Background
Methods
Ethics statement
Study population, data collection and survey instruments
Variables | Woman (n =999) Mean ± SD | Men (n =593) Mean ± SD | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
| 33.0 ± 8.3 | 31.9 ± 8.4 | 0.019 | |
Body Mass Index, BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 21.4 ± 3.4 | 23.1 ± 3.7 | <0.001 | |
Waist circumference (cm)
| 74.5 ± 8.7 | 82.6 ± 9.8 | <0.001 | |
No (%)
|
No (%)
| |||
Marital status
| Single | 386 (38.6) | 248 (41.8) | 0.261 |
Married | 582 (58.2) | 335 (56.5) | ||
Divorce | 17 (1.8) | 9 (1.5) | ||
Other | 14 (1.4) | 1 (0.2) | ||
Education
| College + | 302 (30.2) | 186 (31.4) | 0.839 |
Middle school | 583 (58.4) | 345 (58.2) | ||
Primary & below | 114 (11.4) | 62 (10.4) | ||
Current occupation
| Unemployed | 166 (16.6) | 50 (8.4) | <0.001 |
Full & part time | 748 (74.9) | 486 (82.0) | ||
Student | 65 (6.5) | 48 (8.1) | ||
Other | 20 (2.0) | 9 (1.5) | ||
Income, individual (USD)
| < 500 | 261 (27.9) | 67 (12.2) | <0.001 |
Monthly
| 501-1000 | 290 (31.0) | 137 (25.0) | |
1001-1500 | 187 (20.0) | 136 (24.8) | ||
> 1500 | 198 (21.2) | 208 (38.0) | ||
Income, family (USD)
| < 1000 | 228 (22.9) | 93 (15.7) | <0.001 |
Monthly
| 1001-2500 | 454 (45.5) | 264 (44.5) | |
>2500 | 315 (31.6) | 236 (39.8) | ||
Alcohol consumers
| Yes | 420 (42.0) | 399 (67.3) | <0.001 |
No | 579 (58.0) | 194 (32.7) | ||
Exercise
| No exercise | 345 (34.5) | 167 (28.2) | <0.001 |
Mild | 603 (60.4) | 400 (67.5) | 0.005 | |
Strenuous | 51 (5.1) | 26 (4.4) | 0.517 |
Obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors definitions
Lifestyle factors: exercise and alcohol consumption
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and metabolic components
Variables | Women (%, n =999) | Men (%, n = 593) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Abdominal obesity | 24.2 | 21.9 | 0.294 |
Systolic Blood Pressure, SBP ≥130 mmHg | 8.4 | 33.9 | <0.001 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure, DBP ≥85 mmHg | 3.1 | 16.7 | <0.001 |
SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and DBP ≥85 mmHg | 8.6 | 36.6 | <0.001 |
High SBP or high DBP | 9.3 | 37.8 | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia, ≥1.7 mmol/L | 5.8 | 26.7 | <0.001 |
Low HDL C | 6.5 | 4.6 | 0.106 |
Fasting blood glucose ≥5.6mmol/L | 4.3 | 9.0 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose | 5.0 | 9.1 | 0.001 |
Prevalence of MetS, age-adjusted | 3.7 | 10.5 | <0.001 |
Associated factors for metabolic syndrome
Variables | Categories | % with metabolic syndrome | Rate ratio (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Education
| College+ | 1.00 | 1.0 | |
Middle School | 4.50 | 4.5 (1.4, 14.7) | 0.01 | |
Primary & below | 7.10 | 7.2 (1.9, 26.6) | < 0.001 | |
Employment
| Unemployed | 6.70 | 1.0 | |
Full or part time | 3.30 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.05 | |
Students | 1.50 | 0.2 (0.03, 1.7) | 0.11 | |
