Background
Methods
Design
Data sources and procedures
Student-level data
Environment-level data
Measures
Students' time spent in physical activity
Student characteristics
School social environment variables
School and neighbourhood built environment variables
School characteristics
Analyses
Results
Student characteristics
Student Characteristic | Females n = 10781[% (n)] | Males N = 10973[% (n)] | Chi-square/t-test (sex differences) |
---|---|---|---|
Grade
| |||
9 | 27.3 (2938) | 27.6 (3035) |
X
2 = 1.14, p < 0.7670 |
10 | 26.9 (2902) | 26.4 (2890) | |
11 | 23.2 (2499) | 23.0 (2521) | |
12 | 22.6 (2442) | 23.0 (2527) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI)
| |||
Underweight | 1.3 (145) | 1.7 (181) |
X
2 = 77.07, p < .0001 |
Healthy weight | 80.6 (8685) | 70.3 (7718) | |
Overweight | 13.3 (1433) | 19.8 (2171) | |
Obese | 4.8 (518) | 8.2 (903) | |
Mode of Transportation to School
| |||
Active | 16.8 (1816) | 23.7 (2600) |
X
2 = 178.87, p < .0001 |
Mixed | 24.6 (2650) | 20.2 (2212) | |
Inactive | 58.6 (6315) | 56.1 (6161) | |
Enrolled in school PE
| |||
Yes | 31.4 (3391) | 38.0 (4163) |
X
2 = 100.73, p < .0001 |
No | 68.6 (7390) | 62.0 (6810) | |
Participates in school intramurals
| |||
Yes | 27.9 (3003) | 38.2 (4193) |
X
2 = 279.63, p < .0001 |
No | 72.1 (7778) | 61.8 (6780) | |
Participates in school varsity teams
| |||
Yes | 37.5 (4043) | 45.0 (4932) |
X
2 = 124.86, p < .0001 |
No | 62.5 (6738) | 55.0 (6041) | |
Participates in flexibility activities
| |||
Less than 3 days per week | 40.4 (4357) | 48.7 (5341) |
X
2 = 148.18, p < .0001 |
At least 3 days per week | 59.6 (6424) | 51.3 (5632) | |
Participates in strength training
| |||
Less than 3 days per week | 36.6 (3948) | 27.9 (3056) |
X
2 = 191.68, p < .0001 |
At least 3 days per week | 63.4 (6833) | 72.1 (7917) | |
Physical Activity Time*
| |||
Average minutes of moderate to vigorous PA per day | 134.7 (88.1) | 166.8 (101.2) | t = 24.9, p < .0001 |
Student- and environment-level characteristics associated with female physical activity
Univariate analyses | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
School Descriptives (N = 76) | Females (N = 76, n = 10781) | Males (N = 76, n = 10973) | |||
School Characteristic | % (N)/Mean (SD; Range) | β (SE) | p-value | β (SE) | p-value |
School curriculum and instruction
| |||||
Offer daily PE | 72.4 (55) |
7.82 (3.83)
|
0.0445
a
|
9.36 (4.95)
|
0.0629
a
|
Offer intramurals | 76.3 (58) | -4.95 (3.98)
|
0.2177
a
| -4.61 (5.19) | 0.3782 |
Offer interschool sports | 86.8 (66) | 0.12 (5.38) | 0.9816 | 4.02 (6.96) | 0.5652 |
School built environment
| |||||
Other room for PA | 80.3 (61) |
7.18 (4.48)
|
0.1132
a
|
8.20 (5.80)
|
0.1613
a
|
Dance studio | 36.8 (28) | -1.71 (3.58) | 0.6349 | -2.82 (4.59) | 0.5410 |
Swimming pool | 6.6 (5) | 1.42 (7.06) | 0.8410 | 5.47 (8.95) | 0.5435 |
Baseball diamond | 36.8 (28) | -1.89 (3.62) | 0.6054 | -2.87 (4.65) | 0.5390 |
Outdoor hoops | 51.3 (39) | -0.77 (3.50) | 0.8265 | -3.18 (4.47) | 0.4795 |
Tennis court | 19.7 (15) | -4.42 (4.31) | 0.3089 | -2.06 (5.54) | 0.7110 |
Paved area for games | 46.1 (35) | 1.09 (3.50) | 0.7558 | -4.27 (4.45) | 0.3412 |
Bicycle racks | 82.9 (63) | -2.76 (4.80) | 0.5672 | -0.67 (6.14) | 0.9132 |
Skating rink | 7.9 (6) | 5.75 (6.41) | 0.3730 | 2.92 (8.27) | 0.7246 |
