Background
Present day prevalence of P. vivax in Africa
Methods
Blood sample collection and parasite DNA extraction
Collection area | Number | Sampling year | Sampling method (ACD/PCD)* | Age | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burkina Faso1 | 108 | 2002 | ACD | < 10 | 22 |
Republic of Congo | 851 | 2005–2006 | PCD (clinic) | all ages | This study |
Gabon | 206 | 2005 | PCD (clinic) | all ages | This study |
Ghana1 | 352 | 2004 | ACD | < 15 | This study |
Kenya | 722 | 1998 | ACD | All ages | This study |
Sao Tome1,2 | 70 | 2004 | PCD (clinic) | All ages | 23 |
Angola1,2 | 90 | 2003–2004 | PCD (clinic) | 1–5 | 24 |
Mozambique1,2 | 90 | 2004 | PCD (clinic) | 1–5 | 25 |
Rwanda1,2 | 99 | 2003 | PCD (clinic) | All ages | 26 |
Total | 2588 |
Samples from Burkina Faso
Samples from Angola, Mozambique, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome & Principe (DRSTP)
Samples from Gabon
Samples from the Republic of Congo
Samples from Kenya
Samples from Ghana
Species typing PCR
Sensitivity of species diagnosis PCR
Duffy status profiling
Results and discussion
Prevalence of P. vivax in sub-Saharan Africa
Collection area | Number |
P. falciparum
|
P. ovale
|
P. malariae
|
P. vivax
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burkina Faso1 | 108 | 108 (100) | 6 (5.5) | 8 (7.4) | 0 |
Congo | 851 | 341 (40.1) | 11 (1.3) | 8 (0.9) | 0 |
Gabon | 206 | 102 (49.5) | 4 (1.9) | 1 (0.5) | 0 |
Ghana1 | 352 | 352 (100) | 8 (2.3) | 45 (12.8) | 0 |
Kenya | 722 | 459 (63.6) | 35 (4.8) | 84 (11.6) | 0 |
Angola1,2 | 90 | 90 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mozambique1,2 | 90 | 90 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rwanda1,2 | 99 | 99 (100) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 |
Sao Tome1,2 | 70 | 70 (100) | 1 (1.4) | 0 | 1 (1.4) |
Total
|
2588
|
1711
|
67
|
147
|
1
|
Scarcity of P. vivax
Discrepancy between P. vivax rates in travellers and localpopulations
Species | Total number | Species prevalence (per 100 P. falciparum cases) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Imported to the USA1 | Local population2 | Imported to the USA1 | Local population2 | |
P. falciparum
| 545 | 903 | - | - |
P. vivax
| 32 | 0 |
5.9
|
0
|
P. malariae
| 34 | 62 | 6.2 | 6.9 |
P. ovale
| 26 | 29 | 4.8 | 3.2 |