Background
Methods
Data source and study population
Data collection
Identifying herbal medicinal products from drug database
Definition of co-variables
-Children’s health status and health behavior
-Parental social status
-Parents-related health behavior
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence of herbal medicinal product use
Study subjects | Herbal medicinal product users | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N* | %** | n* | %** | 95 %CI | P*** | ||
Total
| 17,450 | 100 | 1,055 | 5.8 | 5.3-6.3 | ||
Children's health status
| |||||||
Parents-rated health status
| |||||||
Excellent
| 6,873 | 39.1 | 366 | 5.2 | 4.6-5.9 |
.002
| |
Good
| 9,250 | 54.1 | 592 | 6.1 | 5.5-6.8 | ||
Fair/bad/very bad
| 1,102 | 6.7 | 92 | 7.9 | 6.2-10.0 | ||
CSHCN-Screener****
| |||||||
Yes
| 2,205 | 13.7 | 135 | 6.2 | 5.1-7.6 | .629 | |
No
| 13,752 | 86.3 | 857 | 5.9 | 5.4-6.5 | ||
Body mass index (BMI)
| |||||||
Underweight
| 1,121 | 7.0 | 80 | 6.3 | 4.8-8.2 | .136 | |
Normal
| 13,567 | 78.4 | 833 | 5.9 | 5.4-6.5 | ||
Overweight
| 2,517 | 14.6 | 130 | 4.8 | 3.8-6.0 | ||
Children's health behavior
| |||||||
Sports activities
| |||||||
(children aged 3–17 years only)
| |||||||
Daily
| 2,335 | 16.7 | 89 | 3.7 | 3.0-4.7 |
.000
| |
3-5 times/week
| 3,119 | 23.3 | 142 | 4.6 | 3.9-5.6 | ||
1-2 times/week
| 5,811 | 40.2 | 353 | 6.0 | 5.2-6.8 | ||
1-2 times/month
| 1,306 | 8.5 | 100 | 7.3 | 5.9-9.2 | ||
Never
| 1,691 | 11.3 | 82 | 4.6 | 3.6-5.9 | ||
Vegetable & fruit consumption
| |||||||
(children aged 1–17 years only)
| |||||||
Low
| 3,866 | 26.6 | 185 | 4.8 | 4.0-5.7 |
.002
| |
Middle
| 7,415 | 47.2 | 455 | 5.9 | 5.2-6.7 | ||
High
| 4,176 | 26.2 | 288 | 7.0 | 6.1-8.0 | ||
Parental socio-economic status
| |||||||
Immigration background
| |||||||
No
| 14,790 | 82.8 | 957 | 6.3 | 5.7-6.9 |
.000
| |
Yes
| 2,580 | 17.2 | 93 | 3.5 | 2.8-4.2 | ||
Maternal education level
| |||||||
Primary
| 3,849 | 25.4 | 171 | 4.3 | 3.6-5.2 |
.000
| |
Middle
| 7,836 | 40.3 | 510 | 6.4 | 5.6-7.2 | ||
Higher
| 4,838 | 28.5 | 339 | 6.7 | 6.0-7.6 | ||
Others
| 927 | 5.7 | 35 | 3.5 | 2.3-5.3 | ||
Paternal educationlevel
| |||||||
Primary
| 4,832 | 31.7 | 233 | 4.7 | 4.0-5.5 |
.000
| |
Middle
| 5,933 | 28.1 | 401 | 6.5 | 5.6-7.5 | ||
Higher
| 5,100 | 31.3 | 368 | 7.0 | 6.2-7.9 | ||
Others
| 1,585 | 9.0 | 53 | 3.4 | 2.5-4.7 | ||
Household income per month
| |||||||
<1500 €
| 3,558 | 19.0 | 183 | 5.0 | 4.2-6.0 |
.021
| |
1500 - <2250 €
| 4,469 | 26.6 | 262 | 5.3 | 4.5-6.2 | ||
2250 - <3000 €
| 4,354 | 27.2 | 284 | 6.2 | 5.4-7.1 | ||
> = 3000 €
| 3,986 | 27.2 | 267 | 6.6 | 5.8-7.5 | ||
Social status
| |||||||
Lower
| 4,760 | 27.5 | 234 | 4.7 | 4.0-5.5 |
.001
| |
Intermediate
| 7,901 | 45.4 | 506 | 6.1 | 5.4-6.9 | ||
Upper
| 4,366 | 27.0 | 307 | 6.9 | 6.0-7.8 | ||
Parents-related health behavior
| |||||||
Exclusive breastfeeding of children
| |||||||
Never
| 3,646 | 22.6 | 193 | 5.1 | 4.3-6.1 |
.010
| |
Combined with formula milk/unclear
| 2,493 | 7.8 | 130 | 5.1 | 4.1-6.3 | ||
< 4 months
| 3,739 | 20.8 | 229 | 5.6 | 4.8-6.6 | ||
4-5 months
| 3,174 | 18.5 | 216 | 6.5 | 5.6-7.5 | ||
≥ 6 months
| 3,796 | 23.5 | 270 | 7.0 | 6.1-8.0 | ||
Children exposed to passive smoking at home
| |||||||
Daily
| 2,612 | 16.6 | 102 | 3.8 | 3.1-4.8 |
.000
| |
Sometimes
| 2,236 | 13.1 | 121 | 5.1 | 4.1-6.2 | ||
Never
| 12,137 | 70.4 | 820 | 6.5 | 5.9-7.2 |
