Background
Methods
General
Material
Chemical
Extraction and isolation
Animals
Acute toxicity study
Assessment of UFG in oral glucose tolerance test
Induction of diabetes
Experimental design
Biochemical analysis
Estimation of antioxidant enzymes
Histopathology
Statistical data analysis
Result
Characterization of isolated compound
Position |
1H |
13C |
---|---|---|
1 | - | - |
2 | - | 163.81 |
3 | 6.91 | 112.06 |
4 | 7.51 | 142.25 |
5 | 6.38 | 128.14 |
6 | 7.90 | 124.32 |
7 | - | 157.64 |
8 | 7.20 | 103.25 |
9 | - | 112.16 |
10 | - | 154.18 |
11
| 5.12 | 105.59 |
21
| 3.82 | 74.19 |
31
| 3.78 | 72.21 |
41
| 3.47 | 68.63 |
51
| 4.36 | 76.21 |
61
| 3.16 | 62.05 |
Acute toxicity study
Effect of UFG on oral glucose tolerance test
S. No. | Treatment | Dose | Mean blood glucose concentration ± SEM (mg/dl) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time 0 min | Time 30 min | Time 60 min | Time 120 min | |||
1
|
Normal Control
| - | 87.2 ± 0.837 | 87.2 ± 0.834 | 87.8 ± 0.735 | 87.8 ± 0.583 |
2
|
Normal Control + UFG
| 40 mg/kg | 86.8 ± 0.735 | 86.4 ± 0.734 | 84.4 ± 0.245 | 80.8 ± 0.583 |
3
|
Glucose Control
| - | 88.8 ± 0.861 | 140.4 ± 2.315 | 135 ± 1.143 | 129 ± 1.963 |
4
|
UFG I
| 10 mg/kg | 88.4 ± 0.734 | 139.4 ± 1.158
ns
| 127.8 ± 1.021
*
| 106 ± 1.145
***
|
5
|
UFG II
| 20 mg/kg | 87.4 ± 1.077 | 130 ± 1.158
*
| 116.6 ± 1.435
**
| 101.4 ± 1.032
***
|
6
|
UFG III
| 40 mg/kg | 88.8 ± 0.734 | 124.8 ± 1.497
**
| 109 ± 0.732
***
| 87 ± 1.789
***
|
7
|
Glibenclamide
| 10 mg/kg | 89 ± 0.707 | 125 ± 1.068
**
| 111.4 ± 1.034
***
| 88.6 ± 1.568
***
|
Effect of UFG on blood glucose level
S. No. | Biochemical parameter | Normal control | Normal control + UFG (40 mg/kg) | STZ-diabetic controla
| STZ diabetes + UFG (10 mg/kg)b
| STZ diabetes + UFG (20 mg/kg)b
| STZ diabetes + UFG (40 mg/kg)b
| STZ diabetes + glibenclamideb
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1
|
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)
| 91.2 ± 1.114 | 87.6 ± 1.031 | 394.2 ± 3.992
***
| 193.2 ± 1.393
**
| 166.2 ± 2.332
***
| 123.4 ± 2.379
***
| 136.4 ± 1.99
***
|
2
|
Fasting Plasma Insulin (μU/mL)
| 11.2 ± 0.374 | 12.2 ± 0.374 | 2.8 ± 0.383
***
| 4.4 ± 0.509
*
| 6.8 ± 0.374
**
| 9.4 ± 0.519
***
| 8.6 ± 0.609
***
|
3
|
Glycated Heamoglobin (A1c) (%)
| 1.4 ± 0.141 | 1.36 ± 0.157 | 4.82 ± 2.49
***
| 3.8 ± 0.184
*
| 3.42 ± 0.182
**
| 1.86 ± 0.161
***
| 2.04 ± 0.212
***
|
4
|
Hexokinase (μg/mg of tissue)
| 150.4 ± 3.356 | 152 ± 3.146 | 100.8 ± 1.655
***
| 112.6 ± 1.778
**
| 127.6 ± 1.327
**
| 141.2 ± 1.934
***
| 139 ± 1.225
***
|
5
|
Glucose-6-Phosphatase (unit/mg of tissue)
| 10 ± 0.948 | 10 ± 1.095 | 15.4 ± 0.509
***
| 14.4 ± 0.612
ns
| 12.8 ± 0.374
*
| 10.8 ± 0.583
***
| 11.6 ± 0.244
***
|
6
