Background
Methods
Results
Sensitivity of different methods used for parasite identification
Detection method | References | Species | Gold standard | Sensitivity | Specificity | Quoted lower limit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CS-ELISA | Wirtz et al.,1985 [17] | PV-VK210 PV-VK247 | 125-250 sporozoites per 30 μL mosquito extract | |||
2 | CS-ELISA | Wirtz et al.,1987 [18] | PF | 100 sporozoites per mosquito | |||
3 | CS-ELISA | Collins et al.,1988 [19] | PM | 25-50 sporozoites per mosquito | |||
4 | PCR on pfdhfr-ts | Harada et al.,2000 [20] | PF | 4 pg of DNA (100 P/μL) | |||
5 | PCR on ssrRNA | PF, PV, PM, PO | 10 P/μL | ||||
6 | Semi-nested PCR on ssrRNA | Larduex et al.,2008 [23] | PF, PV, PM, PO | 3 sporozoites (0.06 pg of DNA) | |||
Thick- thin films | 100% | 67% | 0.1 P/μL | ||||
7 | PCR-RFLP on Cyt B gene | Hasan et al,2009 [26] | PF, PV-VK210, PV-VK247 | 0.2 pg of DNA | |||
8 | Real-time PCR ssrRNA | Mangold et al.,2005 [27] | PF, PV, PM, PO | Microscopy analysis | PF 94.1% PV100% PO 100% | PF100% PV99.1% PO100% | 0.01-0.02% parasitaemia |
9 | RT-PCR on pfg377 and pfs16 mRNA | Nakazawa et al.,2009 [28] | PF | 1 parasite per salivary gland | |||
10 | Real-time PCR 18S rRNA | Perandin et al.,2004 [29] | PF, PV, PO | Nested-PCR | 100% | 100% | PF 0.7P/μL, PV 4P/μL, PO 1.5P/μL |
11 | Dipstick | Bangs et al.,2002 [30] | PF, PV-VK210, PV-VK247 | CS-ELISA | 100% | 97% | - |
12 | Vectest Dipstick | Ryan et al.,2002 [31] | PF, PV-VK210, PV-VK247 | CS-ELISA | 92% | 98.10% | - |
13 | Fluorescein-labelled DNA probe | Lulu et al.,1997 [32] | PF | 500 sporozoites | |||
14 | Microtiter plate hybridization | Kimura et al.,1997 [33] Tangin et al.,2008 [34] | PF, PV, PM, PO | 0.0001-0.0005% parasitaemia |
Entomological studies from Asia and Oceania (Table 2, and 3)
References | Countries | No. with positive sporozoites | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PF | Total | PV | Total | VK210 | Total | VK247 | Total | PM | Total | VK210+VK247 | Total | PF+PVVK210 | Total | PF+PVVK247 | Total | PF+PM | Total | PF+PV+PK | Total | malaria+ | Total | ||
ASIA
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Upatham et al., 1988 [35] | Thailand | 2 | 111 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Coleman RE et al., 2002 [36] | Thailand | 4 | 8452 | 8 | 8452 | 3 | 8452 | 2 | 8452 | ||||||||||||||
Bangs MJ et al., 1996 [37] | Irian Jaya, Indonesia | 5 | 2518 | 8 | 2518 | 3 | 2518 | 2 | 2518 | 1 | 2518 | ||||||||||||
Frances SP 1996 [38] | Thailand | 1 | 276 | 2 | 42 | 2 | 54 | ||||||||||||||||
Nakazawa S 2009 [28] | Vietnam | 1 | 30 | 1 | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mya MM 2002 [39] | Myanmar | 2 | 212 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Gingrich JB 1990 [12] | Thailand | 17 | 2247 | 12 | 2247 | ||||||||||||||||||
Harbach 1987 [40] | Thailand | 2 | 463 | 4 | 590 | ||||||||||||||||||
Toma T 2002 [41] | Khammouane, Lao | 1 | 63 | 1 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||
Oh SS et al., 2010 [42] | Ganghwa-do (Island), Korea | 2 | 1845 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dev et al., 2010 [43] | North-east India | 2 | 88 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sahu SS et al., 2008 [44] | Orissa State, India | 13 | 1178 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Lee HW et al., 2002 [45] | Korea | 4 | 4870 | 3 | 4870 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mahapatra N et al., 2006 [46] | Orissa State, India | 7 | 204 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hasan et al.,2009 [26] | Papua New Guinea | 1 | 107 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cooper et al.,2009 [47] | Papua New Guinea | 106 | 22970 | 11 | 22970 | 43 | 22970 | 10 | 22970 | 4 | 22970 | ||||||||||||