Individual
| >1500 | 2.50 | 1.0 | |
Incomes
| 1001-1500 | 5.50 | 2.2 (0.8, 5.9) | 0.11 |
USD/month
| 501-1000 | 1.60 | 0.6 (0.2, 2.6) | 0.53 |
<500 | 4.60 | 1.8 (0.7, 5.1) | 0.24 | |
Family
| >2500 | 1.90 | 1.0 | |
Incomes
| 1000-2500 | 4.00 | 2.1 (0.8, 5.2) | 0.11 |
USD/month
| <1000 | 5.70 | 3.0 (1.2, 7.8) | 0.02 |
Exercise
| No exercise | 2.90 | 1.0 | |
Mild | 4.30 | 1.5 (0.7, 3.1) | 0.27 | |
Strenuous | 2.20 | 0.7 (0.1, 5.2) | 0.70 | |
Alcohol consumption
| Yes | 3.3 | 1.0 | |
No | 4.0 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) | 0.58 | |
Body Mass Index (kg/m
2
)
| <18.5 | 0.00 | ||
18.5-22.9 | 1.30 | 1.0 | ||
23-24.9 | 4.80 | 3.8 (1.3, 11.2) | 0.01 | |
25-26.9 | 12.90 | 10.3 (4.0, 26.7) | <0.0001 | |
27+ | 23.10 | 18.4 (7.8, 43.5) | <0.0001 |
Variables | Categories | % with metabolic syndrome | Rate ratio (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Education
| College+ | 8.6 | 1 | |
Middle School | 10.1 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 0.57 | |
Primary & below | 17.7 | 2.1 (4.2, 10.1) | 0.05 | |
Employment
| Unemployed | 8.3 | 1 | |
Full or part time | 11.7 | 1.4 (0.5, 3.7) | 0.48 | |
Students | 2.1 | 0.3 (0.03, 2.2) | 0.17 | |
Individual
| >1500 | 12.0 | 1.0 | |
Incomes
| 1001-1500 | 16.8 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) | 0.21 |
USD/month
| 501-1000 | 7.4 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.16 |
<500 | 4.5 | 0.4 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.08 | |
Family
| >2500 | 7.6 | 1.0 | |
Incomes
| 1000-2500 | 12.1 | 1.6 (0.9, 2.8) | 0.09 |
USD/month
| <1000 | 12.9 | 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) | 0.13 |
Exercise
| No exercise | 15.6 | 1.0 | |
Mild | 8.3 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.01 | |
Strenuous | 11.5 | 0.7 (0.2, 2.3) | 0.59 | |
Alcohol consumption
| Yes | 11.3 | 1.0 | |
No | 8.0 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.58 | |
Body Mass Index (kg/m
2
)
| <18.5 | 1.9 | 1.0 | |
18.5-22.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 (0.01, 3.4) | 0.23 | |
23-24.9 | 1.6 | 0.9 (0.1, 9.2) | 0.89 | |
25-26.9 | 18.2 | 9.8 (1.3, 72.5) | <0.0001 | |
27+ | 51.0 | 27.6 (3.9, 194.7) | <0.0001 |
Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Females
| BMI | 1.37(1.23-1.53) | .000 |
Age | 1.08(1.00-1.17) | .041 | |
Exercise | .17(.02-1.70) | .131 | |
Education | .61(.20-1.82) | .374 | |
Employment | 1.43(.36-5.69) | .611 | |
Ind. Income | 1.96(.52-7.36) | .319 | |
Fam. Income | .64(.23-1.79) | .395 | |
Alcohol use | .51(.20-1.29) | .156 | |
Constant | .00 | .001 | |
Males
| BMI | 1.90(1.58-2.30) | .000 |
Age | 1.09(1.01-1.18) | .028 | |
Exercise | 1.24(.10-15.89) | .869 | |
Education | .37(.09-1.51) | .167 | |
Employment | 10.10(.81-125.72) | .072 | |
Ind. Income | 11.58(.73-183.78) | .083 | |
Fam. Income | 1.65(.54-5.01) | .378 | |
Alcohol use | .59(.19-1.85) | .368 | |
Constant | .000 | .000 |