|
Fructose-1-6-biphosphatase (unit/mg of tissue)
| 30.8 ± 0.861 | 29.80 ± 0.489 | 54.6 ± 2.619
***
| 47.4 ± 1.166
*
| 38.2 ± 1.281
**
| 32.2 ± 0.861
***
| 34.8 ± 0.583
***
|
7
|
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)
| 66.6 ± 1.503 | 64.8 ± 1.655 | 155.8 ± 3.865
***
| 97.2 ± 1.158
**
| 82.2 ± 2.417
**
| 61.2 ± 2.131
***
| 66.2 ± 1.463
***
|
8
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
| 82.4 ± 3.231 | 80 ± 1.378 | 154.6 ± 1.161
***
| 131.8 ± 1.163
*
| 123.2 ± 1.660
**
| 96.2 ± 1.392
***
| 108.4 ± 1.071
***
|
9
|
Total HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)
| 58.6 ± 1.913 | 59.8 ± 4.266 | 30.8 ± 1.319
***
| 42.8 ± 1.356
*
| 50.4 ± 0.927
**
| 59.2 ± 1.068
***
| 55.8 ± 1.167
***
|
10
|
Total LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)
| 37.9 ± 1.206 | 33.4 ± 1.188 | 197 ± 6.647
***
| 118.5 ± 1.201
**
| 65.5 ± 1.391
***
| 44.4 ± 1.668
***
| 61.8 ± 1.559
***
|
11
|
Total VLDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)
| 16.48 ± 0.326 | 16 ± 0.276 | 30.92 ± 0.647
***
| 26.36 ± 0.232
*
| 24.72 ± 0. 331
**
| 19.24 ± 0.279
***
| 21.68 ± 0.215
***
|
12
|
Weight Variation (g) ±
| 196 ± 0.775 | 197.6 ± 1.288 | 165.2 ± 3.382
***
| 190.4 ± 4.686
***
| 195 ± 3.761
***
| 203.2 ± 4.428
***
| 183.4 ± 5.269
***
|
Effect of UFG of plasma insulin
Effect of UFG on total cholesterol
Effect of UFG on triglyceride
Effect of UFG on total HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol
Effect of UFG on total LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol
Effect of UFG on total VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) cholesterol
Effect of UFG on hexokinase
Effect of UFG on glucose-6-phosphate
Effect of UFG on fructose-1-6-biphosphatase
Effect of UFG on glycated hemoglobin (A1c)
Effect of UFG on malondialdehyde (MDA)
S. No. | Biochemical parameter | Normal control | Normal control + UFG (40 mg/kg) | STZ-diabetic controla
| STZ diabetes + UFD (10 mg/kg)b
| STZ diabetes + UFD (20 mg/kg)b
| STZ diabetes + UFD (40 mg/kg)b
| STZ diabetes + glibenclamideb
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1
|
SOD (U/mg of protein)
| 212.4 ± 2.839 | 213 ± 2.608 | 73.8 ± 4.005
***
| 149.4 ± 5.391
**
| 175.2 ± 3.353
**
| 198.2 ± 3.247
***
| 202.6 ± 3.776
***
|
2
|
CAT (U/mg of protein)
| 135.8 ± 3.652 | 136.6 ± 3.894 | 60.8 ± 1.562
***
| 85 ± 3.286
*
| 97.8 ± 2.939
**
| 130.2 ± 3.397
***
| 129.2 ± 2.154
***
|
3
|
GPx (nmole/mg of protein)
| 33.2 ± 2.267 | 34.2 ± 2.267 | 14 ± 0.836
***
| 21 ± 0.707
**
| 24.6 ± 0.872
**
| 31.2 ± 1.068
***
| 28.8 ± 0.811
***
|
4
|
MDA (nmole/mg of protein)
| 0.241 ± 0.007 | 0.222 ± 0.009 | 0.522 ± 0.016
***
| 0.396 ± 0.017
*
| 0.312 ± 0.008
**
| 0.274 ± 0.011
***
| 0.261 ± 0.014
***
|