Bortel et al.,2010 [48] | Ninh Thuan, Vietnam | 9 | 6540 | 2 | 6540 | 5 | 4047 | ||||||||||||||||
Mohanty et al.,2009 [49] | Orissa, India | 45 | 692 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Burkot et al.,1989 [50] | Madang Province, Papua New Guinea | 484 | 83442 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Burkot et al.,1992 [51] | Madang Province, Papua New Guinea | 72 | 14777 | 56 | 14777 | 16 | 14777 | 1 | 14777 | 5 | 14777 | ||||||||||||
Bockarie et al.,1996 [52] | Sepik province, Papua New Guinea | 76 | 4168 | 43 | 4168 | ||||||||||||||||||
Hii et al.,2000 [53] | Sepik province, Papua New Guinea | 691 | 102996 | 108 | 102996 | 197 | 102996 | 83 | 102996 | ||||||||||||||
Writz et al,1987 [54] | Madang, Papua New Guinea | 10 | 669 | 13 | 669 | 26 | 651 | ||||||||||||||||
Total |
1051
|
167465
|
75
|
9532
|
197
|
163123
|
272
|
160672
|
96
|
143261
|
4
|
8506
|
6
|
17295
|
4
|
22970
|
1
|
30
|
1
|
30
|
525
|
85359
|
References | Countries | No. with positive oocysts | No. with positive whole mosquitoes | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PF | Total | PV | Total | PF+PV | Total | PF | Total | PV | Total | PV-VK210 | Total | PV-VK247 | Total | PF+PV | Total | VK210+VK247 | Total | ||
ASIA
| |||||||||||||||||||
Toma T 2002 [41] | Khammouane, Lao | 1 | 10 | 1 | 391 | ||||||||||||||
Alam et al., 2010 [55] | Bangladesh | 8 | 302 | 7 | 306 | 1 | 7 | ||||||||||||
Trung et al., 2004 [56] | Vietnam, Cambodia | 14 | 892 | 1 | 28 | 2 | 361 | 2 | 550 | ||||||||||
Tangin et al., 2008 [34] | Bangladesh | 12 | 669 | 1 | 669 | 6 | 669 | ||||||||||||
Swain et al.,2009 [57] | Orissa, India | 2 | 186 | ||||||||||||||||
Total
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
10
|
1
|
391
|
36
|
2049
|
1
|
669
|
8
|
334
|
3
|
368
|
6
|
669
|
2
|
550
|
Comparison of mixed species infection rates in patients and in the mosquito vectors in Asia and Oceania
Entomological studies from Central and South America (Table 4)
References | Countries | No. with positive sporozoites | No. with positive sporozoites | No. with positive whole mosquitoes | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PF | Total | PV | Total | VK210 | Total | VK247 | Total | PM | Total | PO | Total | PF+PM | Total | PF | Total | PV-VK210 | Total | ||
OUTSIDE ASIA
| |||||||||||||||||||
Lulu et al., 1997 [32] | Ethiopia | 4 | 198 | ||||||||||||||||
Appawu et al., 2003 [58] | Ghana (KND) | 929 | 7635 | ||||||||||||||||
Moreno et al., 2004 [59] | Equatorial Guinea | 38 | 214 | ||||||||||||||||
Bigoga et al., 2007 [60] | Cameroon | 131 | 1596 | 11 | 1391 | ||||||||||||||
Oyewole et al., 2006 [61] | southwestern Nigeria | 32 | 702 | ||||||||||||||||
Cuamba et al., 2006 [62] | Angola | 12 | 707 | ||||||||||||||||
Quiñones et al., 2006 [63] | Southern Colombia | 36 | 775 | ||||||||||||||||
dos Santos et al., 2009 [64] | Mapuera, Brazil | 3 | 6350 | 11 | 6350 | 3 | 6350 | 1 | 412 | ||||||||||
Kasili et al., 2009 [65] | Kibera slum of Nairobi, Kenya | 0 | 80 | ||||||||||||||||
Taye et al., 2006 [66] | Sille, southern Ethiopia | 4 | 796 | 14 | 796 | ||||||||||||||
Annan et al.,2007 [67] | Cameroon, Kenya | 221 | 10296 | ||||||||||||||||
Abonusum et al.,2011 [68] | Ghana | 106 | 139 | 7 | 122 | 7 | 122 | 1 | 122 | ||||||||||
Tanga et al.,2011 [69] | Cameroon | 612 | 9940 | ||||||||||||||||
Shililu et al.,1998 [70] | Mumias, Kakamega, Kenya | 151 | 2517 | ||||||||||||||||
Total
| 2211 | 40468 | 14 | 796 | 11 | 6350 | 3 | 6350 | 19 | 1925 | 7 | 122 | 1 | 122 | 32 | 702 | 36 | 775 |