Running/walking track | 86.8 (66) | -0.16 (5.34) | 0.9755 | -1.11 (6.75) | 0.8693 |
School PA facilities index | 5.4 (1.7, 1-10) | 0.10 (1.02) | 0.9199 | 0.68 (1.30) | 0.6014 |
Neighbourhood built environment
| |||||
Fast food outlets | 2.8 (3.5, 0-15) | -0.02 (0.50) | 0.9685 | -0.26 (0.64) | 0.6817 |
Recreation facilities | 1.6 (2.5, 0-13) | -0.55 (0.69) | 0.4259 | -0.69 (0.89) | 0.4451 |
Shopping malls | 0.4 (0.8, 0-4) | 2.44 (2.19) | 0.2692 | 2.36 (2.82) | 0.4060 |
Parks | 0.6 (1.4, 0-9) | 2.13 (3.81) | 0.5781 | 3.97 (4.84) | 0.4145 |
Street connectivity | 148.9 (81.3, 0-360.0) | -0.03 (0.02)
|
0.1634
a
| -0.04 (0.03)
|
0.1386
a
|
Land-use mix diversity | 0.5 (0.2, 0-0.8) | -22.66 (10.60)
|
0.0355
a
| -11.38 (13.76) | 0.4107 |
Residential density | 808.2 (778.2, 0.9-3906.0) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.6825 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.2791 |
Walkability index | 0.2 (5.7; -18.8-12,4) | -0.59 (0.28)
|
0.0352
a
| -0.45 (0.36)
|
0.2133
a
|
Characteristics | Student Variables | Student and School Social Environment Variables | Student, School Social Environment, and School Built Environment Variables | Student, School Social Environment, and School & Neighbourhood Built Environment Variables | Student, School Social Environment, School & Neighbourhood Built Environment Variables, and School Demographics | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | ||
Individual-level | ||||||
Grade | 9 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
10 | -2.11 (2.18) | -2.13 (2.18) | -2.13 (2.18) | -2.15 (2.18) | -2.11 (2.18) | |
11 | -7.81 (2.28)c
| -7.81 (2.28)c
| -7.81 (2.28)c
| -7.79 (2.28)c
| -7.77 (2.28)c
| |
12 | -13.00 (2.35)c
| -13.00 (2.35)c
| -12.94 (2.35)c
| -12.88 (2.35)c
| -12.77 (2.34)c
| |
Weight status | Healthy weight | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Underweight | 10.55 (6.76) | 10.54 (6.76) | 10.57 (6.76) | 10.63 (6.76) | 10.86 (6.76) | |
Overweight | -0.10 (2.31) | -0.10 (2.31) | -0.10 (2.31) | -0.09 (2.31) | -0.15 (2.31) | |
Obese | 3.14 (3.68) | 3.17 (3.68) | 3.23 (3.68) | 3.17 (3.68) | 3.06 (3.68) | |
Mode of transport to school | Non-active | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Active | 18.00 (2.23)c
| 18.02 (2.23)c
| 18.10 (2.23)c
| 18.09 (2.23)c
| 18.28 (2.23)c
| |
Mixed | 3.72 (1.90)a
| 3.68 (1.90)a
| 3.75 (1.90)a
| 3.85 (1.90)a
| 4.00 (1.90)a
| |
Enrolled in PE | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Yes | 23.87 (1.86)c
| 23.90 (1.86)c
| 23.90 (1.86)c
| 23.94 (1.86)c
| 24.10 (1.86)c
| |
Participating in school intramurals | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Yes | 18.36 (2.19)c
| 18.31 (2.19)c
| 18.34 (2.19)c
| 18.31 (2.19)c
| 18.32 (2.19)c
| |
Participating in school varsity teams | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Yes | 9.26 (2.03)c
| 9.28 (2.03)c
| 9.32 (2.03)c
| 9.33 (2.03)c
| 9.36 (2.03)c
| |
Engaging in flexibility activities | < 3 days/week | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
≥ 3 days/week | 26.90 (1.90)c
| 26.94 (1.90)c
| 26.95 (1.90)c
| 26.93 (1.90)c
| 26.96 (1.90)c
| |
Engaging in strength activities | < 3 days/week | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
≥ 3 days/week | 22.96 (1.96)c
| 22.93 (1.96)c
| 22.91 (1.96)c
| 22.95 (1.96)c
| 22.91 (1.96)c
| |
Environment-level | ||||||
Offer daily PE | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | |
Yes | 5.26 (3.91) | 5.37 (3.79) | 6.31 (3.70) | 5.68 (3.65) | ||
Offer intramurals | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | |
Yes | -5.65 (4.01) | -5.74 (3.88) | -4.26 (3.81) | -6.86 (3.86) | ||
Other room for PA | No | REF | REF | REF | ||
Yes | 9.43 (4.23)a
| 9.46 (4.10)a
| 12.51 (3.96)b
| |||
Land-use mix diversity | -24.88 (9.93)b
| -26.14 (10.19)b
| ||||
Street connectivity | *removed to create more parsimonious model | removed to create more parsimonious model | ||||
-2LLd
| 125247 | 125233 | 125223 | 125210 | 125177 |
Student- and environment-Level characteristics associated with male physical activity
Characteristics | Student Variables | Student and School Social Environment Variables | Student, School Social Environment, and School Built Environment Variables | Student, School Social Environment, and School & Neighbourhood Built Environment Variables | Student, School Social Environment, School & Neighbourhood Built Environment Variables, and School Demographics | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | ||
Individual-level | ||||||
Grade | 9 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
10 | -4.64 (2.46) | -4.63 (2.46) | -4.69 (2.46) | -4.64 (2.46) | -4.67 (2.46) | |
11 | -10.60 (2.54)c
| -10.61 (2.54)c
| -10.63 (2.54)c
| -10.61 (2.54)c
| -10.59 (2.54)c
| |
12 | -19.96 (2.59)c
| -20.00 (2.59)c
| -20.02 (2.59)c
| -20.02 (2.59)c
| -19.86 (2.59)c
| |
Weight status | Healthy weight | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Underweight | 4.20 (7.02) | 4.26 (7.02) | 4.33 (7.02) | 4.32 (7.02) | 4.38 (7.02) | |
Overweight | -3.70 (2.26) | -3.71 (2.26) | -3.71 (2.26) | -3.71 (2.26) | -3.74 (2.26) | |
Obese | -8.73 (3.29)c
| -8.72 (3.29)b
| -8.77 (3.29)b
| -8.78 (3.29)b
| -8.63 (3.29)b
| |
Mode of transport to school | Non-active | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Active | 11.48 (2.29)c
| 11.39 (2.29)c
| 11.46 (2.29)c
| 11.70 (2.29)c
| 11.69 (2.37)c
| |
Mixed | 6.20 (2.36)b
| 6.12 (2.36)b
| 6.18 (2.35)b
| 6.37 (2.36)b
| 6.41 (2.36)b
| |
Enrolled in PE | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Yes | 19.80 (1.97)c
| 19.76 (1.97)c
| 19.78 (1.97)c
| 19.76 (1.97)c
| 19.83 (1.97)c
| |
Participation in school intramurals | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Yes | 23.80 (2.28)c
| 23.77 (2.28)c
| 23.81 (2.28)c
| 23.79 (2.23)c
| 23.78 (2.28)c
| |
Participation in school varsity teams | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Yes | 12.38 (2.23)c
| 12.39 (2.23)c
| 12.41 (2.23)c
| 12.41 (2.23)c
| 12.36 (2.23)c
| |
Engaging in flexibility activities | < 3 days/week | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
≥ 3 days/week | 23.10 (1.99)c
| 23.10 (1.99)c
| 23.13 (1.99)c
| 23.11 (1.99)c
| 23.18 (1.99)c
| |
Engaging in strength activities | < 3 days/week | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
≥ 3 days/week | 33.84 (2.21)c
| 33.87 (2.21)c
| 33.84 (2.21)c
| 33.85 (2.21)c
| 33.83 (2.21)c
| |
Environment-level | ||||||
Offering daily PE | No | REF | REF | REF | REF | |
Yes | 9.28 (4.91) | 9.52 (4.77)a
| 9.19 (4.72) | 7.65 (4.50) | ||
Other room for PA | No | REF | REF | REF | ||
Yes | 11.66 (5.55)a
| 10.47 (5.54) | 13.32 (5.21)b
| |||
Street connectivity | -0.04 (0.03) | -0.03 (0.03) | ||||
-2LLd
| 130638 | 130626 | 130616 | 130619 | 130579 |