.011 | ||||
Women | Age (unit = 10) | 0.28(0.10,0.46) | 0.003 | 7.9% | 0.9% | |
Boiled potatoes | 0.02(0.00,0.03) | 0.019 | ||||
Systolic BP
| Men & women | Age (unit = 10) | 0.37(0.27,0.46) | <0.001 | 35.2% | 0.7% |
Female sex | -0.16(-0.26,-0.07) | 0.001 | ||||
BMI | 0.16(0.07,0.25) | 0.001 | ||||
Margarine on bread | -0.06(-0.10,-0.02) | 0.006 | ||||
Porridge | -0.04(-0.08,-0.01) | 0.024 | ||||
Diastolic BP
| Men & women | Age (unit = 10) | 0.37(0.28,0.46) | <0.001 | 39.5% | 1.3% |
BMI | 0.16(0.07,0.24) | <0.001 | ||||
Margarine on bread | -0.08(-0.12,-0.04) | <0.001 | ||||
Fried potatoes | -0.05(-0.09,-0.01) | 0.014 | ||||
Porridge | -0.04(-0.08,0.00) | 0.046 | ||||
Total cholesterol
| Men & women | Age (unit = 10) | 0.20(0.10,0.31) | <0.001 | 25.3% | 0.1% |
Female sex | 0.14(0.03,0.24) | 0.009 | ||||
BMI | 0.16(0.07,0.26) | 0.001 | ||||
Biscuits | -0.04(-0.09,0.00) | 0.045 | ||||
HDL cholesterol
| Men & women | Age (unit = 10) | 0.14(0.05,0.23) | 0.004 | 6.8% | 0.4% |
Fruit and veg score | 0.07(0.01,0.12) | 0.012 | ||||
LDL cholesterol
| Men | Age (unit = 10) | 0.17(0.03,0.31) | 0.015 | 8.8% | 1.5% |
Red meat | 0.07(0.01,0.14) | 0.034 | ||||
Biscuits | -0.09(-0.16,-0.02) | 0.011 | ||||
Women | Age (unit = 10) | 0.05(0.02,0.07) | 0.001 | 21.0% | 0.8% | |
BMI | 0.89(0.17,1.60) | 0.015 | ||||
Processed meat | 0.06(0.01,0.12) | 0.023 | ||||
Triglycerides
| Men | Age (unit = 10) | 0.21(0.09,0.33) | 0.001 | 25.8% | 1.7% |
BMI | 0.13(0.02,0.24) | 0.026 | ||||
Fried potatoes | -0.10(-0.18,-0.02) | 0.011 | ||||
Sweet snacks | 0.08(0.00,0.15) | 0.040 | ||||
Women | Age (unit = 10) | 0.20(0.08,0.32) | 0.001 | 34.9% | 2.1% | |
BMI | 0.21(0.10,0.32) | 0.000 | ||||
Fruit and veg score | 0.09(0.01,0.16) | 0.022 | ||||
Saturated fat score | -0.08(-0.16,0.00) | 0.050 |