Patterns of herbal medicinal product use
Herbal medicinal products
|
Conventional medicinal products
|
P*
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | 95% CIs | n | % | 95% CIs | ||
Total number of drugs | 1,152 | 100 | - | 10,433 | 100 | - | |
Origin
| |||||||
Prescribed by doctors | 510 | 44.5 | 41.65-47.39 | 7012 | 67.7 | 66.8-68.6 | .000 |
Bought OTC | 425 | 37.1 | 34.34-39.92 | 2077 | 20.1 | 19.3-20.8 | |
Obtained from other sources | 211 | 18.4 | 16.28-20.77 | 1264 | 12.2 | 11.6-12.9 | |
Missing
|
6
|
80
| |||||
Duration of use
| |||||||
<1 week | 882 | 77.0 | 74.4-79.3 | 5114 | 49.8 | 48.8-50.8 | .000 |
1-4 weeks | 221 | 19.3 | 17.1-21.7 | 1409 | 13.7 | 13.1-14.4 | |
1-12 months | 25 | 2.2 | 1.5-3.2 | 2022 | 19.7 | 18.9-20.5 | |
1 year or longer | 18 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.5 | 1724 | 16.8 | 16.1-17.5 | |
Missing
|
6
|
164
| |||||
Self-rated improvement of conditions treated
| |||||||
Greatly | 505 | 46.8 | 43.9-49.8 | 3841 | 55.9 | 54.7-57.0 | .000 |
Partly | 457 | 42.4 | 39.5-45.4 | 2426 | 35.3 | 34.1-36.4 | |
Not much | 80 | 7.4 | 6.0-9.2 | 427 | 6.2 | 5.7-6.8 | |
Not at all | 36 | 3.3 | 2.4-4.6 | 181 | 2.6 | 2.3-3.0 | |
Doesn’t apply**
|
39
|
3199
| |||||
Missing
|
35
|
359
| |||||
Tolerance of drug use
| |||||||
Very good/good | 1,130 | 98.9 | 98.1-99.4 | 10182 | 98.4 | 98.2-98.6 | .163 |
Partly/not tolerated | 12 | 1.1 | 0.6-1.9 | 164 | 1.6 | 1.4-1.8 | |
Missing
|
10
|
87
|
Herbal medicinal mono-products (n = 711) | n (%) | All herbal medicinal products (N = 1152*) | n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ivy leaf | 312(43.9) | Ivy leaf | 371(32.2) |
Pelargonium root | 112(15.8) | Thyme herb | 217(18.8) |
Thyme herb | 71(10.0) | Eucalyptus leaf | 133(11.5) |
Saccharomyces boulardii | 37(5.2) | Pelargonium root | 111(9.6) |
Purple coneflower herb | 22(3.1) | Elder flower | 77(6.7) |
Ribwort plantain herb | 15(2.1) | Primula flower | 77(6.7) |
Evening primrose seed | 11(1.5) | Verbena herb | 77(6.7) |
Iceland moss | 10(1.4) | Gentian root | 77(6.7) |
Fennel fruit | 9(1.3) | Sorrel herb | 77(6.7) |
Matricaria flower | 7(1.0) | Matricaria flower | 75(6.5) |
Determinants of herbal medicinal product use
Model 1*, R2 = .06 | Model 2**, R2 = .06 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(Total study population N = 17,450) | (Medicine users only n = 8,899) | |||
Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
Age group in years
| ||||
0 – 2 | 4.21 | 3.19-5.56 | 2.72 | 2.04-3.62 |
3 – 6 | 3.71 | 2.82-4.88 | 3.80 | 2.88-5.02 |
7 – 10 | 1.84 | 1.37-2.47 | 2.27 | 1.68-3.07 |
11 – 13 | 1.61 | 1.20-2.15 | 2.02 | 1.50-2.73 |
14 – 17 | 1 | |||
Region 2
| ||||
Northern | 1 | 1 | ||
Central | 1.23 | 0.97-1.55 | 1.27 | 1.02-1.58 |
Southern | 1.37 | 1.05-1.79 | 1.32 | 1.02-1.70 |
Immigration background
| ||||
No | 1.65 | 1.28-2.11 | 1.36 | 1.06-1.76 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
General health status
| ||||
Excellent | 1 | 1 | ||
Good | 1.48 | 1.28-1.70 | 1.31 | 1.13-1.53 |
Fair/bad/very bad | 2.17 | 1.59-2.98 | 1.67 | 1.20-2.32 |
CSHCN-screener***
| ||||
Yes | 1.05 | 0.83-1.34 | 0.71 | 0.56-0.91 |
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Social status
| ||||
Lower | 1 | 1 | ||
Intermediate | 1.32 | 1.10-1.60 | 1.28 | 1.05-1.56 |
Higher | 1.41 | 1.14-1.73 | 1.29 | 1.04-1.60 |